Cyberattacks targeting industrial control systems(ICS)are becoming more sophisticated and advanced than in the past.A programmable logic controller(PLC),a core component of ICS,controls and monitors sensors and actuat...Cyberattacks targeting industrial control systems(ICS)are becoming more sophisticated and advanced than in the past.A programmable logic controller(PLC),a core component of ICS,controls and monitors sensors and actuators in the field.However,PLC has memory attack threats such as program injection and manipulation,which has long been a major target for attackers,and it is important to detect these attacks for ICS security.To detect PLC memory attacks,a security system is required to acquire and monitor PLC memory directly.In addition,the performance impact of the security system on the PLC makes it difficult to apply to the ICS.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a system to detect PLC memory attacks by continuously acquiring and monitoring PLC memory.The proposed system detects PLC memory attacks by acquiring the program blocks and block information directly from the same layer as the PLC and then comparing them in bytes with previous data.Experiments with Siemens S7-300 and S7-400 PLC were conducted to evaluate the PLC memory detection performance and performance impact on PLC.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system detects all malicious organization block(OB)injection and data block(DB)manipulation,and the increment of PLC cycle time,the impact on PLC performance,was less than 1 ms.The proposed system detects PLC memory attacks with a simpler detection method than earlier studies.Furthermore,the proposed system can be applied to ICS with a small performance impact on PLC.展开更多
This paper proposes to adopt SCADA and PLC technology for the improvement of the performance of real time signaling&train control systems in metro railways.The main concern of this paper is to minimize the failure...This paper proposes to adopt SCADA and PLC technology for the improvement of the performance of real time signaling&train control systems in metro railways.The main concern of this paper is to minimize the failure in automated metro railways system operator and integrate the information coming from Operational Control Centre(OCC),traction SCADA system,traction power control,and power supply system.This work presents a simulated prototype of an automated metro train system operator that uses PLC and SCADA for the real time monitoring and control of the metro railway systems.Here,SCADA is used for the visualization of an automated process operation and then the whole opera-tion is regulated with the help of PLC.The PLC used in this process is OMRON(NX1P2-9024DT1)and OMRON’s Sysmac studio programming software is used for developing the ladder logic of PLC.The metro railways system has deployed infrastructure based on SCADA from the power supply system,and each station’s traction power control is connected to the OCC remotely which commands all of the stations and has the highest command priority.An alarm is triggered in the event of an emergency or system congestion.This proposed system overcomes the drawbacks of the current centralized automatic train control(CATC)system.This system provides prominent benefits like augmenting services which may enhance a network’s full load capacity and networkflexibility,which help in easy modification in the existing program at any time.展开更多
In the field of industrial process control,a fast-development platform for programmable logic controller(PLC)systems is designed in order to solve two main problems of rapid development of PLC control system and progr...In the field of industrial process control,a fast-development platform for programmable logic controller(PLC)systems is designed in order to solve two main problems of rapid development of PLC control system and programmability of controlling software.In the aspect of design,the platform is composed of hardware controlling and software monitoring and is taking industrial computer as the core.Under the Windows environment,the platform establishes the control instruction set,develops the configuration function and visual programming function of the monitoring software and it integrates PLC controller based on Visual Basic software.In order to achieve the function of data monitoring,it has realized the serial communication between computer and PLC by using RS-485 and RS-232 serial ports line communication.The platform designs the intelligent instruction scheduling strategy by studying the encoding and decoding rules of the communication instruction set.It proposes a method for rapidly developing control programs by adopting the expert control mode,which enables clients to develop and modify programs conveniently by importing instructions in a non-coded manner.After experimental testing,the platform is proved successful achieving both the rapid development of PLC control system and the rapid modification of monitoring software.展开更多
Bangladesh locates in lower reach of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghma, Bengal delta. Bangladesh is a land of rivers and heavy monsoon rains. Every year during monsoon period (May-September)the country floods of verying magni...Bangladesh locates in lower reach of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghma, Bengal delta. Bangladesh is a land of rivers and heavy monsoon rains. Every year during monsoon period (May-September)the country floods of verying magnitude, it causes damages to crops, properties, infrastructures, etc. and ultimately affects the economy development of the country. Banglandesh flood has some features given below: 1. The excessive rainfall over the vast catchment area of the river is the main cause of flood in Bangladesh, but 90% of the flood carried by rivers come from outside the country, i.e. regional countries, India, Nepal,展开更多
Programmable logic controllers(PLCs)play a critical role in many industrial control systems,yet face increasingly serious cyber threats.In this paper,we propose a novel PLC-compatible software-based defense mechanism,...Programmable logic controllers(PLCs)play a critical role in many industrial control systems,yet face increasingly serious cyber threats.In this paper,we propose a novel PLC-compatible software-based defense mechanism,called Heterogeneous Redundant Proactive Defense Framework(HRPDF).We propose a heterogeneous PLC architecture in HRPDF,including multiple heterogeneous,equivalent,and synchronous runtimes,which can thwart multiple types of attacks against PLC without the need of external devices.To ensure the availability of PLC,we also design an inter-process communication algorithm that minimizes the overhead of HRPDF.We implement a prototype system of HRPDF and test it in a real-world PLC and an OpenPLC-based device,respectively.The results show that HRPDF can defend against multiple types of attacks with 10.22%additional CPU and 5.56%additional memory overhead,and about 0.6 ms additional time overhead.展开更多
Cyberattacks on the Industrial Control System(ICS)have recently been increasing,made more intelligent by advancing technologies.As such,cybersecurity for such systems is attracting attention.As a core element of contr...Cyberattacks on the Industrial Control System(ICS)have recently been increasing,made more intelligent by advancing technologies.As such,cybersecurity for such systems is attracting attention.As a core element of control devices,the Programmable Logic Controller(PLC)in an ICS carries out on-site control over the ICS.A cyberattack on the PLC will cause damages on the overall ICS,with Stuxnet and Duqu as the most representative cases.Thus,cybersecurity for PLCs is considered essential,and many researchers carry out a variety of analyses on the vulnerabilities of PLCs as part of preemptive efforts against attacks.In this study,a vulnerability analysis was conducted on the XGB PLC.Security vulnerabilities were identified by analyzing the network protocols and memory structure of PLCs and were utilized to launch replay attack,memory modulation attack,and FTP/Web service account theft for the verification of the results.Based on the results,the attacks were proven to be able to cause the PLC to malfunction and disable it,and the identified vulnerabilities were defined.展开更多
In order to help the small-scale farmer, an automatic irrigation control system was proposed. This system will provide an irrigation system that will ease the burden of the citizen to take care of the plant. This syst...In order to help the small-scale farmer, an automatic irrigation control system was proposed. This system will provide an irrigation system that will ease the burden of the citizen to take care of the plant. This system will run automatically by referring to the time set by the user. As the name itself is a water control system, this system will only start irrigating when the time set triggered the water control level for the plant to grow healthily. It will automatically stop when the timer is off (1 hour). The brain of the system is the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). This is the place where all the activities are done. The irrigation will be provided by a pump that is also connected to the microcontroller. The pump will be activated until the timer has reached its time set. This system will continue running until the user presses the OFF button.展开更多
Poverty magnifies limitations posed by traditional biases and environmental risks.Any approach towards disease control needs to recognise that socially embedded vulnerabilities can be as powerful as externally imposed...Poverty magnifies limitations posed by traditional biases and environmental risks.Any approach towards disease control needs to recognise that socially embedded vulnerabilities can be as powerful as externally imposed infections.Asia Pacific has a specific panorama of infectious diseases,which,in common with other endemic areas,have a tendency to emerge or re-emerge if not carefully monitored.Sustained control aiming at elimination requires strong emphasis on surveillance and response.Well-designed informatics platforms can improve support systems and strengthen control activities,as they rapidly locate high-risk areas and provide detailed,up-to-date information on the performance of ongoing control programmes.展开更多
Background The China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)accelerator consists of an 80 MeV H-LINAC,a 1.6 GeV rapid cycling synchrotron(RCS)and two beam transport lines.The uncontrolled beam may permanently damage the compo...Background The China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)accelerator consists of an 80 MeV H-LINAC,a 1.6 GeV rapid cycling synchrotron(RCS)and two beam transport lines.The uncontrolled beam may permanently damage the components or lead to very high residual radiation dose along the beam line.So the equipment protection must be deliberately designed and implemented.Purpose The machine protection system(MPS)protects components from being damaged by the beam.The response time requirement for the CSNS MPS is less than 20 ms,so the PLC(programmable logic controller)was adopted to implement the interlock logic.Methods The MPS was implemented as a two-tier architecture system,and developed through utilizing PLC and Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System(EPICS)software toolkits.The application logic was taken into careful consideration during the implementation stage.An embedded CPU module can function as an IOC accessing PLC I/O modules through the sequence CPU,with an embedded Linux operation system.Results The interlock logic and heartbeat functions were tested with all functions ok.Time consumption has been measured thoroughly since the important requirement,which is around 15 ms to stop the beam.Conclusions MPS was completed in Sep.2017 and then put into operation.It has been operating smoothly for more than 3 years.MPS has played an important role in every stage of CSNS’s commissioning and operation and achieved high reliability during the user’s experiment operation.The accelerator recently runs stably with low equipment failure.展开更多
Background:Implementation of control programmes for Strongyloides stercoralis infection is among the targets of the World Health Organization Roadmap to 2030.Aim ofthis work was to evaluate the possible impact in term...Background:Implementation of control programmes for Strongyloides stercoralis infection is among the targets of the World Health Organization Roadmap to 2030.Aim ofthis work was to evaluate the possible impact in terms of economic resources and health status of two different strategies of preventive chemotherapy(PC)compared to the current situation(strategy A,no PC):administration of ivermectin to school-age children(SAC)and adults(strategy B)versus ivermectin to SAC only(strategy C).Methods:The study was conducted at the IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria hospital,Negrar di Valpolicella,Verona,Italy,at the University of Florence,Italy,and at the WHO,Geneva,Switzerland,from May 2020 to April 2021.Data for the model were extracted from literature.A mathematical model was developed in Microsoft Excel to assess the impact of strategies B and C in a standard population of 1 million subjects living in a strongyloidiasis endemic area.In a case base seenario,15%prevalence of strongyloidiasis was considered;the 3 strategies were then evaluated at different thresholds of prevalenee,ranging from 5 to 20%.The results were reported as number of infected subjects,deaths,costs,and Incremental-Effectiveness Ratio(ICER).A 1-year and a 10-year horizons were considered.Results:In the case base seenario,cases of infections would reduce dramatically in the first year of implementation of PC with both strategy B and C:from 172500 cases to 77040 following strategy B and 146700 following strategy C.The additional cost per recovered person was United States Dollar(USD)2.83 and USD 1.13 in strategy B and C,respectively,compared to no treatment in the first year.For both strategies,there was a downtrend in costs per recovered person with increasing prevalenee.The number of adverted deaths was larger for strategy B than C,but cost to advert one death was lower for strategy C than B.Conclusions:This analysis permits to estimate the impact of two PC strategies for the control of strongyloidiasis in terms of costs and adverted infections/deaths.This could represent a basis on which each endemic country can evaluate which strategy can be implemented,based on available funds and national health priorities.展开更多
Background:The role of governance in strengthening tuberculosis(TB)control has received little research attention.This review provides evidence of how institutional designs and organisational practices influence imple...Background:The role of governance in strengthening tuberculosis(TB)control has received little research attention.This review provides evidence of how institutional designs and organisational practices influence implementation of the national TB control programme(NTP)in Nigeria.Main text:We conducted a scoping review using a five-stage framework to review published and grey literature in English,on implementation of Nigeria's NTP and identified themes related to governance using a health system governance framework.We included articles,of all study designs and methods,which described or analysed the processes of implementing TB control based on relevance to the research question.The review shows a dearth of studies which examined the role of governance in TB control in Nigeria.Although costed plans and policy coordination framework exist,public spending on TB control is low.While stakeholders'involvement in TB control is increasing,institutional capacity is limited,especially in the private sector.TB-specific legislation is absent.Deployment and transfer of staff to the NTP are not transparent.Health workers are not transparent in communicating service entitlements to users.Despite existence of supportive policies,integration of TB control into the community and general health services have been weak.Willingness to pay for TB services is high,however,transaction cost and stigma among patients limit equity.Effectiveness and efficiency of the NTP was hindered by inadequate human resources,dilapidated service delivery infrastructure and weak drug supply system.Despite adhering to standardized recording and reporting format,regular monitoring and evaluation,revision of reporting formats,and electronic data management system,TB surveillance system was found to be weak.Delay in TB diagnosis and initiation of care,poor staff attitude to patients,lack of privacy,poor management of drug reactions and absence of infection control measures breach ethical standards for TB care.Conclusions:This scoping review of governance of TB control in Nigeria highlights two main issues.Governance for strengthening TB control programmes in low-resource,high TB burden settings like Nigeria,is imperative.Secondly,there is a need for empirical studies involving detailed analysis of different dimensions of governance of TB control.展开更多
Fluid manipulation plays an important role in biomedical applications such as biochemical assays,medical diag-nostics,and drug development.Programmable fluidic manipulation at the microscale is highly desired in both ...Fluid manipulation plays an important role in biomedical applications such as biochemical assays,medical diag-nostics,and drug development.Programmable fluidic manipulation at the microscale is highly desired in both fundamental and practical aspects.In this paper,we summarize some of the latest studies that achieve pro-grammable fluidic manipulation through intricate capillaric circuits design,construction of biomimetic metasur-face,and responsive surface wettability control.We highlight the working principle of each system and concisely discuss their design criterion,technical improvements,and implications for future study.We envision that with multidisciplinary efforts,microfluidics would continue to bring vast opportunities to biomedical fields and make contributions to human health.展开更多
Background:Malaria causes significant morbidity and mortality each year.In the past few years,the global malaria cases have been declining and many endem ic countries are heading towards malaria elimination.Neverthele...Background:Malaria causes significant morbidity and mortality each year.In the past few years,the global malaria cases have been declining and many endem ic countries are heading towards malaria elimination.Nevertheless,reducing the number of cases seems to be easy than sustained elimination.Therefore to achieve the objective of com plete elimination and maintaining the elimination status,it is necessary to assess the gains made during the recent years.Main text:With inclining global support and World Health Organisation(WHO)efforts,the control programmes have been im plem ented effectively in many endemic countries.Given the aroused interest and investments into malaria elimination program m es at global level,the am bitious goal o f elimination appears feasible.Sustainable interventions have played a pivotal role in malaria contraction,however drug and insecticide resistance,social,dem ographic,cultural and behavioural beliefs and practices,and unreformed health infrastructure could drift back the progress attained so far.Ignoring such im peding factors coupled with certain region specific factors may jeopardise our ability to abide righteous track to achieve global elimination of malaria parasite.Although support beyond the territories is important,but well managed integrated vector managem ent approach at regional and country level using scrupulously selected area specific interventions targeting both vector and parasite along with the com m unity involvem ent is necessary.A brief incline in malaria during 2016 has raised fresh perturbation on whether elimination could be achieved on time or not.Conclusions:The intervention tools available currently can most likely reduce transmission but clearing of malaria epicentres from where the disease can flare up any time,is not possible without involving local population.Nevertheless maintaining zero malaria transmission and checks on malaria import in declared malaria free countries,and further speeding up of interventions to stop transmission in elimination countries is most desirable.Strong collaboration backed by adequate political and financial support am ong the countries with a common objective to eliminate malaria must be on top priority.The present review attempts to assess the progress gained in malaria elimination during the past few years and highlights some issues that could be important in successful malaria elimination.展开更多
Background:In response to the recent publication Is onchocerciasis elimination in Africa feasible by 2025:a perspective based on lessons learnt from the African control programmes"by Dadzie et al.,it is important...Background:In response to the recent publication Is onchocerciasis elimination in Africa feasible by 2025:a perspective based on lessons learnt from the African control programmes"by Dadzie et al.,it is important to clarify and highlight the positive and unequivocal research and operational contributions from the American experience towards the worldwide elimination of human onchocerciasis(river blindness).Main text:The strategies of twice or more rounds of mass drug administration(MDA)of ivermectin per year,as well as the use of OV-16 serology have allowed four American countries to be verified by World Health Organization to have eliminated transmission of Onchocerca volvulus,the etiological agent.These advances were also implemented in Sudan and Uganda;currently,both are the only African countries where ivermectin MDA was safely stopped in several transmission zones.Conclusions:Programmatic treatment and evaluation approaches,pioneered in the Americas,are the most efficient among the existing tools for elimination,and their broader use could catalyze the successful elimination of this disease in Africa.展开更多
A recent article Is onchocerciasis elimination in Africa feasible by 2025:a perspective based on lessons learnt from the African control programmesH in Infectious Diseases of Poverty claimed that undue influence on Af...A recent article Is onchocerciasis elimination in Africa feasible by 2025:a perspective based on lessons learnt from the African control programmesH in Infectious Diseases of Poverty claimed that undue influence on African programs by concepts developed by the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program of the Americas(OEPA)is detrimental to stopping mass drug administration(MDA)in Africa.This claim is made despite a record year for MDA stoppage in four African countries of>3.5 million treatments in 2018,far exceeding any past OEPA or African Program for Onchocerciasis Control(APOC)stop MDA success.展开更多
基金supported by the Korea WESTERN POWER(KOWEPO)(2022-Commissioned Research-11,Development of Cyberattack Detection Technology for New and Renewable Energy Control System Using AI(Artificial Intelligence),50%)the Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2021-0-01806,Development of Security by Design and Security Management Technology in Smart Factory,40%)the Gachon University Research Fund of 2023(GCU-202110280001,10%).
文摘Cyberattacks targeting industrial control systems(ICS)are becoming more sophisticated and advanced than in the past.A programmable logic controller(PLC),a core component of ICS,controls and monitors sensors and actuators in the field.However,PLC has memory attack threats such as program injection and manipulation,which has long been a major target for attackers,and it is important to detect these attacks for ICS security.To detect PLC memory attacks,a security system is required to acquire and monitor PLC memory directly.In addition,the performance impact of the security system on the PLC makes it difficult to apply to the ICS.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a system to detect PLC memory attacks by continuously acquiring and monitoring PLC memory.The proposed system detects PLC memory attacks by acquiring the program blocks and block information directly from the same layer as the PLC and then comparing them in bytes with previous data.Experiments with Siemens S7-300 and S7-400 PLC were conducted to evaluate the PLC memory detection performance and performance impact on PLC.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system detects all malicious organization block(OB)injection and data block(DB)manipulation,and the increment of PLC cycle time,the impact on PLC performance,was less than 1 ms.The proposed system detects PLC memory attacks with a simpler detection method than earlier studies.Furthermore,the proposed system can be applied to ICS with a small performance impact on PLC.
文摘This paper proposes to adopt SCADA and PLC technology for the improvement of the performance of real time signaling&train control systems in metro railways.The main concern of this paper is to minimize the failure in automated metro railways system operator and integrate the information coming from Operational Control Centre(OCC),traction SCADA system,traction power control,and power supply system.This work presents a simulated prototype of an automated metro train system operator that uses PLC and SCADA for the real time monitoring and control of the metro railway systems.Here,SCADA is used for the visualization of an automated process operation and then the whole opera-tion is regulated with the help of PLC.The PLC used in this process is OMRON(NX1P2-9024DT1)and OMRON’s Sysmac studio programming software is used for developing the ladder logic of PLC.The metro railways system has deployed infrastructure based on SCADA from the power supply system,and each station’s traction power control is connected to the OCC remotely which commands all of the stations and has the highest command priority.An alarm is triggered in the event of an emergency or system congestion.This proposed system overcomes the drawbacks of the current centralized automatic train control(CATC)system.This system provides prominent benefits like augmenting services which may enhance a network’s full load capacity and networkflexibility,which help in easy modification in the existing program at any time.
基金Supported by the International S&T Cooperation Program of China(No.2014DFR70280)Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province(No.201903D321012)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province(No.201903D121023)Patent Promotion and Implementation Funding Research Project of Shanxi Province(No.20210521).
文摘In the field of industrial process control,a fast-development platform for programmable logic controller(PLC)systems is designed in order to solve two main problems of rapid development of PLC control system and programmability of controlling software.In the aspect of design,the platform is composed of hardware controlling and software monitoring and is taking industrial computer as the core.Under the Windows environment,the platform establishes the control instruction set,develops the configuration function and visual programming function of the monitoring software and it integrates PLC controller based on Visual Basic software.In order to achieve the function of data monitoring,it has realized the serial communication between computer and PLC by using RS-485 and RS-232 serial ports line communication.The platform designs the intelligent instruction scheduling strategy by studying the encoding and decoding rules of the communication instruction set.It proposes a method for rapidly developing control programs by adopting the expert control mode,which enables clients to develop and modify programs conveniently by importing instructions in a non-coded manner.After experimental testing,the platform is proved successful achieving both the rapid development of PLC control system and the rapid modification of monitoring software.
文摘Bangladesh locates in lower reach of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghma, Bengal delta. Bangladesh is a land of rivers and heavy monsoon rains. Every year during monsoon period (May-September)the country floods of verying magnitude, it causes damages to crops, properties, infrastructures, etc. and ultimately affects the economy development of the country. Banglandesh flood has some features given below: 1. The excessive rainfall over the vast catchment area of the river is the main cause of flood in Bangladesh, but 90% of the flood carried by rivers come from outside the country, i.e. regional countries, India, Nepal,
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2020YFB2010900the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Zhejiang University NGICS Platform)of China under Grant No.TC190A449.
文摘Programmable logic controllers(PLCs)play a critical role in many industrial control systems,yet face increasingly serious cyber threats.In this paper,we propose a novel PLC-compatible software-based defense mechanism,called Heterogeneous Redundant Proactive Defense Framework(HRPDF).We propose a heterogeneous PLC architecture in HRPDF,including multiple heterogeneous,equivalent,and synchronous runtimes,which can thwart multiple types of attacks against PLC without the need of external devices.To ensure the availability of PLC,we also design an inter-process communication algorithm that minimizes the overhead of HRPDF.We implement a prototype system of HRPDF and test it in a real-world PLC and an OpenPLC-based device,respectively.The results show that HRPDF can defend against multiple types of attacks with 10.22%additional CPU and 5.56%additional memory overhead,and about 0.6 ms additional time overhead.
基金This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT:Ministry of Science and ICT)(Nos.NRF-2016M2A8A4952280 and NRF-2020R1A2C1012187).
文摘Cyberattacks on the Industrial Control System(ICS)have recently been increasing,made more intelligent by advancing technologies.As such,cybersecurity for such systems is attracting attention.As a core element of control devices,the Programmable Logic Controller(PLC)in an ICS carries out on-site control over the ICS.A cyberattack on the PLC will cause damages on the overall ICS,with Stuxnet and Duqu as the most representative cases.Thus,cybersecurity for PLCs is considered essential,and many researchers carry out a variety of analyses on the vulnerabilities of PLCs as part of preemptive efforts against attacks.In this study,a vulnerability analysis was conducted on the XGB PLC.Security vulnerabilities were identified by analyzing the network protocols and memory structure of PLCs and were utilized to launch replay attack,memory modulation attack,and FTP/Web service account theft for the verification of the results.Based on the results,the attacks were proven to be able to cause the PLC to malfunction and disable it,and the identified vulnerabilities were defined.
文摘In order to help the small-scale farmer, an automatic irrigation control system was proposed. This system will provide an irrigation system that will ease the burden of the citizen to take care of the plant. This system will run automatically by referring to the time set by the user. As the name itself is a water control system, this system will only start irrigating when the time set triggered the water control level for the plant to grow healthily. It will automatically stop when the timer is off (1 hour). The brain of the system is the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). This is the place where all the activities are done. The irrigation will be provided by a pump that is also connected to the microcontroller. The pump will be activated until the timer has reached its time set. This system will continue running until the user presses the OFF button.
基金This work was supported by the Australian Agency for International Development(AusAID)grant[grant number 44913]to the Health Information Systems Knowledge Hub,at the School of Population Health,the University of Queensland.
文摘Poverty magnifies limitations posed by traditional biases and environmental risks.Any approach towards disease control needs to recognise that socially embedded vulnerabilities can be as powerful as externally imposed infections.Asia Pacific has a specific panorama of infectious diseases,which,in common with other endemic areas,have a tendency to emerge or re-emerge if not carefully monitored.Sustained control aiming at elimination requires strong emphasis on surveillance and response.Well-designed informatics platforms can improve support systems and strengthen control activities,as they rapidly locate high-risk areas and provide detailed,up-to-date information on the performance of ongoing control programmes.
基金the China Spallation Neutron Source project,the National Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11575289)the Key Laboratory of Particle Acceleration Physics&Technology and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics.
文摘Background The China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)accelerator consists of an 80 MeV H-LINAC,a 1.6 GeV rapid cycling synchrotron(RCS)and two beam transport lines.The uncontrolled beam may permanently damage the components or lead to very high residual radiation dose along the beam line.So the equipment protection must be deliberately designed and implemented.Purpose The machine protection system(MPS)protects components from being damaged by the beam.The response time requirement for the CSNS MPS is less than 20 ms,so the PLC(programmable logic controller)was adopted to implement the interlock logic.Methods The MPS was implemented as a two-tier architecture system,and developed through utilizing PLC and Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System(EPICS)software toolkits.The application logic was taken into careful consideration during the implementation stage.An embedded CPU module can function as an IOC accessing PLC I/O modules through the sequence CPU,with an embedded Linux operation system.Results The interlock logic and heartbeat functions were tested with all functions ok.Time consumption has been measured thoroughly since the important requirement,which is around 15 ms to stop the beam.Conclusions MPS was completed in Sep.2017 and then put into operation.It has been operating smoothly for more than 3 years.MPS has played an important role in every stage of CSNS’s commissioning and operation and achieved high reliability during the user’s experiment operation.The accelerator recently runs stably with low equipment failure.
基金funded by the Italian Ministry of Health"Fondi Ricerca Corrente-L2P2"to IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital,Negrar,Verona,Italy and by funds of"Ministry of Education,University and Research(Italy)Excellence Departments 2018-2022"Project for the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine,University of Florenee,Florenee,Italy.
文摘Background:Implementation of control programmes for Strongyloides stercoralis infection is among the targets of the World Health Organization Roadmap to 2030.Aim ofthis work was to evaluate the possible impact in terms of economic resources and health status of two different strategies of preventive chemotherapy(PC)compared to the current situation(strategy A,no PC):administration of ivermectin to school-age children(SAC)and adults(strategy B)versus ivermectin to SAC only(strategy C).Methods:The study was conducted at the IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria hospital,Negrar di Valpolicella,Verona,Italy,at the University of Florence,Italy,and at the WHO,Geneva,Switzerland,from May 2020 to April 2021.Data for the model were extracted from literature.A mathematical model was developed in Microsoft Excel to assess the impact of strategies B and C in a standard population of 1 million subjects living in a strongyloidiasis endemic area.In a case base seenario,15%prevalence of strongyloidiasis was considered;the 3 strategies were then evaluated at different thresholds of prevalenee,ranging from 5 to 20%.The results were reported as number of infected subjects,deaths,costs,and Incremental-Effectiveness Ratio(ICER).A 1-year and a 10-year horizons were considered.Results:In the case base seenario,cases of infections would reduce dramatically in the first year of implementation of PC with both strategy B and C:from 172500 cases to 77040 following strategy B and 146700 following strategy C.The additional cost per recovered person was United States Dollar(USD)2.83 and USD 1.13 in strategy B and C,respectively,compared to no treatment in the first year.For both strategies,there was a downtrend in costs per recovered person with increasing prevalenee.The number of adverted deaths was larger for strategy B than C,but cost to advert one death was lower for strategy C than B.Conclusions:This analysis permits to estimate the impact of two PC strategies for the control of strongyloidiasis in terms of costs and adverted infections/deaths.This could represent a basis on which each endemic country can evaluate which strategy can be implemented,based on available funds and national health priorities.
文摘Background:The role of governance in strengthening tuberculosis(TB)control has received little research attention.This review provides evidence of how institutional designs and organisational practices influence implementation of the national TB control programme(NTP)in Nigeria.Main text:We conducted a scoping review using a five-stage framework to review published and grey literature in English,on implementation of Nigeria's NTP and identified themes related to governance using a health system governance framework.We included articles,of all study designs and methods,which described or analysed the processes of implementing TB control based on relevance to the research question.The review shows a dearth of studies which examined the role of governance in TB control in Nigeria.Although costed plans and policy coordination framework exist,public spending on TB control is low.While stakeholders'involvement in TB control is increasing,institutional capacity is limited,especially in the private sector.TB-specific legislation is absent.Deployment and transfer of staff to the NTP are not transparent.Health workers are not transparent in communicating service entitlements to users.Despite existence of supportive policies,integration of TB control into the community and general health services have been weak.Willingness to pay for TB services is high,however,transaction cost and stigma among patients limit equity.Effectiveness and efficiency of the NTP was hindered by inadequate human resources,dilapidated service delivery infrastructure and weak drug supply system.Despite adhering to standardized recording and reporting format,regular monitoring and evaluation,revision of reporting formats,and electronic data management system,TB surveillance system was found to be weak.Delay in TB diagnosis and initiation of care,poor staff attitude to patients,lack of privacy,poor management of drug reactions and absence of infection control measures breach ethical standards for TB care.Conclusions:This scoping review of governance of TB control in Nigeria highlights two main issues.Governance for strengthening TB control programmes in low-resource,high TB burden settings like Nigeria,is imperative.Secondly,there is a need for empirical studies involving detailed analysis of different dimensions of governance of TB control.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Develop-ment Program of China(2020YFB1313100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22002018 and 82102511)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu(BK20210021).
文摘Fluid manipulation plays an important role in biomedical applications such as biochemical assays,medical diag-nostics,and drug development.Programmable fluidic manipulation at the microscale is highly desired in both fundamental and practical aspects.In this paper,we summarize some of the latest studies that achieve pro-grammable fluidic manipulation through intricate capillaric circuits design,construction of biomimetic metasur-face,and responsive surface wettability control.We highlight the working principle of each system and concisely discuss their design criterion,technical improvements,and implications for future study.We envision that with multidisciplinary efforts,microfluidics would continue to bring vast opportunities to biomedical fields and make contributions to human health.
文摘Background:Malaria causes significant morbidity and mortality each year.In the past few years,the global malaria cases have been declining and many endem ic countries are heading towards malaria elimination.Nevertheless,reducing the number of cases seems to be easy than sustained elimination.Therefore to achieve the objective of com plete elimination and maintaining the elimination status,it is necessary to assess the gains made during the recent years.Main text:With inclining global support and World Health Organisation(WHO)efforts,the control programmes have been im plem ented effectively in many endemic countries.Given the aroused interest and investments into malaria elimination program m es at global level,the am bitious goal o f elimination appears feasible.Sustainable interventions have played a pivotal role in malaria contraction,however drug and insecticide resistance,social,dem ographic,cultural and behavioural beliefs and practices,and unreformed health infrastructure could drift back the progress attained so far.Ignoring such im peding factors coupled with certain region specific factors may jeopardise our ability to abide righteous track to achieve global elimination of malaria parasite.Although support beyond the territories is important,but well managed integrated vector managem ent approach at regional and country level using scrupulously selected area specific interventions targeting both vector and parasite along with the com m unity involvem ent is necessary.A brief incline in malaria during 2016 has raised fresh perturbation on whether elimination could be achieved on time or not.Conclusions:The intervention tools available currently can most likely reduce transmission but clearing of malaria epicentres from where the disease can flare up any time,is not possible without involving local population.Nevertheless maintaining zero malaria transmission and checks on malaria import in declared malaria free countries,and further speeding up of interventions to stop transmission in elimination countries is most desirable.Strong collaboration backed by adequate political and financial support am ong the countries with a common objective to eliminate malaria must be on top priority.The present review attempts to assess the progress gained in malaria elimination during the past few years and highlights some issues that could be important in successful malaria elimination.
文摘Background:In response to the recent publication Is onchocerciasis elimination in Africa feasible by 2025:a perspective based on lessons learnt from the African control programmes"by Dadzie et al.,it is important to clarify and highlight the positive and unequivocal research and operational contributions from the American experience towards the worldwide elimination of human onchocerciasis(river blindness).Main text:The strategies of twice or more rounds of mass drug administration(MDA)of ivermectin per year,as well as the use of OV-16 serology have allowed four American countries to be verified by World Health Organization to have eliminated transmission of Onchocerca volvulus,the etiological agent.These advances were also implemented in Sudan and Uganda;currently,both are the only African countries where ivermectin MDA was safely stopped in several transmission zones.Conclusions:Programmatic treatment and evaluation approaches,pioneered in the Americas,are the most efficient among the existing tools for elimination,and their broader use could catalyze the successful elimination of this disease in Africa.
文摘A recent article Is onchocerciasis elimination in Africa feasible by 2025:a perspective based on lessons learnt from the African control programmesH in Infectious Diseases of Poverty claimed that undue influence on African programs by concepts developed by the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program of the Americas(OEPA)is detrimental to stopping mass drug administration(MDA)in Africa.This claim is made despite a record year for MDA stoppage in four African countries of>3.5 million treatments in 2018,far exceeding any past OEPA or African Program for Onchocerciasis Control(APOC)stop MDA success.
