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Coastal Protection Forest Construction Project
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《China's Foreign Trade》 1995年第9期18-18,共1页
China’s coastal line starts at the Yalu River in Liaoning in the north and ends at the Beilun River mouth in Guangxi. It is 18,000 kilometres long and crosses 11 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, incl... China’s coastal line starts at the Yalu River in Liaoning in the north and ends at the Beilun River mouth in Guangxi. It is 18,000 kilometres long and crosses 11 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, including Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. In 1988, the Chinese government outlined the Coastal Protection Forest System Construction Project and defined the coastal line of 11 provinces as the main construction line. The project aims at developing a 展开更多
关键词 Coastal protection forest Construction Project LINE
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Protection Forest for Yangtze River
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《China's Foreign Trade》 1995年第9期19-19,共1页
The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, about 6,300 kilometres long with a drainage area and population accounting for 18.8 percent and 33 percent respectively in China. Aiming at increasing forest and vegeta... The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, about 6,300 kilometres long with a drainage area and population accounting for 18.8 percent and 33 percent respectively in China. Aiming at increasing forest and vegetation areas on the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River to control water and soil erosion, the Chinese government in 1989 decided to commence a construction project for the protection of the forest system on the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The project covers 645 counties (cities and districts) in 13 provinces, 展开更多
关键词 protection forest for Yangtze River
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Problems and relevant strategies on natural forest protection in Changbai Mountain forest area 被引量:1
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作者 王宪成 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2003年第3期259-262,共4页
Changbai Mountain forest area is not only is a national timber base but also a green ecological defense for Songliao Plain of NE China. The Natural Forest Protection Project of this area has an important bearing on th... Changbai Mountain forest area is not only is a national timber base but also a green ecological defense for Songliao Plain of NE China. The Natural Forest Protection Project of this area has an important bearing on the social and economic sustainable development of Jilin Province or even the whole forest area in NE China. This paper summarized general conditions of natural forest in Changbai Mountain state-owned forest area and put forward six problems need to be urgently solved and five strategic suggestions on natural forest protection and sustainable management. 展开更多
关键词 Changbai Mountain Natural forest protection COUNTERMEASURES
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Biomass Carbon Storage and Its Sequestration Potential of Afforestation under Natural Forest Protection Program in China 被引量:11
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作者 ZHOU Wangming Bernard Joseph LEWIS +4 位作者 WU Shengnan YU Dapao ZHOU Li WEI Yawei DAI Limin 《Chinese Geographical Science》 SCIE CSCD 2014年第4期406-413,共8页
Based on the data from China′s Seventh Forest Inventory for the period of 2004–2008, area and stand volume of different types and age-classes of plantation were used to establish the relationship between biomass den... Based on the data from China′s Seventh Forest Inventory for the period of 2004–2008, area and stand volume of different types and age-classes of plantation were used to establish the relationship between biomass density and age of planted forests in different regions of the country. Combined with the plantation area in the first-stage of the Natural Forest Protection(NFP) program(1998–2010), this study calculated the biomass carbon storage of the afforestation in the first-stage of the program. On this basis, the carbon sequestration potential of these forests was estimated for the second stage of the program(2011–2020). Biomass carbon storage of plantation established in the first stage of the program was 33.67 Tg C, which was majority accounted by protection forests(30.26 Tg C). There was a significant difference among carbon storage in different regions, which depended on the relationship of biomass carbon density, forest age and plantation area. Under the natural growth, the carbon storage was forecasted to increase annually from 2011 to 2020, reaching 96.03 Tg C at the end of the second-stage of the program in 2020. The annual growth of the carbon storage was forecasted to be 6.24 Tg C/yr, which suggested that NFP program has a significant potential for enhancing carbon sequestration in plantation forests under its domain. 展开更多
关键词 Natural forest protection (NFP) program AFforestATION carbon storage carbon sequestration China
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A statistical analysis of spatiotemporal variations and determinant factors of forest carbon storage under China's Natural Forest Protection Program 被引量:9
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作者 Shengnan Wu Jiaqi Li +5 位作者 Wangming Zhou Bernard Joseph Lewis Dapao Yu Li Zhou Linhai Jiang Limin Dai 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2018年第2期410-419,共10页
The Natural Forest Protection Program(NFPP)is one of the key ecological forestry programs in China.It not only facilitates the improvement of forest ecological quality in NFPP areas,but also plays a significant role i... The Natural Forest Protection Program(NFPP)is one of the key ecological forestry programs in China.It not only facilitates the improvement of forest ecological quality in NFPP areas,but also plays a significant role in increasing the carbon storage of forest ecosystems.The program covers 17 provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities with correspondingly diverse forest resources and environments,ecological features,engineering measures and forest management regimes,all of which affect regional carbon storage.In this study,volume of timber harvest,tending area,pest-infested forest,firedamaged forest,reforestation,and average annual precipitation,and temperature were evaluated as factors that influence carbon storage.We developed a vector autoregression model for these seven indicators and we studied the dominant factors of carbon storage in the areas covered by NFPP.Timber harvest was the dominant factorinfluencing carbon storage in the Yellow and Yangtze River basins.Reforestation contributed most to carbon storage in the state-owned forest region in Xinjiang.In state-owned forest regions of Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces,the dominant factors were forest fires and forest cultivation,respectively.For the enhancement of carbon sequestration capacity,a longer rotation period and a smaller timber harvest are recommended for the Yellow and Yangtze River basins.Trees should be planted in stateowned forests in Xinjiang.Forest fires should be prevented in state-owned forests in Heilongjiang,and greater forest tending efforts should be made in the state-owned forests in Jilin. 展开更多
关键词 forest carbon storage Influencing factors Natural forest protection program Variance decomposition Vector autoregression(VAR) model
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Effects of management regimes on carbon sequestration under the Natural Forest Protection Program in northeast China 被引量:3
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作者 Linhai Jiang Wei Zhao +2 位作者 Bernard J.Lewis Yawei Wei Limin Dai 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2018年第5期1187-1194,共8页
Carbon sinks constitute an important element within the complex phenomenon of global climate change,and forest ecosystems are important global carbon sinks.The Natural Forest Protection Program(NFPP) is an ecologica... Carbon sinks constitute an important element within the complex phenomenon of global climate change,and forest ecosystems are important global carbon sinks.The Natural Forest Protection Program(NFPP) is an ecological program in China that was established after catastrophic flooding in the country in 1998.The goals of the NFPP are to curb the deterioration of the ecological environment,strengthen the protection and restoration of habitat to increase biodiversity,and rehabilitate natural forests to support sustainable development in forest regions.This study looked at changes in carbon sequestration in a forested area of northeast China after the inception of the NFPP.The program divides China's natural forests into three classes—commercial and two types of noneconomic forests—that are subject to management regimes prescribing varying levels of timber harvest,afforestation,and reforestation.During the 18-year period from 1998 to 2015,the total amount of carbon sequestration increased at an average annual rate of 0.04 MT C.This trend reflects a transformation of forest management practices after implementation of the NFPP that resulted in prohibited and/or restricted logging and tighter regulation of allowable harvest levels for specific areas.In documenting this trend,guidelines for more effective implementation of forestry programs such as the NFPP in other countries in the future are also suggested. 展开更多
关键词 Natural forest protection Program(NFPP) Carbon sequestration San Chazi forestry Bureau China forestry
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The Natural Forest Protection Program in China: A Contingent Valuation Study in Heilongjiang Province 被引量:1
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作者 Frida Edstrom Hanna Nilsson Jesper Stage 《Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B)》 2012年第3期426-432,共7页
In 1998, the Chinese Government implemented the NFPP (Natural Forest Protection Program), which included logging restrictions, protected areas, replanting, and a range of other policies aimed at safeguarding the sta... In 1998, the Chinese Government implemented the NFPP (Natural Forest Protection Program), which included logging restrictions, protected areas, replanting, and a range of other policies aimed at safeguarding the state of the country's forests and reducing the risk of erosion and flooding. A second phase of this program is currently being discussed. In this paper, contingent valuation is used to estimate the WTP (willingness to pay) for maintaining the program among the inhabitants in Heilongjiang Province in northern China. The results show that, even with fairly conservative assumptions, the aggregated WTP for maintaining the program for another five years is some 3.24 billion yuan per year. This can be compared with the current cost of the Program in the province, which is some 1.57 billion yuan per year. 展开更多
关键词 China Heilongjiang natural forest protection program contingent valuation.
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Implementation of Action Research to Challenge Poverty of Local Communities in Forest Protection Area
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作者 Gun Mardiatmoko Agustinus Kastanya Jan Willem Hatulesila 《Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B)》 2014年第9期744-751,共8页
Forest land including forest protection areas in Indonesia have been degraded due to poverty of local communities who live in the surrounding areas. They tend to destroy the forest and are less attentive to forest con... Forest land including forest protection areas in Indonesia have been degraded due to poverty of local communities who live in the surrounding areas. They tend to destroy the forest and are less attentive to forest conservation causing conflict between local community and government. Forest protection areas are very fragile and at risk from natural disaster, mainly in small islands. Natural resources management in small islands needs to be done properly. Therefore, a research has been done for local communities in the Gunung Sirimau forest protection area, Ambon, with objectives to increase income in local communities and knowledge of forest conservation. This study used the action research method. The results of this study showed that income of local communities in three demplots increased by IDR 3,966,000 (in cycle 1), IDR 20,107,000 (in cycle 2) and IDR 25,897,000 (in cycle 3). Unfortunately, their knowledge regarding forest conservation and tree maintenance, both in theory and practice is still low. A lot of effort is needed to increase their knowledge in the next action research. The effort to increase income of local communities and its knowledge of forest conservation should be done step by step. If their knowledge is sufficient, promotion of the environmental service of forest protection areas through carbon trade implementation can be carried out. 展开更多
关键词 Action research carbon trade AGROforestRY forest protection.
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Effectiveness Evaluation of the Construction of the Natural Forest Resources Protection Project in Haikou Forest Farm of Kunming
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作者 ZHANG Zhihong WANG Yating +1 位作者 CHEN Jinlong YAN Yi 《Journal of Landscape Research》 2018年第2期42-44,共3页
The current situation about the natural forest resources protection project in Haikou Forest Farm of Kunming on the protection of forest resources, forest fire prevention, forest administration resource management, fo... The current situation about the natural forest resources protection project in Haikou Forest Farm of Kunming on the protection of forest resources, forest fire prevention, forest administration resource management, forest pests, and money management was briefed. Achievements made in the implementation of natural forest protection project in Haikou Forest Farm were analyzed, and problems existing in the project as well as corresponding countermeasures were expounded. 展开更多
关键词 Haikou forest Farm Natural forest protection project Effectiveness evaluation SUGGESTION
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ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION AND FOREST INDUSTRY IN TIBET
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《China's Tibet》 2001年第4期17-19,共3页
关键词 ECOLOGICAL protection AND forest INDUSTRY IN TIBET
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Aba Prefecture:Forest Protection in Full Swing
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作者 YANG QIU ZHUANG CHUNHUI 《China's Tibet》 1999年第3期43-43,共1页
关键词 Aba Prefecture:forest protection in Full Swing
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Effects of climate factors on the height increment of poplar protec-tion forest in the riverbank field
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作者 李海梅 何兴元 王奎玲 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2004年第3期177-180,共4页
Based on the data of stand investigation and stem analysis, the effects of climate factors on the poplar protection forest increment in the riverbank field of the Dalinghe and Xiaolinghe rivers of Liaoning Province, C... Based on the data of stand investigation and stem analysis, the effects of climate factors on the poplar protection forest increment in the riverbank field of the Dalinghe and Xiaolinghe rivers of Liaoning Province, China were studied by step-wise regression procedure and grey system theories and methods. A regression model reflecting the correlation between the height increment of poplar protection forest and climatic factors was developed. The order of grey relevance for the effect of climatic factors on the height increment of poplar protection forest is: light>water>heat, and it could be interpreted that the poplar increment was mainly influenced by light factor, water factor, and heat factor. This result will provide scientific basis for the in-tensive cultivation and regeneration of the poplar protection forest in riverbank field in similar regions in China. 展开更多
关键词 Riverbank field Poplar protection forest Tree height Increment Climate factor
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A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests 被引量:6
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作者 Jiaojun Zhu Lining Song Yu Lei 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2021年第2期435-448,共14页
A protective forest,including shelterbelt,windbreak,and shelter forest as its synonyms,is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearb... A protective forest,including shelterbelt,windbreak,and shelter forest as its synonyms,is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearby the objects that need to be protected using the ecological effects of forests.Ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests is one of the disciplinary orientations in forest ecology and management.Most protective forest studies are dependent on forestry eco-engineering,such as the Great Plains Shelterbelt Project in the United States,the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in the Soviet Union,and the Three-North Afforestation Program in China.The development of sustainable management of protective forests has been given increasing attention by governments,scientists,and media due to their impacts on environment conservation and global change.We introduce forestry ecoengineering and provide a review of their main ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests.Ecological mechanisms for management systems currently applied are emphasized,i.e.,the theory of protection maturity and phase-directional management;the relationship between structure and protective functions and structural optimization measures;and,the decline mechanism and ecological restoration strategies.In addition,several unresolved problems in management practices of protective forests are discussed as well as the prospects for ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests in the future,which include:(1)theories and technologies for management practices of protective forests at the landscape or regional scale;(2)the decline mechanisms and corresponding ecological restoration approaches across multiple scales;and,(3)the comprehensive assessment of forestry eco-engineering at large-scales based on ecosystem principles. 展开更多
关键词 Ecologically fragile areas Ecological effects forestry eco-engineering Management systems Assessment of protective forests
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Reforestation Programs in Southwest China:Reported Success,Observed Failure, and the Reasons Why 被引量:12
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作者 Christine Jane Trac Stevan Harrell +1 位作者 Thomas M. Hinckley Amanda C. Henck 《Journal of Mountain Science》 SCIE CSCD 2007年第4期275-292,共18页
Ever since the disastrous floods of 1998, the Chinese government has used the Natural Forest Protection and Sloping Land Conversion Programs to promote afforestation and reforestation as means to reduce runoff, contro... Ever since the disastrous floods of 1998, the Chinese government has used the Natural Forest Protection and Sloping Land Conversion Programs to promote afforestation and reforestation as means to reduce runoff, control erosion, and stabilize local livelihoods. These two ambitious programs have been reported as large-scale successes, contributing to an overall increase in China’s forest cover and to the stated goals of environmental stabilization. A small-scale field study at the project level of the implementation of these two programs in Baiwu Township, Yanyuan County, Sichuan, casts doubt upon the accuracy and reliability of these claims of success; ground observations revealed utter failure in some sites and only marginal success in others. Reasons for this discrepancy are posited as involving ecological, economic, and bureaucratic factors. Further research is suggested to determine whether these discrepancies are merely local aberrations or represent larger-scale failures in reforestation programs. 展开更多
关键词 forestS AFforestATION REforestATION grain-to-green natural forest protection plan China SICHUAN Liangshan
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The use of Bacillus thuringiensis on Forest Integrated Pest Management 被引量:2
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作者 李贵明 张响乐 万鲁全 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2001年第1期51-54,共6页
Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors g ive a brief summary of Bacillus thuringiensis used on the integrat... Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors g ive a brief summary of Bacillus thuringiensis used on the integrated pest manage ment in forestry. The derivatives of Bt strain HD1 subsp kurstaki have been wide ly used to control the forest pests such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), s pruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the pine processionary moth (Thaumetop oea pityocampa), the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha). Some progresses of transferring and expressing Bt toxi n gene in forest trees are offered with a discussion on the limits and future pr ospects of using Bt products in forestry. 展开更多
关键词 Bacillus thuringiensis Integrated pest management forest protection
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Predicting equations of main factors affecting regional climate in the"Three-North" Protective Forest Area
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作者 张志秀 刘鹏 杨德威 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 1999年第1期41-44,共4页
The relationship between the change of forest resources and climatic factor in the, “Three-North” region of China were studied in this paper. The predicting equations of climatic factor (dependent variable) with reg... The relationship between the change of forest resources and climatic factor in the, “Three-North” region of China were studied in this paper. The predicting equations of climatic factor (dependent variable) with regional independent variable (longitude, latitude and altitude) and stand independent variable (forest coverage rate), were developed by extensively using the linear and nonlinear regression methods. With these models, we can calculate the ecological benefit of Shelter-belt forest. 展开更多
关键词 Three-North protective forest Regional independent variable Stand independent variable Regression equation Ecological benefit
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SITE CLASSIFICATION FOR PROTECTIVE FOREST AFFORESTATION ON THE COAST OF CHINA
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作者 Lin WendiNanjing Forestry University 《Journal of Northeast Forestry University》 SCIE CAS CSCD 1993年第2期18-32,共15页
Land for protective forest on the coast has special site conditions, and site classification is the scientific basis for seaboard afforestation. The site classification system on the coast zone and islands of China ma... Land for protective forest on the coast has special site conditions, and site classification is the scientific basis for seaboard afforestation. The site classification system on the coast zone and islands of China may be classified into five levels-site region (sub - region), district, class, group, and type. The land division for afforestation is carried out by the principle of enviornmental heterogeneity among regions, sub-region and district on large scale, according to the difference of air temperature, moisture and type of coast geomorphy. It may be classified into 7 regions, 12 sub-regions and 55 districts. The medium and small scaled division for site class, group and type, subdivided in a site district, are based on medium topography, topographic climate, micro - relief and soil conditions. 展开更多
关键词 Seaboard afforestation Coastal zone afforestation Site classification Coastal protective forest
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Methods for the use of the best Russian innovations in forest fire detection and suppression
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作者 Alexander A.Martynyuk Vera A.Savchenkova +1 位作者 Nikolay A.Korshunov Roman V.Kotelnikov 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2021年第6期2255-2263,共9页
This paper addresses the final stage of the study concerning the practical use of the best Russian methods,technologies and means for detecting and extinguishing forest fires in Russia.In general,the work is aimed at ... This paper addresses the final stage of the study concerning the practical use of the best Russian methods,technologies and means for detecting and extinguishing forest fires in Russia.In general,the work is aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the forest fire protection system by improving the methodological and technical support for the use of the best new innovations.In the course of the study,analytical methods have been applied,tested and used in silviculture,while developing and improving the regulatory legal and methodological frameworks.Based on the selection of research directions in the preliminary stages of work,analysis of the current state,use,and the development forecast of the most effective and promising technologies was carried out.In addition,for detecting,controlling and extinguishing forest fires,including a comparative analysis of their economic efficiency,methods for practical use of the best Russian innovations was developed.A significant number of new developments have accumulated which,for a number of reasons,have not been implemented.Taking into account the current state and dynamics of these promising methods,technologies,means of detecting and extinguishing forest fires,this study substantiates the development forecast of these promising innovations and their content.Its structure includes general provisions,concepts and terminology,regulatory support,the procedure for assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of the innovations,as well as a list of recommended documents for studying the use of technology for detecting,controlling and extinguishing forest fires.These methods will help meet modern requirements for the protection of forests from wildfires,and present an algorithm for their implementation in practice. 展开更多
关键词 forest protection Fire suppression WILDFIRE EFFICACY
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Evaluating and quantifying the effect of various spruce budworm intervention strategies on forest carbon dynamics in Atlantic Canada
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作者 Zelin Liu Changhui Peng +3 位作者 David AMacLean Louis De Grandpre Jean-Noel Candau Daniel Kneeshaw 《Forest Ecosystems》 SCIE CSCD 2022年第4期547-557,共11页
Spruce budworm (SBW) outbreaks are one of the most devastating natural disturbances in spruce-balsam fir forests of eastern North America. Both early intervention strategy (EIS) and foliage protection strategy (FP) ar... Spruce budworm (SBW) outbreaks are one of the most devastating natural disturbances in spruce-balsam fir forests of eastern North America. Both early intervention strategy (EIS) and foliage protection strategy (FP) are being tested to limit forest losses, but the quantitative impact on forest carbon (C) dynamics is still unclear. In this study, we designed 19 separate scenarios of no intervention or varying success of EIS, FP, and their combination on SBW caused defoliation and mortality. We then used the TRIPLEX-Insect model to quantify their effects on forest C dynamics in the forests of the four provinces of Atlantic Canada. A scenario applying FP to 10%of the area with the greatest potential C losses of living biomass, protecting foliage in 10%of the forests is more realistic than higher proportion of FP given the high cost and large areas involved, resulted in reducing average cumulative net ecosystem productivity (NEP) from 2020 to 2039 by 56%–127%compared to a no outbreak scenario.Our results showed that FP would have to be applied everywhere to reduce tree mortality and increase NEP more than 8 years of successful EIS applied. However, if EIS can be successfully implemented for 12 years, it will maintain more forest C than FP applied everywhere during a moderate outbreak. We also found that the combination of EIS followed by FP in 10%of the areas disturbed by the SBW could maintain average cumulative NEP at similar levels to no defoliation in every province of Atlantic Canada. Black/red spruce forests younger than 60years old underwent the smallest changes in C dynamics whether using EIS, FP, or both. This highlights the importance of forest species, forest age, and their interactions on the effectiveness of a treatment during SBW outbreak. Overall, 31%–76%of the study area in Atlantic Canada could convert from a C sink to a source by 2039,if no protective measures are used under the worst-case scenarios, thus contributing to future climate warming. 展开更多
关键词 Annual defoliation Natural disturbance forest protection Net ecosystem productivity TRIPLEX-Insect CONIFERS
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Development and evaluation of local communities incentive programs for improving the traditional forest management:A case study of Northern Zagros forests,Iran
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作者 Jalal Henareh Khalyani Manouchehr Namiranian +1 位作者 S.M.Heshmatol Vaezin Jahangir Feghhi 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2014年第1期205-210,共6页
We examined the local community incentive programs to improve traditional forest management in three forested villages in Baneh city, Kurdistan province in the northern Zagros forests of western Iran. Zagros forests c... We examined the local community incentive programs to improve traditional forest management in three forested villages in Baneh city, Kurdistan province in the northern Zagros forests of western Iran. Zagros forests cover 6.07 million ha and support rich plant and animal diversity. Changes in local community social and economic sys-tems and the inefficiency of traditional forest management led to a criti-cal situation in the stability of forest regeneration in recent decades. Due to a shortage of productive and arable lands and resulting unemployment and poverty, people overexploited the Zagros forests. Outside interven-tion in traditional forest management creates conflicts between local peoples and forest management organizations. To achieve sustainable forest management, including forest resources conservation and im-provement of natural resource based livelihoods of communities, it is desirable to implement Forestry Incentive Programs (FIP) based on the important functions of forests. Detailed information on the so-cio-economics of communities, the effect of forests on local livelihoods, and lists of products extracted from the forest were obtained from a sur-vey of local communities though questionnaire, interview and observa-tion. We studied 276 households in three villages and completed 76 ques-tionnaires by householders in the quantitative analysis. Sampling was performed by simple random sampling (SRS). The needs of rural com-munities, such as livestock husbandry, mainly arise from the characteris-tics and environmental features of villages. We identified the driving forces, pressures, status, impacts and responses (DPSIR) to design incen-tive programs, by DPSIR analysis and interaction analysis. Evaluation of local community benefits from forests showed that in order to improve forest management, 319 dollars per year would be needed by each family as an incentive in 2010 to prevent lopping and firewood collecting, the main causes of forest degradation. 展开更多
关键词 Zagros forests traditional forest management forest protection forestry Incentive Programs DPSIR analysis
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