We hypothesize that for disaster risk mitigation,many households,despite being aware of their risk and possible mitigation actions,never seriously consider doing anything about them.In mitigation-focused decisions,sin...We hypothesize that for disaster risk mitigation,many households,despite being aware of their risk and possible mitigation actions,never seriously consider doing anything about them.In mitigation-focused decisions,since there is no equivalent to warning messages,the decision process is likely to evolve over an extended time.We explore what activates hurricane mitigation protective action decisions through three research questions:(1)to what extent are homeowners unengaged in protective action decision making?(2)What homeowner characteristics are associated with lack of engagement?And(3)to what extent do different life events trigger engagement in the decision-making process?We use the Precaution Adoption Process Model to conceptualize engagement as distinct from decision making;the broader protective action decision-making literature to explore drivers of engagement;and Life Course Theory to examine potential transitions from unengaged to engaged.We use survey data of homeowners in North Carolina to examine these questions empirically.Findings suggest that one-third of respondents had never engaged in protective action decisions,that life experiences differ in their occurrence frequency and effect on households’mitigation decisions,and that some events,such as renovating,reroofing,or purchasing a home may offer critical moments that could be leveraged to encourage greater engagement in mitigation decision making.展开更多
As an important rectifying mechanism to the involved parties-oriented civil litigation model,the mandatory attorney system requires the involved parties of a lawsuit to appoint a lawyer to represent them in the litiga...As an important rectifying mechanism to the involved parties-oriented civil litigation model,the mandatory attorney system requires the involved parties of a lawsuit to appoint a lawyer to represent them in the litigation,otherwise they will be rejected because the litigation requirements aren’t met.This seems to restrict the litigants’right to initiate a lawsuit by themselves.Through the arrangement of the system for the participation of lawyers in some litigation procedures,stages,and cases,coupled with the legal principle of litigation costs,the litigation costs sharing mechanism,legal aid,and other related supporting systems,it is not only a substantive guarantee for the litigants’right of action,but also can even strengthen the protection of the litigants’right of action in civil litigation.Based on the need to effectively protect and strengthen the litigants’right of action,combined with its civil litigation system and judicial operation environment,China should adopt a phased and gradual strategy to introduce and implement the mandatory attorney system in civil litigation while constantly improving its lawyer system,litigation costs system,legal aid system,and other related supporting systems.展开更多
China’s terrific trade growth is often getting a lot of flake from its international peers for one of the many alleged reasons that China, more often than not, infringes intellectual property right (IPR),’copyright ...China’s terrific trade growth is often getting a lot of flake from its international peers for one of the many alleged reasons that China, more often than not, infringes intellectual property right (IPR),’copyright theft’ as a far-fetched simile puts it. But China’s efforts to crack down on infringements are also applauded worldwide; the source from The Ministry of Commerce provides the following ’Action Plan 2006’ to fight IPR violation.展开更多
Initiatives are being taken to protect Expo-related intellectual property rights Human ingenuity is on display at the World Expo. Creativity is showcased in many eyecatching pavilions,
基金supported by the National Science Foundation under collaborative awards#1435298,1433622,1434716award#1830511。
文摘We hypothesize that for disaster risk mitigation,many households,despite being aware of their risk and possible mitigation actions,never seriously consider doing anything about them.In mitigation-focused decisions,since there is no equivalent to warning messages,the decision process is likely to evolve over an extended time.We explore what activates hurricane mitigation protective action decisions through three research questions:(1)to what extent are homeowners unengaged in protective action decision making?(2)What homeowner characteristics are associated with lack of engagement?And(3)to what extent do different life events trigger engagement in the decision-making process?We use the Precaution Adoption Process Model to conceptualize engagement as distinct from decision making;the broader protective action decision-making literature to explore drivers of engagement;and Life Course Theory to examine potential transitions from unengaged to engaged.We use survey data of homeowners in North Carolina to examine these questions empirically.Findings suggest that one-third of respondents had never engaged in protective action decisions,that life experiences differ in their occurrence frequency and effect on households’mitigation decisions,and that some events,such as renovating,reroofing,or purchasing a home may offer critical moments that could be leveraged to encourage greater engagement in mitigation decision making.
文摘As an important rectifying mechanism to the involved parties-oriented civil litigation model,the mandatory attorney system requires the involved parties of a lawsuit to appoint a lawyer to represent them in the litigation,otherwise they will be rejected because the litigation requirements aren’t met.This seems to restrict the litigants’right to initiate a lawsuit by themselves.Through the arrangement of the system for the participation of lawyers in some litigation procedures,stages,and cases,coupled with the legal principle of litigation costs,the litigation costs sharing mechanism,legal aid,and other related supporting systems,it is not only a substantive guarantee for the litigants’right of action,but also can even strengthen the protection of the litigants’right of action in civil litigation.Based on the need to effectively protect and strengthen the litigants’right of action,combined with its civil litigation system and judicial operation environment,China should adopt a phased and gradual strategy to introduce and implement the mandatory attorney system in civil litigation while constantly improving its lawyer system,litigation costs system,legal aid system,and other related supporting systems.
文摘China’s terrific trade growth is often getting a lot of flake from its international peers for one of the many alleged reasons that China, more often than not, infringes intellectual property right (IPR),’copyright theft’ as a far-fetched simile puts it. But China’s efforts to crack down on infringements are also applauded worldwide; the source from The Ministry of Commerce provides the following ’Action Plan 2006’ to fight IPR violation.
文摘Initiatives are being taken to protect Expo-related intellectual property rights Human ingenuity is on display at the World Expo. Creativity is showcased in many eyecatching pavilions,
