In order to examine the leaching rate of potassium chloride from the sintering dust by water,surface morphology and inner structure of the dust,especially the existing state of potassium chloride,were observed by scan...In order to examine the leaching rate of potassium chloride from the sintering dust by water,surface morphology and inner structure of the dust,especially the existing state of potassium chloride,were observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and linear scanning technique via energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）.The characterization shows that the sintering dusts are mostly porous composites or agglomerates of the fine dust particles with size less than 10 μm,and the potassium chloride and sodium chloride particles are partly covered by other water insoluble matters in the dust which consist of elements iron,calcium and etc.Exposure of potassium chloride in the agglomerated dust matrix of this kind suggests that the leaching can be simply perceived as the dissolution of water soluble matters in the dust.On-line monitor of specific electrical conductivity of the leaching system verifies the prediction that leaching kinetics of potassium chloride from the sintering dust fits dissolution model well.Leaching equilibrium can be reached within 5 min with potassium leaching ratio more than 95%.展开更多
We propose to measure the concentration of potassium chloride using photonic crystal fiber having circular air holes of diameter 400 nm. The principle of measurement is based on the linear variation of the transmitted...We propose to measure the concentration of potassium chloride using photonic crystal fiber having circular air holes of diameter 400 nm. The principle of measurement is based on the linear variation of the transmitted field emerging from the PCF with respect to concentration of potassium chloride. Field distribution in photonic crystal structure is simulated using plane wave expansion (PWE) method. Simulation result reveals that the intensity of transmitted light varies linearly with respect to concentration of potassium chloride filled in the air holes.展开更多
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chlorid...Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chloride regulation in the pain pathway and by effecting neuronal excitability and pain sensitization. The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the speciifc sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 inhibitor bumetanide, and the change in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain. Results showed that intrathecal bumetanide could decrease cumulative pain scores, and could increase thermal and mechanical pain thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain. Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression in-creased in neurons from dorsal root ganglion and the deep laminae of the ipsilateral dorsal horn following incision. By contrast, potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression decreased in neurons of the deep laminae from the ipsilateral dorsal horn. These ifndings suggest that spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression was up-regulated and spinal potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 2 expression was down-regulated following incision. Intrathecal bumetanide has analgesic effects on incisional pain through inhibition of sodium-potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 1.展开更多
The purposes of this study are to prepare the generic extended release tablet of potassiumchloride(PC) 600 mg and to compare the absorption of potassium ion from the experimen-tal tablets to that of Kaleorid? LP 600 m...The purposes of this study are to prepare the generic extended release tablet of potassiumchloride(PC) 600 mg and to compare the absorption of potassium ion from the experimen-tal tablets to that of Kaleorid? LP 600 mg(Leo Pharmaceutical Products, Denmark). Car-nauba wax was used as retardant in the matrix core tablets. The core tablets were coatedwith blends of ethyl cellulose(EC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose(HPMC) to modulatethe drug release. Results of a selective two-level, three-factor experiment design revealedthat a blend of 41.75% of EC and 58.25% of HPMC at 4.5% weight gained could produce thecoated tablets having dissolution profiles similar to those of Kaleorid?. A two-treatment,two-period, two-sequence crossover bioequivalence study was carried out on 24 healthyvolunteers to compare the absorption of potassium ion from experimental tablets to thatfrom Kaleorid?. The potassium ion in the urine was measured by a selective electrode of theADVIA 1650 system(Bayer) and used to calculate cumulative urinary excretion and urinaryexcretion rate. Results of 90 percent confidence interval analysis showed that the limits fornatural log-transformed cumulative urinary potassium excretion(Ln Ae 0-24) of test productwere in the range of 3.73–3.79 mEq, corresponding to 99.08%–100.92% of Kaleorid ?, respec-tively, and the limits for natural log-transformed maximal potassium excretion rate( R max) oftest product were in the range of 1.72–1.82 mEq/h, corresponding to 97.34%–102.66% of refer-ence product, respectively. Both of them fell within the bioequivalence interval(80%–125%)of reference product, proving that experimental product is bioequivalent to Kaleorid ?.展开更多
Starch is easy to breed bacteria,which affects its performance and application in medical dressings.In this research,antibacterial starch was prepared by physical blending method with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chlor...Starch is easy to breed bacteria,which affects its performance and application in medical dressings.In this research,antibacterial starch was prepared by physical blending method with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride(GTA)and potassium sorbate as antibacterial agents.The antibacterial activities of GTA,potassium sorbate,GTA-starch and potassium sorbate-starch were investigated with the purpose of understanding the growth of bacteria in starch system.Results showed that GTA had good antibacterial activity,and the bacteriostasis rate of 0.05 g/mL GTA against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)was 96.55%.The antibacterial properties of starch increased with an increase of mass fraction of potassium sorbate and then decreased with the continuously increasing of mass fraction of GTA.GTA-starch with30%GTA showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of Escherichia coli(E.coli)and S.aureus were 26.48%and20.26%,respectively;50%potassium sorbate in potassium sorbatestarch showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of E.coli and S.aureus were 67.68%and 74.75%,respectively.展开更多
Objective： To observe the electrocardiogram （ECG） and heart rate in a rabbit model ofhyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride, and provide theoretical and experimental reference for timely diagnosis of hyperkalem...Objective： To observe the electrocardiogram （ECG） and heart rate in a rabbit model ofhyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride, and provide theoretical and experimental reference for timely diagnosis of hyperkalemia clinically. Methods： Forty rabbits were randomly assigned into four groups. 0.9% isotonic saline solution was perfused in the group I , while 1.0%, 4.0% and 10.0% potassium chloride solutions were perfused in the other groups, respectively, to induce hyperkalemia. Results： The changes of serum potassium, ECG and heart rate before perfusion were significantly （P〈 0.05） different from those after perfusion in the other groups compared with group I . The effect of ECG variability rates was well consistent （Kappa = 0.724, P〈0.01） with that of serum potassium on diagnostic tests in the other groups. The area under ROC curve in diagnosis effect of ECG variability rates and sermn potassium on hyperkalaemia was much significantly larger （P〈0.01 and P〈0.05） compared with 0.5. There was asignificantly positive correlation between ECG variability rates and serum potassium （r= 0.865, P〈0.05 for bilateral Pearson test）. There was certain positive correlation between heart rate and serum potassium, but the correlation was poor （r= 0.526, R2=0.277）. Conclusion： A combination of serum potassium, ECG variability rates and heart rate should be considered and analyzed by synthesis to establish an accurate and timely diagnosis for hyperkalemia.展开更多
BACKGROUND Congenital chloride diarrhea(CCD)is a rare inherited disorder of intestinal electrolyte transport that results in a large wastage of electrolytes and water.Advances in substitution therapy using sodium chlo...BACKGROUND Congenital chloride diarrhea(CCD)is a rare inherited disorder of intestinal electrolyte transport that results in a large wastage of electrolytes and water.Advances in substitution therapy using sodium chloride(NaCl)and potassium chloride(KCl)have dramatically improved survival for patients with CCD.Slowrelease KCl is widely prescribed as a potassium supplement;however,it has also occasionally been used in suicide attempts,as potassium poisoning can generate life-threatening hyperkalemia.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old female presented to the emergency department(ED)with selfpoisoning,having taken 30 tablets of slow-release KCl(total:240 mmol potassium)following an auditory hallucination.The patient had been undergoing substitution therapy with NaCl and KCl for CCD and been followed up in the pediatric department.One month prior,she developed insomnia and anxiety and had consulted a psychiatrist.At the ED,although her general condition was good,she appeared agitated.Her serum potassium level was 7.0 mmol/L,indicating hyperkalemia,and electrocardiographic changes showed tenting of the T-waves.She responded to the administration of calcium gluconate,sodium bicarbonate,and insulin with glucose,and the serum potassium level improved.Finally,she was diagnosed with schizophrenia.CONCLUSION In CCD management,physicians should pay careful attention to patients’extraintestinal issues,including psychological disorders that may emerge in adulthood.展开更多
The Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 regulate the levels of intracellular chloride in hippocampal cells. Impaired chloride transport by these proteins is thought to be involved in the pathophys...The Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 regulate the levels of intracellular chloride in hippocampal cells. Impaired chloride transport by these proteins is thought to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Imbalance in the relative expression of these two proteins can lead to a collapse of CI- homeostasis, resulting in a loss of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic inhibition and even epileptiform discharges. In this study, we investigated the expression of Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 in the sclerosed hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the histologically normal hippocampus, the sclerosed hippocampus showed increased Na＋-K＋-Cl- cotransporter 1 expression and decreased K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 expression, especially in CA2 and the dentate gyrus. The change was more prominent for the Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 than for the K＋-CI- cotransporter 2. These experimental findings indicate that the balance between intracellular and extracellular chloride may be disturbed in hippocampal sclerosis, contributing to the hyperexcitability underlying epileptic seizures. Changes in Na＋-K＋-CI-cotransporter 1 expression seems to be the main contributor. Our study may shed new light on possible therapies for patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.展开更多
基金Project (50974018) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project (108007) supported by the ScienceFoundation of Ministry of Education of China
文摘In order to examine the leaching rate of potassium chloride from the sintering dust by water,surface morphology and inner structure of the dust,especially the existing state of potassium chloride,were observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and linear scanning technique via energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）.The characterization shows that the sintering dusts are mostly porous composites or agglomerates of the fine dust particles with size less than 10 μm,and the potassium chloride and sodium chloride particles are partly covered by other water insoluble matters in the dust which consist of elements iron,calcium and etc.Exposure of potassium chloride in the agglomerated dust matrix of this kind suggests that the leaching can be simply perceived as the dissolution of water soluble matters in the dust.On-line monitor of specific electrical conductivity of the leaching system verifies the prediction that leaching kinetics of potassium chloride from the sintering dust fits dissolution model well.Leaching equilibrium can be reached within 5 min with potassium leaching ratio more than 95%.
文摘We propose to measure the concentration of potassium chloride using photonic crystal fiber having circular air holes of diameter 400 nm. The principle of measurement is based on the linear variation of the transmitted field emerging from the PCF with respect to concentration of potassium chloride. Field distribution in photonic crystal structure is simulated using plane wave expansion (PWE) method. Simulation result reveals that the intensity of transmitted light varies linearly with respect to concentration of potassium chloride filled in the air holes.
基金supported by a grant from Guangzhou Medical University,No.2008C24
文摘Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chloride regulation in the pain pathway and by effecting neuronal excitability and pain sensitization. The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the speciifc sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 inhibitor bumetanide, and the change in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain. Results showed that intrathecal bumetanide could decrease cumulative pain scores, and could increase thermal and mechanical pain thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain. Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression in-creased in neurons from dorsal root ganglion and the deep laminae of the ipsilateral dorsal horn following incision. By contrast, potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression decreased in neurons of the deep laminae from the ipsilateral dorsal horn. These ifndings suggest that spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression was up-regulated and spinal potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 2 expression was down-regulated following incision. Intrathecal bumetanide has analgesic effects on incisional pain through inhibition of sodium-potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 1.
基金Financial support for bioequivalence study from The Department of Science and Technology (grant number 209/HDSKHCN) of Ho chi Minh city (DOST)
文摘The purposes of this study are to prepare the generic extended release tablet of potassiumchloride(PC) 600 mg and to compare the absorption of potassium ion from the experimen-tal tablets to that of Kaleorid? LP 600 mg(Leo Pharmaceutical Products, Denmark). Car-nauba wax was used as retardant in the matrix core tablets. The core tablets were coatedwith blends of ethyl cellulose(EC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose(HPMC) to modulatethe drug release. Results of a selective two-level, three-factor experiment design revealedthat a blend of 41.75% of EC and 58.25% of HPMC at 4.5% weight gained could produce thecoated tablets having dissolution profiles similar to those of Kaleorid?. A two-treatment,two-period, two-sequence crossover bioequivalence study was carried out on 24 healthyvolunteers to compare the absorption of potassium ion from experimental tablets to thatfrom Kaleorid?. The potassium ion in the urine was measured by a selective electrode of theADVIA 1650 system(Bayer) and used to calculate cumulative urinary excretion and urinaryexcretion rate. Results of 90 percent confidence interval analysis showed that the limits fornatural log-transformed cumulative urinary potassium excretion(Ln Ae 0-24) of test productwere in the range of 3.73–3.79 mEq, corresponding to 99.08%–100.92% of Kaleorid ?, respec-tively, and the limits for natural log-transformed maximal potassium excretion rate( R max) oftest product were in the range of 1.72–1.82 mEq/h, corresponding to 97.34%–102.66% of refer-ence product, respectively. Both of them fell within the bioequivalence interval(80%–125%)of reference product, proving that experimental product is bioequivalent to Kaleorid ?.
文摘Starch is easy to breed bacteria,which affects its performance and application in medical dressings.In this research,antibacterial starch was prepared by physical blending method with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride(GTA)and potassium sorbate as antibacterial agents.The antibacterial activities of GTA,potassium sorbate,GTA-starch and potassium sorbate-starch were investigated with the purpose of understanding the growth of bacteria in starch system.Results showed that GTA had good antibacterial activity,and the bacteriostasis rate of 0.05 g/mL GTA against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)was 96.55%.The antibacterial properties of starch increased with an increase of mass fraction of potassium sorbate and then decreased with the continuously increasing of mass fraction of GTA.GTA-starch with30%GTA showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of Escherichia coli(E.coli)and S.aureus were 26.48%and20.26%,respectively;50%potassium sorbate in potassium sorbatestarch showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of E.coli and S.aureus were 67.68%and 74.75%,respectively.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Chengdu Medical College(CYZ09-004)The "Challenge Cup" Sichuan Undergraduate Curricular Academic Science and Technology Works(CT11D-1006)
文摘Objective： To observe the electrocardiogram （ECG） and heart rate in a rabbit model ofhyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride, and provide theoretical and experimental reference for timely diagnosis of hyperkalemia clinically. Methods： Forty rabbits were randomly assigned into four groups. 0.9% isotonic saline solution was perfused in the group I , while 1.0%, 4.0% and 10.0% potassium chloride solutions were perfused in the other groups, respectively, to induce hyperkalemia. Results： The changes of serum potassium, ECG and heart rate before perfusion were significantly （P〈 0.05） different from those after perfusion in the other groups compared with group I . The effect of ECG variability rates was well consistent （Kappa = 0.724, P〈0.01） with that of serum potassium on diagnostic tests in the other groups. The area under ROC curve in diagnosis effect of ECG variability rates and sermn potassium on hyperkalaemia was much significantly larger （P〈0.01 and P〈0.05） compared with 0.5. There was asignificantly positive correlation between ECG variability rates and serum potassium （r= 0.865, P〈0.05 for bilateral Pearson test）. There was certain positive correlation between heart rate and serum potassium, but the correlation was poor （r= 0.526, R2=0.277）. Conclusion： A combination of serum potassium, ECG variability rates and heart rate should be considered and analyzed by synthesis to establish an accurate and timely diagnosis for hyperkalemia.
文摘BACKGROUND Congenital chloride diarrhea(CCD)is a rare inherited disorder of intestinal electrolyte transport that results in a large wastage of electrolytes and water.Advances in substitution therapy using sodium chloride(NaCl)and potassium chloride(KCl)have dramatically improved survival for patients with CCD.Slowrelease KCl is widely prescribed as a potassium supplement;however,it has also occasionally been used in suicide attempts,as potassium poisoning can generate life-threatening hyperkalemia.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old female presented to the emergency department(ED)with selfpoisoning,having taken 30 tablets of slow-release KCl(total:240 mmol potassium)following an auditory hallucination.The patient had been undergoing substitution therapy with NaCl and KCl for CCD and been followed up in the pediatric department.One month prior,she developed insomnia and anxiety and had consulted a psychiatrist.At the ED,although her general condition was good,she appeared agitated.Her serum potassium level was 7.0 mmol/L,indicating hyperkalemia,and electrocardiographic changes showed tenting of the T-waves.She responded to the administration of calcium gluconate,sodium bicarbonate,and insulin with glucose,and the serum potassium level improved.Finally,she was diagnosed with schizophrenia.CONCLUSION In CCD management,physicians should pay careful attention to patients’extraintestinal issues,including psychological disorders that may emerge in adulthood.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2008B060600063the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 81071050the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No. S2011020005483
文摘The Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 regulate the levels of intracellular chloride in hippocampal cells. Impaired chloride transport by these proteins is thought to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Imbalance in the relative expression of these two proteins can lead to a collapse of CI- homeostasis, resulting in a loss of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic inhibition and even epileptiform discharges. In this study, we investigated the expression of Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 in the sclerosed hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the histologically normal hippocampus, the sclerosed hippocampus showed increased Na＋-K＋-Cl- cotransporter 1 expression and decreased K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 expression, especially in CA2 and the dentate gyrus. The change was more prominent for the Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 than for the K＋-CI- cotransporter 2. These experimental findings indicate that the balance between intracellular and extracellular chloride may be disturbed in hippocampal sclerosis, contributing to the hyperexcitability underlying epileptic seizures. Changes in Na＋-K＋-CI-cotransporter 1 expression seems to be the main contributor. Our study may shed new light on possible therapies for patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.
