Rush poppers是rush或poppers的统称,主要成分是一系列具有挥发性的烷基亚硝酸盐。吸入rush poppers能松弛全身的平滑肌(包括肛门括约肌和阴道括约肌),所以其经常被用于增强性体验[1]。国外研究已表明,使用rush poppers与HIV相关高危性...Rush poppers是rush或poppers的统称,主要成分是一系列具有挥发性的烷基亚硝酸盐。吸入rush poppers能松弛全身的平滑肌(包括肛门括约肌和阴道括约肌),所以其经常被用于增强性体验[1]。国外研究已表明,使用rush poppers与HIV相关高危性行为的发生和HIV的传播均具有相关性[2,3,4],其滥用者往往具有多种毒品滥用、性活跃和多性伴等特征,易发生无保护性行为[5,6],从而增加HIV传播的可能性。国内关于男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)使用rush poppers的专题调查较少,本研究从武汉市新报告的MSM HIV感染者角度出发,探索该人群rush poppers使用情况,探索阳性MSM HIV感染者使用rush poppers的相关因素。现将结果阐述如下。展开更多
男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)游离于主流文化边缘,随着社会开放发展,人们对其宽容性增加,该人群活跃性不断增强。由于多种因素,MSM安全套使用率低,多性伴普遍,成为HIV感染高危人群[1,2,3]。四川省绵阳市是中国科技城...男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)游离于主流文化边缘,随着社会开放发展,人们对其宽容性增加,该人群活跃性不断增强。由于多种因素,MSM安全套使用率低,多性伴普遍,成为HIV感染高危人群[1,2,3]。四川省绵阳市是中国科技城,外来人员多,MSM活跃性强,HIV感染率处于相对高水平[1],防治工作面临挑战。展开更多
目的分析宁波市男男同性性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)使用rush poppers和人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染情况及其相关因素。方法以2019年5月—2020年5月宁波市参加艾滋病咨询检测服务的929名MS...目的分析宁波市男男同性性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)使用rush poppers和人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染情况及其相关因素。方法以2019年5月—2020年5月宁波市参加艾滋病咨询检测服务的929名MSM为研究对象,调查其rush poppers使用情况,并检测其HIV感染状况。比较不同特征及不同性行为MSM rush poppers使用率和HIV抗体阳性率差异,分析MSM rush poppers使用和HIV感染的影响因素。结果宁波市MSM rush poppers的使用与文化程度(χ^(2)=8.49,P=0.01)、户籍地(χ^(2)=18.04,P<0.01)、本地居住时间(χ^(2)=10.27,P=0.02)、性取向(χ^(2)=9.93,P=0.02)、群交行为(χ^(2)=9.59,P=0.01)等有相关性。大专和本科(OR=2.15,95%CI:1.31~3.54)、外省户籍(OR=2.27,95%CI:1.41~3.65)、6个月内经常有群交行为(OR=3.62,95%CI:1.24~10.58)、6个月内未做过HIV检测者(OR=1.66,95%CI:1.07~2.56)是MSM使用rush poppers的影响因素。929名MSM中,rush poppers使用者的HIV抗体阳性率14.15%(15/106)高于未使用者3.28%(27/823),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=25.71,P<0.01)。其他民族(OR=5.51,95%CI:1.58~19.15)、6个月内未做过HIV检测(OR=2.09,95%CI:1.08~4.05)、6个月内肛交时未坚持使用安全套(OR=2.31,95%CI:1.21~4.43)是MSM感染HIV的影响因素。结论宁波市MSM rush poppers使用率与同等水平城市相比较高,而rush poppers使用会增加HIV感染在该人群中的传播速度,应重点关注宁波市外省户籍的高学历和高收入流动人口的防控工作。展开更多
目的了解四川省男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)rush poppers使用现状及影响因素。方法采用方便抽样的方法在四川省德阳、宜宾和西昌3个城市招募调查对象,对MSM进行自填式匿名问卷调查。采用非条件logistic回归模型对MS...目的了解四川省男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)rush poppers使用现状及影响因素。方法采用方便抽样的方法在四川省德阳、宜宾和西昌3个城市招募调查对象,对MSM进行自填式匿名问卷调查。采用非条件logistic回归模型对MSM使用rush poppers进行影响因素分析。结果本研究共招募合格调查对象1122例。调查对象以25岁以上、未婚、四川户籍、高中及以下文化程度、服务/个体或其他职业及收入在3000元以上者为主。27.7%的调查对象报告曾使用过新型毒品,rush poppers为MSM最常使用的新型毒品(24.1%)。logistic回归分析显示,性角色为被插入方(OR=2.488,95%CI:1.587~3.901)或双重性角色(OR=2.233,95%CI:1.494~3.340)、初次性行为年龄<18岁(OR=1.424,95%CI:1.025~1.978)、近1年饮酒(OR=2.347,95%CI:1.473~3.740)及群交性行为(OR=1.681,95%CI:1.113~2.539)是MSM使用rush poppers的影响因素。结论四川省MSM rush poppers使用比例较高,且rush poppers使用与群交性行为等HIV高危因素叠加,将进一步增加MSM感染和传播HIV的风险。因此,应根据使用人群的社会人口学及行为特征制定针对性的干预策略,从而降低该人群感染和传播艾滋病的风险。展开更多
The future of control in cyberspace of parallel worlds is discussed. It argues for the coming age of Control 5.0,the control technology for the new IT capable of dealing with artificial worlds with VR, AR, AI and robo...The future of control in cyberspace of parallel worlds is discussed. It argues for the coming age of Control 5.0,the control technology for the new IT capable of dealing with artificial worlds with VR, AR, AI and robotics. The discipline of automation needs a new interpretation of its core knowledge and skill set of modeling, analysis, and control for cyber-socialphysical systems, and a paradigm shift from Newtonian Systems with Newton's Laws or Big Laws with Small Data to Mertonian Systems with Merton's Laws or Small Laws with Big Data.展开更多
With only a few deep-level defect states having a high formation energy and dominance of shallow carrier non-trapping defects,the defect-tolerant electronic and optical properties of lead halide perovskites have made ...With only a few deep-level defect states having a high formation energy and dominance of shallow carrier non-trapping defects,the defect-tolerant electronic and optical properties of lead halide perovskites have made them appealing materials for high-efficiency,low-cost,solar cells and light-emitting devices.As such,recent observations of apparently deep-level and highly luminescent states in low-dimensional perovskites have attracted enormous attention as well as intensive debates.The observed green emission in 2D CsPb2Br5 and 0 D Cs4PbBr6 poses an enigma over whether it is originated from intrinsic point defects or simply from highly luminescent CsPbBr3 nanocrystals embedded in the otherwise transparent wide band gap semiconductors.The nature of deep-level edge emission in 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites is also not well understood.In this mini review,the experimental evidences that support the opposing interpretations are analyzed,and challenges and root causes forthe controversy are discussed.Shortcomings in the current density functional theory approaches to modeling of properties and intrinsic point defects in lead halide perovskites are also noted.Selected experimental approaches are suggested to better correlate property with structure of a material and help resolve the controversies.Understanding and identification of the origin of luminescent centers will help design and engineer perovskites for wide device applications.展开更多
This paper introduces the idea that if theories of history generate different taxonomies of history they too are incommensurable. I argue this is unavoidable for Kuhn given what he says about incommensurability and 1 ...This paper introduces the idea that if theories of history generate different taxonomies of history they too are incommensurable. I argue this is unavoidable for Kuhn given what he says about incommensurability and 1 investigate the consequences in relation to reflexivity, justification, and paradox for Kuhn＇s account of science. I want to do this on two levels, firstly looking at different possibilities for characterising individual paradigms. I will look at some examples from ancient and early modem astronomy as here it is clearest that paradigms can be characterised in different ways and that this has important consequences. I will argue in particular that Kuhn＇s characterisation of the paradigm for astronomy which emerges from antiquity （geocentrism） is favourable to his general account of the history of science, but that there is a very plausible and extremely damaging alternative. I argue that these differing characterisations generate differing, incommensurable taxonomies of the history of astronomy, with attendant ＂local holism,＂ untranslatability of key terms and issues of theory choice. If so, Kuhn then has problems with generating an adequate decision making protocol for choosing between the two paradigm characterisations. That is problematic in itself, but I also argue this problem is systemic and affects the evidence needed for Kuhn to justify his general account of the history of science. I also want to investigate the implications of differing taxonomies of the history of science at a more abstract level. Kuhn＇s general theory of the history of science generates a taxonomy of the history of science, as do other theories such as those of Popper and of gradualism. If so, the incommensurability involved here, again with attendant ＂local holism,＂ untranslatability of key terms and issues of theory choice, leads to issues of paradox and justification for Kuhn＇s general account of the history of science. With this broader understanding of taxonomic issues, some important Kuhn statements about scientific theories become self-referential, again generating problems of paradox and justification.展开更多
Quasi-two-dimensional(2D)Ruddlesden‒Popper(RP)halide perovskites,as a kind of emerged two-dimensional layered materials,have recently achieved great attentions in lasing materials field owing to their large exciton bi...Quasi-two-dimensional(2D)Ruddlesden‒Popper(RP)halide perovskites,as a kind of emerged two-dimensional layered materials,have recently achieved great attentions in lasing materials field owing to their large exciton binding energy,high emission yield,large optical gain,and wide-range tuning of optical bandgap.This review will introduce research progresses of RP halide perovskites for lasing applications in aspects of materials,photophysics,and devices with emphasis on emission and lasing properties tailored by the molecular composition and interface.The materials,structures and fabrications are introduced in the first part.Next,the optical transitions and amplified spontaneous emission properties are discussed from the aspects of electronic structure,exciton,gain dynamics,and interface tailoring.Then,the research progresses on lasing devices are summarized and several types of lasers including VCSEL,DFB lasers,microlasers,random lasers,plasmonic lasers,and polariton lasers are discussed.At last,the challenges and perspectives would be provided.展开更多
All-solid-state batteries equipped with solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)havegained significant interest due to their enhanced safety,energy density,andlongevity in comparison to traditional liquid organic electrolyte-ba...All-solid-state batteries equipped with solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)havegained significant interest due to their enhanced safety,energy density,andlongevity in comparison to traditional liquid organic electrolyte-based batteries.However,many SSEs,such as sulfides and hydrides,are highly sensitiveto water,limiting their practical use.As one class of important perovskites,theRuddlesden–Popper perovskite oxides(RPPOs),show great promise as SSEsdue to their exceptional stability,particularly in terms of water resistance.Inthis review,the crystal structure and synthesis methods of RPPOs SSEs are firstintroduced in brief.Subsequently,the mechanisms of ion transportation,including oxygen anions and lithium-ions,and the relevant strategies forenhancing their ionic conductivity are described in detail.Additionally,theprogress made in developing flexible RPPOs SSEs,which are critical for flexibleand wearable electronic devices,has also been summarized.Furthermore,thekey challenges and prospects for exploring and developing RPPOs SSEs in allsolid-state batteries are suggested.This review presents in detail the synthesismethods,the ion transportation mechanism,and strategies to enhance theroom temperature ionic conductivity of RPPOs SSEs,providing valuableinsights on enhancing their ionic conductivity and thus for their practicalapplication in solid-state batteries.展开更多
文摘Rush poppers是rush或poppers的统称,主要成分是一系列具有挥发性的烷基亚硝酸盐。吸入rush poppers能松弛全身的平滑肌(包括肛门括约肌和阴道括约肌),所以其经常被用于增强性体验[1]。国外研究已表明,使用rush poppers与HIV相关高危性行为的发生和HIV的传播均具有相关性[2,3,4],其滥用者往往具有多种毒品滥用、性活跃和多性伴等特征,易发生无保护性行为[5,6],从而增加HIV传播的可能性。国内关于男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)使用rush poppers的专题调查较少,本研究从武汉市新报告的MSM HIV感染者角度出发,探索该人群rush poppers使用情况,探索阳性MSM HIV感染者使用rush poppers的相关因素。现将结果阐述如下。
文摘男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)游离于主流文化边缘,随着社会开放发展,人们对其宽容性增加,该人群活跃性不断增强。由于多种因素,MSM安全套使用率低,多性伴普遍,成为HIV感染高危人群[1,2,3]。四川省绵阳市是中国科技城,外来人员多,MSM活跃性强,HIV感染率处于相对高水平[1],防治工作面临挑战。
文摘目的了解四川省男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)rush poppers使用现状及影响因素。方法采用方便抽样的方法在四川省德阳、宜宾和西昌3个城市招募调查对象,对MSM进行自填式匿名问卷调查。采用非条件logistic回归模型对MSM使用rush poppers进行影响因素分析。结果本研究共招募合格调查对象1122例。调查对象以25岁以上、未婚、四川户籍、高中及以下文化程度、服务/个体或其他职业及收入在3000元以上者为主。27.7%的调查对象报告曾使用过新型毒品,rush poppers为MSM最常使用的新型毒品(24.1%)。logistic回归分析显示,性角色为被插入方(OR=2.488,95%CI:1.587~3.901)或双重性角色(OR=2.233,95%CI:1.494~3.340)、初次性行为年龄<18岁(OR=1.424,95%CI:1.025~1.978)、近1年饮酒(OR=2.347,95%CI:1.473~3.740)及群交性行为(OR=1.681,95%CI:1.113~2.539)是MSM使用rush poppers的影响因素。结论四川省MSM rush poppers使用比例较高,且rush poppers使用与群交性行为等HIV高危因素叠加,将进一步增加MSM感染和传播HIV的风险。因此,应根据使用人群的社会人口学及行为特征制定针对性的干预策略,从而降低该人群感染和传播艾滋病的风险。
文摘The future of control in cyberspace of parallel worlds is discussed. It argues for the coming age of Control 5.0,the control technology for the new IT capable of dealing with artificial worlds with VR, AR, AI and robotics. The discipline of automation needs a new interpretation of its core knowledge and skill set of modeling, analysis, and control for cyber-socialphysical systems, and a paradigm shift from Newtonian Systems with Newton's Laws or Big Laws with Small Data to Mertonian Systems with Merton's Laws or Small Laws with Big Data.
基金support from the Robert A.Welch Foundation(E-1728)National Science Foundation(EEC-1530753)supported by the State of Texas through the Texas Center for superconductivity at the University of Houston
文摘With only a few deep-level defect states having a high formation energy and dominance of shallow carrier non-trapping defects,the defect-tolerant electronic and optical properties of lead halide perovskites have made them appealing materials for high-efficiency,low-cost,solar cells and light-emitting devices.As such,recent observations of apparently deep-level and highly luminescent states in low-dimensional perovskites have attracted enormous attention as well as intensive debates.The observed green emission in 2D CsPb2Br5 and 0 D Cs4PbBr6 poses an enigma over whether it is originated from intrinsic point defects or simply from highly luminescent CsPbBr3 nanocrystals embedded in the otherwise transparent wide band gap semiconductors.The nature of deep-level edge emission in 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites is also not well understood.In this mini review,the experimental evidences that support the opposing interpretations are analyzed,and challenges and root causes forthe controversy are discussed.Shortcomings in the current density functional theory approaches to modeling of properties and intrinsic point defects in lead halide perovskites are also noted.Selected experimental approaches are suggested to better correlate property with structure of a material and help resolve the controversies.Understanding and identification of the origin of luminescent centers will help design and engineer perovskites for wide device applications.
文摘This paper introduces the idea that if theories of history generate different taxonomies of history they too are incommensurable. I argue this is unavoidable for Kuhn given what he says about incommensurability and 1 investigate the consequences in relation to reflexivity, justification, and paradox for Kuhn＇s account of science. I want to do this on two levels, firstly looking at different possibilities for characterising individual paradigms. I will look at some examples from ancient and early modem astronomy as here it is clearest that paradigms can be characterised in different ways and that this has important consequences. I will argue in particular that Kuhn＇s characterisation of the paradigm for astronomy which emerges from antiquity （geocentrism） is favourable to his general account of the history of science, but that there is a very plausible and extremely damaging alternative. I argue that these differing characterisations generate differing, incommensurable taxonomies of the history of astronomy, with attendant ＂local holism,＂ untranslatability of key terms and issues of theory choice. If so, Kuhn then has problems with generating an adequate decision making protocol for choosing between the two paradigm characterisations. That is problematic in itself, but I also argue this problem is systemic and affects the evidence needed for Kuhn to justify his general account of the history of science. I also want to investigate the implications of differing taxonomies of the history of science at a more abstract level. Kuhn＇s general theory of the history of science generates a taxonomy of the history of science, as do other theories such as those of Popper and of gradualism. If so, the incommensurability involved here, again with attendant ＂local holism,＂ untranslatability of key terms and issues of theory choice, leads to issues of paradox and justification for Kuhn＇s general account of the history of science. With this broader understanding of taxonomic issues, some important Kuhn statements about scientific theories become self-referential, again generating problems of paradox and justification.
基金Q.Z.acknowledges the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072006 and 51991344)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(No.JQ21004)+3 种基金F.L.acknowledges the funding support from the Hubei Province Science and Technology Major Project(No.2022AAA008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12374319)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Basic Research(No.2022010801010349)S.C.acknowledges the funding support from the Macao Science and Technology Development Fund(Nos.FDCT-0096/2020/A2 and FDCT-0082/2022/A2).
文摘Quasi-two-dimensional(2D)Ruddlesden‒Popper(RP)halide perovskites,as a kind of emerged two-dimensional layered materials,have recently achieved great attentions in lasing materials field owing to their large exciton binding energy,high emission yield,large optical gain,and wide-range tuning of optical bandgap.This review will introduce research progresses of RP halide perovskites for lasing applications in aspects of materials,photophysics,and devices with emphasis on emission and lasing properties tailored by the molecular composition and interface.The materials,structures and fabrications are introduced in the first part.Next,the optical transitions and amplified spontaneous emission properties are discussed from the aspects of electronic structure,exciton,gain dynamics,and interface tailoring.Then,the research progresses on lasing devices are summarized and several types of lasers including VCSEL,DFB lasers,microlasers,random lasers,plasmonic lasers,and polariton lasers are discussed.At last,the challenges and perspectives would be provided.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21671106,22371043,62288102Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions+1 种基金Minjiang Scholars Award Program(2023),Fujian ProvinceStart-Up Fund for High-Leveled Talents from Fujian Normal University,Grant/Award Numbers:Y0720316K13,Y0720320K13。
文摘All-solid-state batteries equipped with solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)havegained significant interest due to their enhanced safety,energy density,andlongevity in comparison to traditional liquid organic electrolyte-based batteries.However,many SSEs,such as sulfides and hydrides,are highly sensitiveto water,limiting their practical use.As one class of important perovskites,theRuddlesden–Popper perovskite oxides(RPPOs),show great promise as SSEsdue to their exceptional stability,particularly in terms of water resistance.Inthis review,the crystal structure and synthesis methods of RPPOs SSEs are firstintroduced in brief.Subsequently,the mechanisms of ion transportation,including oxygen anions and lithium-ions,and the relevant strategies forenhancing their ionic conductivity are described in detail.Additionally,theprogress made in developing flexible RPPOs SSEs,which are critical for flexibleand wearable electronic devices,has also been summarized.Furthermore,thekey challenges and prospects for exploring and developing RPPOs SSEs in allsolid-state batteries are suggested.This review presents in detail the synthesismethods,the ion transportation mechanism,and strategies to enhance theroom temperature ionic conductivity of RPPOs SSEs,providing valuableinsights on enhancing their ionic conductivity and thus for their practicalapplication in solid-state batteries.
