Prolactin(PRL)is a polypeptide hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by the lactotroph cells of the pituitary.There are two main isoforms of PRL:23-kDa PRL(named full-l ength PRL)and vasoinhibins(including ...Prolactin(PRL)is a polypeptide hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by the lactotroph cells of the pituitary.There are two main isoforms of PRL:23-kDa PRL(named full-l ength PRL)and vasoinhibins(including 5.6–18 kDa fragments).Both act as circulating hormones and cytokines to stimulate or inhibit vascular formation at different stages and neovascularization,including endothelial cell proliferation and migration,protease production,and apoptosis.However,their effects on vascular function and cardiovascular diseases are different or even contrary.In addition to the structure,secretion regulation,and signal transduction of PRL/vasoinhibins,this review focuses on the pathological mechanism and clinical significance of PRL/vasoinhibins in cardiovascular diseases.展开更多
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine body composition, gynecological, and obstetric data, sex hormones, and prolactin serum levels in pre- (PREW) and postmenopausal women (PMW) with breast cancer (BC) and...Objective: The aim of this study was to determine body composition, gynecological, and obstetric data, sex hormones, and prolactin serum levels in pre- (PREW) and postmenopausal women (PMW) with breast cancer (BC) and compare them with a control group (CG) of healthy women. Methodology: BC patients without treatment or use of hormone replacement therapy, or hormonal birth control, and without data of metastasis were included. CG was matched for age, BMI, and menstrual cycle status. FSH, LH, E<sup>2</sup>, progesterone, testosterone, and prolactin (PRL) were measured using radioimmunoassay kits. Comparisons between BC and CG were made with “t” tests, and with the Mann-Whitney U-test;χ<sup>2</sup> test was used to compare the qualitative variables between the groups. Results: Seventy-two patients with BC, and 74 CG women were evaluated. Both groups presented overweight data, BMI (kg/mt<sup>2</sup>) = 27.21 ± 5.51 vs. 28.40 ± 4.66, p = ns, for BC patients and CG, respectively. In PREW, the age at menarche was later in BC patients compared to the CG (13.3 ± 1.36 years vs. 12.41 ± 1.27 years, p = 0.005). The PMW with BC presented a higher age at menarche and menopause compared to the women of the CG (13.51 ± 1.48 vs. 12.91 ± 1.41, p = 0.09, and 49.03 ± 2.86 vs. 45.5 ± 8.78, p = 0.03, respectively). PRL levels were significantly higher in PMW with BC, in comparison with the CG;median and minimum and maximum values (min-max) were: 14.7 ng/mL (3.6 - 52.7) vs. 5.9 ng/mL (1.9 - 33.3), p = 0.005). A higher percentage of PMW with BC (26.0% vs. 7.1%, χ<sup>2</sup> = 5.57, p = 0.01) presented hyperprolactinemia (PRL serum levels > 20 ng/mL), compared to the GC. Conclusions: The higher levels of PRL in PMW with BC compared with CG, suggest a proliferative effect of this hormone in the affected breast tissue. This study demonstrates the need to use biological markers such as PRL to determine the risk of BC in PMW.展开更多
Prolactin(PRL),as a cytokine,plays a variety of multidirectional roles in immunity and inflammation.An autoimmune condition known as idiopathic granulomatous mastitis(IGM)involves many inflammatory cells and cytokines...Prolactin(PRL),as a cytokine,plays a variety of multidirectional roles in immunity and inflammation.An autoimmune condition known as idiopathic granulomatous mastitis(IGM)involves many inflammatory cells and cytokines.PRL links neuroendocrine and immune systems and plays an active role in the inflammatory and immune processes.Based on the theory of PRL and combined with the latest research review at home and abroad,this paper aims to review the mechanism of action of PRL on IGM from the aspects of various inflammatory cells,cytokines and pathways,revealing the influence of PRL theory on IGM and the mechanism of action,so as to effectively control inflammation in the long-term.展开更多
Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone associated with an extensive variety of biological functions.Among the roles of prolactin in vertebrates,some were preserved throughout evolution.This is the case of its function in ...Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone associated with an extensive variety of biological functions.Among the roles of prolactin in vertebrates,some were preserved throughout evolution.This is the case of its function in the brain,where prolactin receptors,are expressed in different structures of the central nervous system.In the brain,prolactin actions are principally associated with reproduction and parental behavior,and involves the modulation of adult neurogenesis,neuroprotection,and neuroplasticity,especially during pregnancy,thereby preparing the brain to parenthood.Prolactin is mainly produced by specialized cells in the anterior pituitary gland.However,during vertebrate evolution many other extrapituitary tissues do also produce prolactin,like the immune system,endothelial cells,reproductive structures and in several regions of the brain.This review summarizes the relevance of prolactin for brain function,the sources of prolactin in the central nervous system,as well as its local production and secretion.A highlight on the impact of prolactin in human neurological diseases is also provided.展开更多
Today there is significant information indicating an effect of prolactin on the prostate gland. It has been shown to be involved in mechanisms leading to the synthesis of some proteins such as PSA and cathepsin D, syn...Today there is significant information indicating an effect of prolactin on the prostate gland. It has been shown to be involved in mechanisms leading to the synthesis of some proteins such as PSA and cathepsin D, synthesis of citrate and accumulation of zinc. Also, at the behavioral level, prolactin is known to control some aspects of reproduction, including documentation on the physiology of the prostate and the possibility to trigger pathologies in this sex gland. Although the later still is not clear, there is a correlation between the level of prolactin and the presence of prostate pathologies. Thus, the aim of this review is to show how prolactin is involved in the progression of some pathologies of this male sexual gland.展开更多
Objective: To determine if there is a significant rise in serum prolactin (PRL) in acute psychosis related to disease process and weather there is a significant gender difference in the level of PRL and its correlatio...Objective: To determine if there is a significant rise in serum prolactin (PRL) in acute psychosis related to disease process and weather there is a significant gender difference in the level of PRL and its correlation psychopathology. Procedure: Naturalistic study involved 60 consenting outpatients and inpatients in a tertiary psychiatric setting. Patient base was comprised of men (n?= 30) and women (n?= 30) with 83% in the age range of 21 - 40 years old. All subjects had confirmed first episode diagnosis set forth by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Patients were drug free and drug na?ve. Standardization for control was done using 15 control PRL samples obtained from healthy individuals. Methodology involved assessment by radioimmunoassay, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale at day 1, 3 weeks and again at 6 weeks. All patients were treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs. Results: Serum PRL was elevated on baseline in 75% of first episode psychosis schizophrenia, yet found to have a negative correlation to psychopathology at base week 3 and week 6 samples. Conclusions: Elevated serum PRL is not a potential indicator of acute schizophrenia. Levels are higher in females than in males, yet females respond better to treatment at a lower dose than males.展开更多
Background Hyperprolactinaemia is a common antipsychotic(AP)-induced adverse effect,particularly in female patients.Aims This meta-analysis examined the efficacy and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole in preventing AP-...Background Hyperprolactinaemia is a common antipsychotic(AP)-induced adverse effect,particularly in female patients.Aims This meta-analysis examined the efficacy and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole in preventing AP-related hyperprolactinaemia in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.Methods PubMed,PsycINFO,EMBASE,Cochrane Library,WanFang and China Journal Net databases were searched to identify eligible randomised controlled trials(RCTs).Primary outcomes were the reductions of serum prolactin level and prolactin-related symptoms.Data were independently extracted by two reviewers and analysed using RevMan(V.5.3).Weighted/standardised mean differences(WMDs/SMDs)±95%Cis were reported.Results In the five RCTs(n=400),the adjunctive aripiprazole(n=197)and the control groups(n=203)with a mean of 11.2 weeks of treatment duration were compared.The aripiprazole group had a significantly lower endpoint serum prolactin level in all patients(five RCTs,n=385;WMD:-50.43 ng/mL(95%Cl:-75.05 to-25.81),p<0.00001;l2=99%),female patients(two RCTs,n=186;WMD:-22.58 ng/mL(95%Cl:-25.67 to-19.49),p<0.00001;l2=0%)and male patients(two RCTs,n=127;WMD:-68.80 ng/mL(95%Cl:-100.11 to-37.49),p<0.0001).In the sensitivity analysis for the endpoint serum prolactin level in all patients,the findings remained significant(p<0.00001;l2=96%).The aripiprazole group was s叩erior to the control group in improving negative symptoms as assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(three RCTs,n=213;SMD:-0.51(95%Cl:-0.79 to-0.24),p=0.0002;l2=0%).Adverse effects and discontinuation rates were similar between the two groups.Conclusions Adjunctive aripiprazole appears to be associated with reduced AP-induced hyperprolactinaemia and improved prolactin-related symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia.Further studies with large sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.展开更多
Objective: To illustrate the association between prolactin serum level and severity of preeclampsia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 31 pregnant women with preeclampsia were enrolled as GroupⅠand 20 healthy p...Objective: To illustrate the association between prolactin serum level and severity of preeclampsia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 31 pregnant women with preeclampsia were enrolled as GroupⅠand 20 healthy pregnant women as GroupⅡ. Routine investigations and prolactin serum levels were assessed together with blood pressure changes. The unpaired t-test was used to determine the differences and correlation coefficient for the evaluation of correlation. Results: Prolactin serum levels were higher in preeclampsia patients compared with those of the healthy pregnant women (P<0.001). The severity of preeclampsia was linked with prolactin serum levels since 20 patients with preeclampsia showed mild preeclampsia that illustrated relatively lower prolactin serum levels compared with 11 patients with severe preeclampsia (P<0.001). The severity of mean arterial blood pressure was significantly correlated with prolactin serum levels (r=0.78, P<0.001). Conclusions: Prolactin serum levels are elevated in patients with preeclampsia and correlated with the severity of preeclampsia. High but not normal prolactin might be implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.展开更多
Prolactinoma is an estrogen‐related tumor and leukemia‐related protein 16(LRP16)is correlated with the progression of estrogen‐related tumors,but the regulatory mechanism between LRP16 and prolactinoma remain uncle...Prolactinoma is an estrogen‐related tumor and leukemia‐related protein 16(LRP16)is correlated with the progression of estrogen‐related tumors,but the regulatory mechanism between LRP16 and prolactinoma remain unclear.This study demonstrates a variation in LRP16 with estrogen receptorα(ERα)in prolactinoma models and the up and downregulation effects of LRP16 on prolactin secretion of pituitary adenomas cells(GH_3cells).In our study,50 male SD rats(30‐day‐old)展开更多
Mammary epithelial cells with lactational function can be a valuable cellular model for research of the development and regulation of the mammary gland.This paper describes some aspects of function of an epithelial ce...Mammary epithelial cells with lactational function can be a valuable cellular model for research of the development and regulation of the mammary gland.This paper describes some aspects of function of an epithelial cell line from the mammary gland of the dairy goat.SDS-PAGE,triglyceride and lactose content of cultured cells were used to assess synthetic function of cells and the effects of exposure to insulin and prolactin.Results show that goat mammary epithelial cells can synthesize fat,proteins and lactose when they were cultured in DMEM-F12 medium with added EGF,IGF-1,ITS and FBS.There were no obvious changes after 48h treatment with additional insulin.Prolactin added to the basal medium significantly increased synthesis of proteins and lactose.A mammary gland epithelial cell line from goats which has lactational function has been established.This outcome provides a valuable and convenient model system.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are the primary elements of welding rods. Mn has been shown to increase prolactin (PRL) production by decreasing dopamine (DA) levels in the hypothalamus. However, Fe increases...BACKGROUND: Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are the primary elements of welding rods. Mn has been shown to increase prolactin (PRL) production by decreasing dopamine (DA) levels in the hypothalamus. However, Fe increases DA levels and decreases PRL levels. The toxic mechanism of Mn and Fe co-inhalation-induced regulation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-pituitary axis remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of co-inhaled Mn and Fe on hypothalamic DA levels and pituitary PRL production, to investigate whether these changes are reversible, and to determine the role of co-inhaled Mn and Fe. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized, controlled, animal experiment based on inhalation toxicity via whole-body exposure was performed. Hypothalamic DA levels, serum PRL, and PRL and Pit-1 mRNA levels were analyzed at the Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea, from August 2007 to May 2009. MATERIALS: MnSO4 and FeSO4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an electrochemical detector (ECD) was purchased from Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA. mRNA Capture Kit and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kit were obtained from Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Mannheim, Germany and Perkin-Elmer, Wellesley, MA, USA, respectively. Rat PRL enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was purchased from Biocode Hycel, Liege, Belgium. METHODS: Eighty 15-week-old, male, Fischer 344 rats were assigned to two groups: one group treated with Mn and Fe and a control group. Each group was sub-divided into four groups on the basis of treatment period (0- and 13-week treated groups with both chemicals) and recovery periods (4- and 13-week recovery groups following 13-week exposure to both chemicals). The treatment condition was 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for the entire body. Mn and Fe co-inhalation concentrations were 1.5 mg/m3 and 3.0 mg/m3, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hypothalamic DA levels were measured using HPLC-ECD analysis. mRNA levels of PRL and Pit-1 were analyzed by Northern blot hybridization and RT-PCR, respectively. Serum PRL levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: HPLC-ECD analysis revealed that following 13-week co-inhalation of Mn and Fe, hypothalamic DA levels significantly deceased, whereas pituitary PRL mRNA, Pit-1 mRNA, and serum PRL levels significantly increased. At 4 weeks of recovery, DA level in the hypothalamic tissue was significantly increased, and PRL and Pit-1 mRNA levels in the pituitary were significantly decreased. After 13 weeks of recovery, DA and PRL levels recovered to normal. The changing pattern of serum PRL levels was in accordance with pituitary PRL mRNA levels. CONCLUSION: Subchronic co-inhalation of Mn and Fe significantly decreased hypothalamic DA levels, but induced pituitary PRL production, both of which were mediated by Pit-1. These results suggested that Mn dominates over Fe in terms of hypothalamic DA levels and pituitary PRL production, and these effects are reversible in a subchronic inhalation condition. Therefore, changes in hypothalamic DA levels and serum PRL production could be used as biomarkers for welders, who are exposed to Mn and Fe.展开更多
We have reported that the central mechanism of acupuncture-induced PRL secretion in non-lactating rats are related to antagonizing hypothalamic dopamine activity; noradrenaline system played little significant role in...We have reported that the central mechanism of acupuncture-induced PRL secretion in non-lactating rats are related to antagonizing hypothalamic dopamine activity; noradrenaline system played little significant role in the acupuncture effect; Υ-aminobutyric-acid system perhaps participated in this effect.This paper further provided evidence that central serotonin and EOP play a stimulatory role in the acupuncture induced secretion of prolactin; acupuncture may antagonize inhibitory effect of H<sub>2</sub> histamine receptor activation on prolactin secretion; the possible role of H<sub>1</sub>-receptor needs further investigation.展开更多
Nowdays the application of immunohistochemical techniques and ultrastructuralanalysis and correlation with clinical and biochemical findings have led to a moredetailed functional classification,in which growth hormone...Nowdays the application of immunohistochemical techniques and ultrastructuralanalysis and correlation with clinical and biochemical findings have led to a moredetailed functional classification,in which growth hormone (GH)-producing andprolactin (PRL)-producing adenomas have been shown to comprise more than halfof pituitary adenomaso.Few immunoelectron microscopic studies on GH and PRLadenomas have been made,however,in limited cases so far,though a numberof authors have described the characteristics of pituitary adenomas by conventionalelectron microscopy.In addition to routine electron microscopy,immuno-.electron microscopical technique using protein A-gold probes was applied in展开更多
The reproductive behaviors of birds are mainly controlled by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis.Many studies have shown that reproductive hormones are tightly linked to the breeding sub-stages.However,only a few st...The reproductive behaviors of birds are mainly controlled by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis.Many studies have shown that reproductive hormones are tightly linked to the breeding sub-stages.However,only a few studies have examined the temporal trend of hormone levels among different reproductive stages in multiple brooded species.We investigated the changes in plasma luteinizing hormone(LH)and prolactin(PRL)concentrations during different reproductive stages of the facultative double-brooded Great Tit(Parus major).We found that the concentrations of LH and PRL in females were significantly higher than those in males.Females had significantly higher LH and lower PRL concentrations in the pre-breeding period than in the first/second brooding periods,and there were no significant changes between the first and second brooding periods.The concentrations of LH and PRL in males had no significant difference between the pre-breeding period and the first brooding periods,while LH and PRL concentrations in the second brooding period were significantly higher than those in the first brooding period.We conclude that there are sex-based differences between LH and PRL at different stages of reproduction.The changes in LH and PRL in both males and females should be related to their physiological functions.Especially for males,individuals with higher levels of LH and PRL are more likely to maintain second clutches.展开更多
Prolactin(PRL) is a versatile signaling molecule and regulates a variety of physiological processes, including mammary gland growth and differentiation and the synthesis of milk proteins. While PRL is known to be nece...Prolactin(PRL) is a versatile signaling molecule and regulates a variety of physiological processes, including mammary gland growth and differentiation and the synthesis of milk proteins. While PRL is known to be necessary for high levels of milk protein expression, the mechanism by which the synthesis of milk proteins is stimulated at the transcript level is less known. A major modification in the transcript level is protein phosphorylation. To gain additional insights into the molecular mechanisms at the transcript level underlying PRL action on the dairy cow mammary epithelial cells(DCMECs), nuclear phosphoproteins whose expression distinguishes proliferating regulated by PRL in DCMECs were identified. A phosphoprotein-enriched fraction from nuclear proteins was obtained by affinity chromatography, and a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS)were used to identify the changes of nuclear phosphoproteins in DCMECs treated with prolactin. Seven proteins displaying≥2-fold difference in abundance upon PRL treatment in DCMECs were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The protein-GARS(GlyRS), which belonged to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family, played a global role in the milk protein synthesis. SERPINH1(Heat shock protein 47), which was the first heat shock protein found to be a member of the serpin superfamily, regulated physiologic functions,such as complement activation, programmed cell death, and inflammatory processes. PRDX3, which belonged to a family of antioxidant enzymes, played an important role in scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS). ACTR1A, belonged to the actin family, which was associated with transport of p53 to the nucleus. Annexin A2, a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding protein,maintained the viability and cell cycle regulation of DCMECs. PSMB2 and PSMD10, which belonged to ubiquitin-proteasome system, were involved in several cellular processes, including cell cycle control, cellular stress response, intracellular signaling. This screening revealed that prolactin influenced the level of nuclear phosphoproteins in DCMECs. This result opens new avenues for the study of the molecular mechanism linked to the synthesis of milk proteins.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the anti-hyperprolactinemic effect of methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia against antipsychotic/neuroleptic drug induced hyperprolactinemia. Methods: A total of 48 Wistar albino rats were...Objective: To evaluate the anti-hyperprolactinemic effect of methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia against antipsychotic/neuroleptic drug induced hyperprolactinemia. Methods: A total of 48 Wistar albino rats were chosen in the study. To induce hyperprolactinemia, haloperidol at 5 mg/kg/day was intraperitoneally administered for 16 continuous days and sulpiride at 20 mg/kg/day was administered intraperitoneally for 28 continuous days. Methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia at 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day were administered orally 30 min before administration of haloperidol and sulpiride for 16 and 28 days, respectively. Then, we had evaluated prolactin, dopamine and antioxidant status in the treatment group as compared to haloperidol and sulpiride. Results: There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in serum prolactin level and decrease in dopamine level in the haloperidol and sulpiride treated animals. However, methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia significantly (P<0.05) decreased serum prolactin level and increased brain dopamine level. Further, superoxide dismutase and catalase level were also decreased significantly in the haloperidol and sulpiride treated groups as compared to those of the control group and the antioxidant status was restored significantly on treatment with methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia. Furthermore, methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia also reduced total leukocyte count, and increased red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration. In addition, the spleen did not show signs of infection or inflammation in the experiments. Conclusions: Methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia has a significant anti-hyperprolactinemic effect which may be attributed to neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of its signature constituents like stepharanine.展开更多
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NP-SLE) is one of the major cause of morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and its treatment depends on identification of pathogenic mechanisms. We describe ...Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NP-SLE) is one of the major cause of morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and its treatment depends on identification of pathogenic mechanisms. We describe the rare case of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NP-SLE) complicated by pericardial effusion combined to low C4 level persisting and hyperprolactinaemia. A cyclophosphamide therapy showed a good response in a 21-year old woman with disturbances in thought processes and an acute confusional state with sierositis. This paper confirms that a cyclophosphamide therapy contributes to control a disease activity by a mechanism of prolactin level reduction. Other studies occur to evaluate this hypothesis.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Researchers discovered that serum prolactin could rise following an epileptic seizure. The prolactin level might reach three times more than basic level within 30 minutes and decrease to the normal value 2...BACKGROUND: Researchers discovered that serum prolactin could rise following an epileptic seizure. The prolactin level might reach three times more than basic level within 30 minutes and decrease to the normal value 2 hours after the seizure occurred. The mechanism might result in an increase of serum prolactin concentrations with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. OBJECTIVE:To probe into the correlation between changes of serum prolactin and incidence of epileptic discharges of electroencephalogram (EEG) at 24-36 hours after epileptic onset of patients with secondary epilepsy. DESIGN: Clinical observational study. SETTING: Department of Neurology, First Hospital affiliated to Soochow University. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 21 patients with secondary epilepsy were selected from the Department of Neurological Emergency or Hospital Room of the First Hospital affiliated to Soochow University from November 2005 to April 2006. There were 14 males and 7 females aged from 25 to 72 years. All patients met International League Anti-epileptic (ILAE) criteria in 1981 for secondary generalized tonic clonic seizure through CT or MRI and previous EEG. All patients were consent. Primary diseases included cerebral trauma (3 cases), tumor (2 cases), stroke (7 cases) and intracranial infeion (9 cases). METHODS: Venous blood of all patients was collected at 24-36 hours after epileptic onset. Serum prolactin kit (Beckman Coulter, Inc in USA) was used to measure value of serum prolactin according to kit instruction. Then, value of serum prolactin was compared with the normal value (male: 2.64-13.13 mg/L; female: 3.34-26.72 mg/L); meanwhile, EEG equipment (American Nicolet Incorporation) was used in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Abnormal rate of serum prolactin of patients with secondary epilepsy; ②Comparison between normal and abnormal level of serum prolactin and incidence of EEG epileptic discharge of patients with secondary epilepsy. RESULTS:All 21 patients with secondary epilepsy were involved in the final analysis. ① Results of serum prolactin level: Among 21 patients with of secondary epilepsy, 10 of them had normal serum prolactin and 11 had abnormal one, and the abnormal rate was 52% (11/21). ② Detecting results of EEG: EEG results showed that 6 cases were normal and 15 were abnormal, and the abnormal rate was 71% (15/21). The symptoms were sharp wave, spike wave or sharp slow wave, spike slow wave of epileptic discharges in 8 cases, which was accounted for 38%. ③ Correlation between abnormality of serum prolactin and EEG epileptic wave: Eleven cases had abnormal serum prolactin, and the incidence was 64% (7/11), which was higher of epileptic wave than that of non-epileptic wave [36% (4/11), P < 0.05]; however, 10 cases had normal serum prolactin, and the incidence was 10% (1/10). Epileptic wave was lower than non-epileptic wave [90% (9/10), P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION: The level of serum prolactin of patients with secondary epilepsy is abnormally increased at 24-36 hours after epileptic onset; in addition, incidence of epileptic discharge is also increased remarkably.展开更多
The Prolactin-inducible-protein (PIP)/Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein-15 (GCDFP-15) gene is highly expressed in salivary, lacrimal and sweat glands and the protein abundantly found in the secretions that originate ...The Prolactin-inducible-protein (PIP)/Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein-15 (GCDFP-15) gene is highly expressed in salivary, lacrimal and sweat glands and the protein abundantly found in the secretions that originate from these glands;saliva, tears and sweat. PIP is thus considered to be strategically located at sites viewed as the first port of entry for invading organisms. PIP is also found over-expressed under abnormal and pathological conditions of the breast and prostate. The function of PIP has yet to be defined but it has been implicated to play a role in immunity, with respect to bacterial and viral infection, cancer and fertility. Despite such predictive functions, there is still no clear demonstration of an immunoregulatory role for PIP. In this review we will focus on accumulating evidence that suggests a role for PIP in both innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, we will discuss recent evidence that defines a modulatory role for PIP with regards to a CD4+ T cell immune response, identifying for the first time, a critical role for PIP in effective cell-mediated immunity against an intracellular pathogen.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:81700045,81870042 and 81900050Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,Grant/Award Number:22ZR1452400+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health,Grant/Award Number:20204Y0384Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Grant/Award Number:fk18003 and fkyq1605。
文摘Prolactin(PRL)is a polypeptide hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by the lactotroph cells of the pituitary.There are two main isoforms of PRL:23-kDa PRL(named full-l ength PRL)and vasoinhibins(including 5.6–18 kDa fragments).Both act as circulating hormones and cytokines to stimulate or inhibit vascular formation at different stages and neovascularization,including endothelial cell proliferation and migration,protease production,and apoptosis.However,their effects on vascular function and cardiovascular diseases are different or even contrary.In addition to the structure,secretion regulation,and signal transduction of PRL/vasoinhibins,this review focuses on the pathological mechanism and clinical significance of PRL/vasoinhibins in cardiovascular diseases.
文摘Objective: The aim of this study was to determine body composition, gynecological, and obstetric data, sex hormones, and prolactin serum levels in pre- (PREW) and postmenopausal women (PMW) with breast cancer (BC) and compare them with a control group (CG) of healthy women. Methodology: BC patients without treatment or use of hormone replacement therapy, or hormonal birth control, and without data of metastasis were included. CG was matched for age, BMI, and menstrual cycle status. FSH, LH, E<sup>2</sup>, progesterone, testosterone, and prolactin (PRL) were measured using radioimmunoassay kits. Comparisons between BC and CG were made with “t” tests, and with the Mann-Whitney U-test;χ<sup>2</sup> test was used to compare the qualitative variables between the groups. Results: Seventy-two patients with BC, and 74 CG women were evaluated. Both groups presented overweight data, BMI (kg/mt<sup>2</sup>) = 27.21 ± 5.51 vs. 28.40 ± 4.66, p = ns, for BC patients and CG, respectively. In PREW, the age at menarche was later in BC patients compared to the CG (13.3 ± 1.36 years vs. 12.41 ± 1.27 years, p = 0.005). The PMW with BC presented a higher age at menarche and menopause compared to the women of the CG (13.51 ± 1.48 vs. 12.91 ± 1.41, p = 0.09, and 49.03 ± 2.86 vs. 45.5 ± 8.78, p = 0.03, respectively). PRL levels were significantly higher in PMW with BC, in comparison with the CG;median and minimum and maximum values (min-max) were: 14.7 ng/mL (3.6 - 52.7) vs. 5.9 ng/mL (1.9 - 33.3), p = 0.005). A higher percentage of PMW with BC (26.0% vs. 7.1%, χ<sup>2</sup> = 5.57, p = 0.01) presented hyperprolactinemia (PRL serum levels > 20 ng/mL), compared to the GC. Conclusions: The higher levels of PRL in PMW with BC compared with CG, suggest a proliferative effect of this hormone in the affected breast tissue. This study demonstrates the need to use biological markers such as PRL to determine the risk of BC in PMW.
文摘Prolactin(PRL),as a cytokine,plays a variety of multidirectional roles in immunity and inflammation.An autoimmune condition known as idiopathic granulomatous mastitis(IGM)involves many inflammatory cells and cytokines.PRL links neuroendocrine and immune systems and plays an active role in the inflammatory and immune processes.Based on the theory of PRL and combined with the latest research review at home and abroad,this paper aims to review the mechanism of action of PRL on IGM from the aspects of various inflammatory cells,cytokines and pathways,revealing the influence of PRL theory on IGM and the mechanism of action,so as to effectively control inflammation in the long-term.
基金supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia(FCT,I.P.,Portugal,http://www.fct.p)project grants UID/Multi/00709/2013 and UID/Multi/00709/2019ARCB is a recipient of a PhD fellowship funded by the FCT(SFRH/BD/121890/2016)+1 种基金supported by the State Budget of the Portuguese Ministry of Science,Technology and Higher Education,by the European Commission and by the European Social Fund through the“Programa Operacional Regional Centro”funded by the grant“Sociedade Portuguesa de Endocrinologia Diabetes e Metabolismovartis Oncology em Patologia Hipofisária 2019”and the European Regional Development Fund through the“Programa Operacional Regional do Centro(Centro 2020)-Sistema de ApoioàInvestigação Científica e Tecnológica-Programas Integrados de IC&DT”(Project Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000019-C4-Centro de Competências em Cloud Computing).
文摘Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone associated with an extensive variety of biological functions.Among the roles of prolactin in vertebrates,some were preserved throughout evolution.This is the case of its function in the brain,where prolactin receptors,are expressed in different structures of the central nervous system.In the brain,prolactin actions are principally associated with reproduction and parental behavior,and involves the modulation of adult neurogenesis,neuroprotection,and neuroplasticity,especially during pregnancy,thereby preparing the brain to parenthood.Prolactin is mainly produced by specialized cells in the anterior pituitary gland.However,during vertebrate evolution many other extrapituitary tissues do also produce prolactin,like the immune system,endothelial cells,reproductive structures and in several regions of the brain.This review summarizes the relevance of prolactin for brain function,the sources of prolactin in the central nervous system,as well as its local production and secretion.A highlight on the impact of prolactin in human neurological diseases is also provided.
文摘Today there is significant information indicating an effect of prolactin on the prostate gland. It has been shown to be involved in mechanisms leading to the synthesis of some proteins such as PSA and cathepsin D, synthesis of citrate and accumulation of zinc. Also, at the behavioral level, prolactin is known to control some aspects of reproduction, including documentation on the physiology of the prostate and the possibility to trigger pathologies in this sex gland. Although the later still is not clear, there is a correlation between the level of prolactin and the presence of prostate pathologies. Thus, the aim of this review is to show how prolactin is involved in the progression of some pathologies of this male sexual gland.
文摘Objective: To determine if there is a significant rise in serum prolactin (PRL) in acute psychosis related to disease process and weather there is a significant gender difference in the level of PRL and its correlation psychopathology. Procedure: Naturalistic study involved 60 consenting outpatients and inpatients in a tertiary psychiatric setting. Patient base was comprised of men (n?= 30) and women (n?= 30) with 83% in the age range of 21 - 40 years old. All subjects had confirmed first episode diagnosis set forth by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Patients were drug free and drug na?ve. Standardization for control was done using 15 control PRL samples obtained from healthy individuals. Methodology involved assessment by radioimmunoassay, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale at day 1, 3 weeks and again at 6 weeks. All patients were treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs. Results: Serum PRL was elevated on baseline in 75% of first episode psychosis schizophrenia, yet found to have a negative correlation to psychopathology at base week 3 and week 6 samples. Conclusions: Elevated serum PRL is not a potential indicator of acute schizophrenia. Levels are higher in females than in males, yet females respond better to treatment at a lower dose than males.
文摘Background Hyperprolactinaemia is a common antipsychotic(AP)-induced adverse effect,particularly in female patients.Aims This meta-analysis examined the efficacy and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole in preventing AP-related hyperprolactinaemia in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.Methods PubMed,PsycINFO,EMBASE,Cochrane Library,WanFang and China Journal Net databases were searched to identify eligible randomised controlled trials(RCTs).Primary outcomes were the reductions of serum prolactin level and prolactin-related symptoms.Data were independently extracted by two reviewers and analysed using RevMan(V.5.3).Weighted/standardised mean differences(WMDs/SMDs)±95%Cis were reported.Results In the five RCTs(n=400),the adjunctive aripiprazole(n=197)and the control groups(n=203)with a mean of 11.2 weeks of treatment duration were compared.The aripiprazole group had a significantly lower endpoint serum prolactin level in all patients(five RCTs,n=385;WMD:-50.43 ng/mL(95%Cl:-75.05 to-25.81),p<0.00001;l2=99%),female patients(two RCTs,n=186;WMD:-22.58 ng/mL(95%Cl:-25.67 to-19.49),p<0.00001;l2=0%)and male patients(two RCTs,n=127;WMD:-68.80 ng/mL(95%Cl:-100.11 to-37.49),p<0.0001).In the sensitivity analysis for the endpoint serum prolactin level in all patients,the findings remained significant(p<0.00001;l2=96%).The aripiprazole group was s叩erior to the control group in improving negative symptoms as assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(three RCTs,n=213;SMD:-0.51(95%Cl:-0.79 to-0.24),p=0.0002;l2=0%).Adverse effects and discontinuation rates were similar between the two groups.Conclusions Adjunctive aripiprazole appears to be associated with reduced AP-induced hyperprolactinaemia and improved prolactin-related symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia.Further studies with large sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.
文摘Objective: To illustrate the association between prolactin serum level and severity of preeclampsia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 31 pregnant women with preeclampsia were enrolled as GroupⅠand 20 healthy pregnant women as GroupⅡ. Routine investigations and prolactin serum levels were assessed together with blood pressure changes. The unpaired t-test was used to determine the differences and correlation coefficient for the evaluation of correlation. Results: Prolactin serum levels were higher in preeclampsia patients compared with those of the healthy pregnant women (P<0.001). The severity of preeclampsia was linked with prolactin serum levels since 20 patients with preeclampsia showed mild preeclampsia that illustrated relatively lower prolactin serum levels compared with 11 patients with severe preeclampsia (P<0.001). The severity of mean arterial blood pressure was significantly correlated with prolactin serum levels (r=0.78, P<0.001). Conclusions: Prolactin serum levels are elevated in patients with preeclampsia and correlated with the severity of preeclampsia. High but not normal prolactin might be implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Hainan Province.[NSFC,Grant Nos.81570705 and 81270866NSFH,Grant No.20168353]
文摘Prolactinoma is an estrogen‐related tumor and leukemia‐related protein 16(LRP16)is correlated with the progression of estrogen‐related tumors,but the regulatory mechanism between LRP16 and prolactinoma remain unclear.This study demonstrates a variation in LRP16 with estrogen receptorα(ERα)in prolactinoma models and the up and downregulation effects of LRP16 on prolactin secretion of pituitary adenomas cells(GH_3cells).In our study,50 male SD rats(30‐day‐old)
基金supported by Innovation Team Project of Northeast Agricultural Vniversity(XLT005-1-2)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Heilongjiang Educational Committee(HLJBSDJI2004-15)
文摘Mammary epithelial cells with lactational function can be a valuable cellular model for research of the development and regulation of the mammary gland.This paper describes some aspects of function of an epithelial cell line from the mammary gland of the dairy goat.SDS-PAGE,triglyceride and lactose content of cultured cells were used to assess synthetic function of cells and the effects of exposure to insulin and prolactin.Results show that goat mammary epithelial cells can synthesize fat,proteins and lactose when they were cultured in DMEM-F12 medium with added EGF,IGF-1,ITS and FBS.There were no obvious changes after 48h treatment with additional insulin.Prolactin added to the basal medium significantly increased synthesis of proteins and lactose.A mammary gland epithelial cell line from goats which has lactational function has been established.This outcome provides a valuable and convenient model system.
文摘BACKGROUND: Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are the primary elements of welding rods. Mn has been shown to increase prolactin (PRL) production by decreasing dopamine (DA) levels in the hypothalamus. However, Fe increases DA levels and decreases PRL levels. The toxic mechanism of Mn and Fe co-inhalation-induced regulation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-pituitary axis remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of co-inhaled Mn and Fe on hypothalamic DA levels and pituitary PRL production, to investigate whether these changes are reversible, and to determine the role of co-inhaled Mn and Fe. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized, controlled, animal experiment based on inhalation toxicity via whole-body exposure was performed. Hypothalamic DA levels, serum PRL, and PRL and Pit-1 mRNA levels were analyzed at the Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea, from August 2007 to May 2009. MATERIALS: MnSO4 and FeSO4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an electrochemical detector (ECD) was purchased from Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA. mRNA Capture Kit and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kit were obtained from Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Mannheim, Germany and Perkin-Elmer, Wellesley, MA, USA, respectively. Rat PRL enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was purchased from Biocode Hycel, Liege, Belgium. METHODS: Eighty 15-week-old, male, Fischer 344 rats were assigned to two groups: one group treated with Mn and Fe and a control group. Each group was sub-divided into four groups on the basis of treatment period (0- and 13-week treated groups with both chemicals) and recovery periods (4- and 13-week recovery groups following 13-week exposure to both chemicals). The treatment condition was 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for the entire body. Mn and Fe co-inhalation concentrations were 1.5 mg/m3 and 3.0 mg/m3, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hypothalamic DA levels were measured using HPLC-ECD analysis. mRNA levels of PRL and Pit-1 were analyzed by Northern blot hybridization and RT-PCR, respectively. Serum PRL levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: HPLC-ECD analysis revealed that following 13-week co-inhalation of Mn and Fe, hypothalamic DA levels significantly deceased, whereas pituitary PRL mRNA, Pit-1 mRNA, and serum PRL levels significantly increased. At 4 weeks of recovery, DA level in the hypothalamic tissue was significantly increased, and PRL and Pit-1 mRNA levels in the pituitary were significantly decreased. After 13 weeks of recovery, DA and PRL levels recovered to normal. The changing pattern of serum PRL levels was in accordance with pituitary PRL mRNA levels. CONCLUSION: Subchronic co-inhalation of Mn and Fe significantly decreased hypothalamic DA levels, but induced pituitary PRL production, both of which were mediated by Pit-1. These results suggested that Mn dominates over Fe in terms of hypothalamic DA levels and pituitary PRL production, and these effects are reversible in a subchronic inhalation condition. Therefore, changes in hypothalamic DA levels and serum PRL production could be used as biomarkers for welders, who are exposed to Mn and Fe.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Fund
文摘We have reported that the central mechanism of acupuncture-induced PRL secretion in non-lactating rats are related to antagonizing hypothalamic dopamine activity; noradrenaline system played little significant role in the acupuncture effect; Υ-aminobutyric-acid system perhaps participated in this effect.This paper further provided evidence that central serotonin and EOP play a stimulatory role in the acupuncture induced secretion of prolactin; acupuncture may antagonize inhibitory effect of H<sub>2</sub> histamine receptor activation on prolactin secretion; the possible role of H<sub>1</sub>-receptor needs further investigation.
文摘Nowdays the application of immunohistochemical techniques and ultrastructuralanalysis and correlation with clinical and biochemical findings have led to a moredetailed functional classification,in which growth hormone (GH)-producing andprolactin (PRL)-producing adenomas have been shown to comprise more than halfof pituitary adenomaso.Few immunoelectron microscopic studies on GH and PRLadenomas have been made,however,in limited cases so far,though a numberof authors have described the characteristics of pituitary adenomas by conventionalelectron microscopy.In addition to routine electron microscopy,immuno-.electron microscopical technique using protein A-gold probes was applied in
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31770419 and 31971402 to HW,32001094 and 31870368 to JY)
文摘The reproductive behaviors of birds are mainly controlled by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis.Many studies have shown that reproductive hormones are tightly linked to the breeding sub-stages.However,only a few studies have examined the temporal trend of hormone levels among different reproductive stages in multiple brooded species.We investigated the changes in plasma luteinizing hormone(LH)and prolactin(PRL)concentrations during different reproductive stages of the facultative double-brooded Great Tit(Parus major).We found that the concentrations of LH and PRL in females were significantly higher than those in males.Females had significantly higher LH and lower PRL concentrations in the pre-breeding period than in the first/second brooding periods,and there were no significant changes between the first and second brooding periods.The concentrations of LH and PRL in males had no significant difference between the pre-breeding period and the first brooding periods,while LH and PRL concentrations in the second brooding period were significantly higher than those in the first brooding period.We conclude that there are sex-based differences between LH and PRL at different stages of reproduction.The changes in LH and PRL in both males and females should be related to their physiological functions.Especially for males,individuals with higher levels of LH and PRL are more likely to maintain second clutches.
基金Supported by Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(973 Program,2011CB100804)
文摘Prolactin(PRL) is a versatile signaling molecule and regulates a variety of physiological processes, including mammary gland growth and differentiation and the synthesis of milk proteins. While PRL is known to be necessary for high levels of milk protein expression, the mechanism by which the synthesis of milk proteins is stimulated at the transcript level is less known. A major modification in the transcript level is protein phosphorylation. To gain additional insights into the molecular mechanisms at the transcript level underlying PRL action on the dairy cow mammary epithelial cells(DCMECs), nuclear phosphoproteins whose expression distinguishes proliferating regulated by PRL in DCMECs were identified. A phosphoprotein-enriched fraction from nuclear proteins was obtained by affinity chromatography, and a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS)were used to identify the changes of nuclear phosphoproteins in DCMECs treated with prolactin. Seven proteins displaying≥2-fold difference in abundance upon PRL treatment in DCMECs were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The protein-GARS(GlyRS), which belonged to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family, played a global role in the milk protein synthesis. SERPINH1(Heat shock protein 47), which was the first heat shock protein found to be a member of the serpin superfamily, regulated physiologic functions,such as complement activation, programmed cell death, and inflammatory processes. PRDX3, which belonged to a family of antioxidant enzymes, played an important role in scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS). ACTR1A, belonged to the actin family, which was associated with transport of p53 to the nucleus. Annexin A2, a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding protein,maintained the viability and cell cycle regulation of DCMECs. PSMB2 and PSMD10, which belonged to ubiquitin-proteasome system, were involved in several cellular processes, including cell cycle control, cellular stress response, intracellular signaling. This screening revealed that prolactin influenced the level of nuclear phosphoproteins in DCMECs. This result opens new avenues for the study of the molecular mechanism linked to the synthesis of milk proteins.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the anti-hyperprolactinemic effect of methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia against antipsychotic/neuroleptic drug induced hyperprolactinemia. Methods: A total of 48 Wistar albino rats were chosen in the study. To induce hyperprolactinemia, haloperidol at 5 mg/kg/day was intraperitoneally administered for 16 continuous days and sulpiride at 20 mg/kg/day was administered intraperitoneally for 28 continuous days. Methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia at 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day were administered orally 30 min before administration of haloperidol and sulpiride for 16 and 28 days, respectively. Then, we had evaluated prolactin, dopamine and antioxidant status in the treatment group as compared to haloperidol and sulpiride. Results: There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in serum prolactin level and decrease in dopamine level in the haloperidol and sulpiride treated animals. However, methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia significantly (P<0.05) decreased serum prolactin level and increased brain dopamine level. Further, superoxide dismutase and catalase level were also decreased significantly in the haloperidol and sulpiride treated groups as compared to those of the control group and the antioxidant status was restored significantly on treatment with methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia. Furthermore, methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia also reduced total leukocyte count, and increased red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration. In addition, the spleen did not show signs of infection or inflammation in the experiments. Conclusions: Methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia has a significant anti-hyperprolactinemic effect which may be attributed to neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of its signature constituents like stepharanine.
文摘Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NP-SLE) is one of the major cause of morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and its treatment depends on identification of pathogenic mechanisms. We describe the rare case of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NP-SLE) complicated by pericardial effusion combined to low C4 level persisting and hyperprolactinaemia. A cyclophosphamide therapy showed a good response in a 21-year old woman with disturbances in thought processes and an acute confusional state with sierositis. This paper confirms that a cyclophosphamide therapy contributes to control a disease activity by a mechanism of prolactin level reduction. Other studies occur to evaluate this hypothesis.
文摘BACKGROUND: Researchers discovered that serum prolactin could rise following an epileptic seizure. The prolactin level might reach three times more than basic level within 30 minutes and decrease to the normal value 2 hours after the seizure occurred. The mechanism might result in an increase of serum prolactin concentrations with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. OBJECTIVE:To probe into the correlation between changes of serum prolactin and incidence of epileptic discharges of electroencephalogram (EEG) at 24-36 hours after epileptic onset of patients with secondary epilepsy. DESIGN: Clinical observational study. SETTING: Department of Neurology, First Hospital affiliated to Soochow University. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 21 patients with secondary epilepsy were selected from the Department of Neurological Emergency or Hospital Room of the First Hospital affiliated to Soochow University from November 2005 to April 2006. There were 14 males and 7 females aged from 25 to 72 years. All patients met International League Anti-epileptic (ILAE) criteria in 1981 for secondary generalized tonic clonic seizure through CT or MRI and previous EEG. All patients were consent. Primary diseases included cerebral trauma (3 cases), tumor (2 cases), stroke (7 cases) and intracranial infeion (9 cases). METHODS: Venous blood of all patients was collected at 24-36 hours after epileptic onset. Serum prolactin kit (Beckman Coulter, Inc in USA) was used to measure value of serum prolactin according to kit instruction. Then, value of serum prolactin was compared with the normal value (male: 2.64-13.13 mg/L; female: 3.34-26.72 mg/L); meanwhile, EEG equipment (American Nicolet Incorporation) was used in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Abnormal rate of serum prolactin of patients with secondary epilepsy; ②Comparison between normal and abnormal level of serum prolactin and incidence of EEG epileptic discharge of patients with secondary epilepsy. RESULTS:All 21 patients with secondary epilepsy were involved in the final analysis. ① Results of serum prolactin level: Among 21 patients with of secondary epilepsy, 10 of them had normal serum prolactin and 11 had abnormal one, and the abnormal rate was 52% (11/21). ② Detecting results of EEG: EEG results showed that 6 cases were normal and 15 were abnormal, and the abnormal rate was 71% (15/21). The symptoms were sharp wave, spike wave or sharp slow wave, spike slow wave of epileptic discharges in 8 cases, which was accounted for 38%. ③ Correlation between abnormality of serum prolactin and EEG epileptic wave: Eleven cases had abnormal serum prolactin, and the incidence was 64% (7/11), which was higher of epileptic wave than that of non-epileptic wave [36% (4/11), P < 0.05]; however, 10 cases had normal serum prolactin, and the incidence was 10% (1/10). Epileptic wave was lower than non-epileptic wave [90% (9/10), P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION: The level of serum prolactin of patients with secondary epilepsy is abnormally increased at 24-36 hours after epileptic onset; in addition, incidence of epileptic discharge is also increased remarkably.
文摘The Prolactin-inducible-protein (PIP)/Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein-15 (GCDFP-15) gene is highly expressed in salivary, lacrimal and sweat glands and the protein abundantly found in the secretions that originate from these glands;saliva, tears and sweat. PIP is thus considered to be strategically located at sites viewed as the first port of entry for invading organisms. PIP is also found over-expressed under abnormal and pathological conditions of the breast and prostate. The function of PIP has yet to be defined but it has been implicated to play a role in immunity, with respect to bacterial and viral infection, cancer and fertility. Despite such predictive functions, there is still no clear demonstration of an immunoregulatory role for PIP. In this review we will focus on accumulating evidence that suggests a role for PIP in both innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, we will discuss recent evidence that defines a modulatory role for PIP with regards to a CD4+ T cell immune response, identifying for the first time, a critical role for PIP in effective cell-mediated immunity against an intracellular pathogen.
