Galliformes are often difficult to count adequately in their natural habitats due to low detectability of them. In the present study, we confirm availability of feather-count and feces-count as two useful field techni...Galliformes are often difficult to count adequately in their natural habitats due to low detectability of them. In the present study, we confirm availability of feather-count and feces-count as two useful field techniques to estimate the relative abundance of eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon spp.). The former is suitable to forest environments during the post-incubation period, whereas the latter is best in areas with dry climate conditions during the fall-winter season. With the advantages of reduced survey effort and high repeatability, the two techniques are potentially applicable to other Galliform species in habitat selection studies and long-term population monitoring.展开更多
Based on the LC-ESI/MSn technique, the four pairs of isomers of psoralen and isopsoralen, imperatorin and isoimperatorin, neohesperidin and hesperidin, naringin and narirutin were distinguished mainly by comparison of...Based on the LC-ESI/MSn technique, the four pairs of isomers of psoralen and isopsoralen, imperatorin and isoimperatorin, neohesperidin and hesperidin, naringin and narirutin were distinguished mainly by comparison of the relative abundances of their major fragment ions. Because of the effect of the hydrogen on the C8 of psoralen, the intensity of the fragment ion formed by the loss of CO2 was relatively increased. By comparing the abundance of the product ions formed by the loss of CO and 2CO, the isomers of psoralen and isopsoralen could be distinguished. This method can also be used to distinguish the isomers of imperatorin and isoimperatorin. Because of the different con- nected position between glucose and rhamnose, in the mass spectrum of neohesperidin, the relative abundances of ions at m/z 489 and 343 generated by the ring-cross cleavage of glycan were more than 10%, while in the mass spec- trum of hesperidin, they were all less than 1%. This approach can also be used to distinguish the isomers ofnaringin and narirutin. Although the fragmentation pathways were similar, according to the tiny difference of structure, the change of relative intensity of main fragment ions could be observed and it could be used to distinguish some isomers more accurately and quickly.展开更多
Relative abundance and relationships between aniline, phenol and catechol degraders were investigated in unpolluted and polluted fresh waters in Osaka prefecture, Japan. Phenol and catechol degraders were found more f...Relative abundance and relationships between aniline, phenol and catechol degraders were investigated in unpolluted and polluted fresh waters in Osaka prefecture, Japan. Phenol and catechol degraders were found more frequently compared to aniline degraders. The results indicate that these degraders were more abundant in polluted waters than in unpolluted waters. Aniline degraders isolated from the Ina River water showed a higher capability of degrading catechol than phenol. Analysis on sequence homology among these three kinds of degraders indicated a possible relationship between aniline degraders and certain strains of both catechol and phenol degraders.展开更多
Data related to the presence of cetaceans and especially the bottlenose dolphin （Tursiops truncatus） in Lebanese marine waters （eastern Mediterranean） are almost non-existent. This article aims to delimit, for the...Data related to the presence of cetaceans and especially the bottlenose dolphin （Tursiops truncatus） in Lebanese marine waters （eastern Mediterranean） are almost non-existent. This article aims to delimit, for the first time, the areas of distribution and the relative abundance of T. truncatus along the Lebanese coasts in order to develop a strategy for the conservation of this species. Nine campaigns at sea, each lasting between 1 to 3 days, were conducted aboard the vessel ＂CANA＂ between September 2009 and August 2012 in Lebanese marine waters. A total of 1576 km in prospecting effort was covered along the Lebanese coast （220 km）. Dolphins were mainly sighted in the central region of Lebanon （120 km） and 32 sightings and 91 individuals were recorded. The size of the groups were ranged from a minimum of one individual and a maximum of 7 individuals. Relative abundance of T. truncatus for the whole studied region is 0.06 individuals＇km1 in prospecting effort while it is 0.11 individuals·km^-1 in Beirut area that offers habitats sought by this species. The bathymetric distribution of this species is spread over a wide range from a depth of 35 m to 1300 m. More than half of the individuals have been observed in areas where bathymetry ranges between 300 m and 600 m depths.展开更多
The protein elicitor from the mycelium of Alternaria tenuissima has been isolated.The elicitor triggered resistance to the tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco by inducing relative oxygen species,but without causing hypers...The protein elicitor from the mycelium of Alternaria tenuissima has been isolated.The elicitor triggered resistance to the tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco by inducing relative oxygen species,but without causing hypersensitive necrosis.The elicitor is reported to impart resistance against Verticillium dahliae and to increase yield in cotton,but its mechanism is not yet clear.In this study,the stable isotope labelled mass spectrometry method was used to quantify the relative abundances of protein expression induced by PeaT1 in Arabidopsis.A significant difference in the relative abundances for the expression of different proteins related to metabolism,modification,regulatory,defense,stress and antioxidation was found in Arabidopsis.展开更多
Fire is regarded as management practice for maintaining grasslands and savannas. The vegetation occurring in fire prone areas becomes highly adapted to fire occurrences in savannas and grasslands. However, documentati...Fire is regarded as management practice for maintaining grasslands and savannas. The vegetation occurring in fire prone areas becomes highly adapted to fire occurrences in savannas and grasslands. However, documentation on the influence of burning on vegetation is still limited in an albany thicket biome. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term influence of burning on species abundance, biomass production, wood plant density and browsing unit. Six plots (2500 m<sup>2</sup>) were demarcated;in each plot two parallel transects of 120 m<sup>2</sup> with 5 m distance apart were measured. Three plots were burned in spring season, while no burning was done on the other remaining plots. Forty points per plot were obtained using step-point method to determine the relative abundance at burned and unburned plots. Woody plants occurred within a transect were identified, counted and recorded to determine density and browsing unit. Three quadrats (<em>i.e</em>. 0.25 m<sup>2</sup>) per plot were randomly laid within the transect;aboveground plant material within a quadrat were harvested. A total of 18 samples were harvested and oven dried at 60<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span></span>C for 48 hours to determine biomass production. The results showed that <em>Themeda triandra</em> (14%) and <em>Panicum maximum</em> (10%) were most abundant grass species at the burned plots. Burned plots had significantly higher biomass production (4804 kg/ha) compared to unburned plots (3641 kg/ha). <em>Vachellia karoo</em> (burned: 65.85% & unburn: 13.70%) and <em>Searsia pallens </em>(burned: 26.83% & unburned: 6.85%) were most dominant wood plant species at both burned and unburned plots. Burned plots had the highest browsing unit (3221 BU/ha) compared to unburned plots (2058 BU/ha). The decrease of woody plants at the burned plots proved that fire has a tremendous potential for managing woody plants. This study provided information on short-term influence of burning, however further long-term trials are required to determine the effects of burning.展开更多
Background Apolygus lucorum is a worldwide omnivorous pest damaging a range of crops and causing great economic losses.Symbiotic bacteria living in insects play a key role in the nutrition,physiology,and behavior of h...Background Apolygus lucorum is a worldwide omnivorous pest damaging a range of crops and causing great economic losses.Symbiotic bacteria living in insects play a key role in the nutrition,physiology,and behavior of hosts.Here,we present an experiment using Illumina HiSeq sequencing targeting the V3–V4 regions of bacteria’s 16S rRNA throughout the entire life cycle of A.lucorum.Results The first and second instar nymphs have the largest alpha diversity compared with other life stages of the insect.Bacterial phyla Proteobacteria(72.29%),Firmicutes(15.24%),Actinobacteria(7.76%)exhibit the largest relative abundance in all developmental stages.Erwinia(23.97%)and Lactococcus(10.62%)are the two genera with the high-est relative abundance.The relative abundance of Erwinia in the nymph stage is significantly greater than the adult stage,and the relative abundance of Lactococcus in 6-day-old and 9-day-old adult females is higher compared with adult males.Conclusions These results reveal that microbial community composition and relative abundance shift dynamically at different life stages,implying that different bacterial phyla and genera may have specific roles in specific life stages such as metabolism,nutrition absorption,detoxification,and reproduction.This study reveals for the first time the community composition and ecological dynamics of symbiotic bacteria throughout the life stages of A.lucorum,and thus may provide insight to new strategies for pest control.展开更多
Podophyllotoxin,picropodophyllotoxin and their eight esters were studied using EI MS.The 2-epimers of podophyllotoxin and its esters can be identified by calculating the rate of relative abundance of m/z 168,396 to mo...Podophyllotoxin,picropodophyllotoxin and their eight esters were studied using EI MS.The 2-epimers of podophyllotoxin and its esters can be identified by calculating the rate of relative abundance of m/z 168,396 to molecular ion peak in EI MS.展开更多
Partial root-zone irrigation （PRI） has been proved to be an optimal water-saving irrigation technology, however, few studies were done on water transportation and distribution under PRI. The present study was perfor...Partial root-zone irrigation （PRI） has been proved to be an optimal water-saving irrigation technology, however, few studies were done on water transportation and distribution under PRI. The present study was performed to investigate the water transportation and distribution among the wet and dry root-zones and the shoot using deuterium water （D2O） in 1/4 root-zone PRI experiment. It also aimed to determine and analyze the D2O relative abundance within different types of roots and shoots. The results indicated that water could be transported from roots in wet root-zone to roots in dry root-zone and shoots within 2 h after irrigation. Water transportation in roots of wet-zone was carried out by absorbing root, 1-2 mm root, 2-5 mm root, and〉5 mm root progressively, while through a reverse process in three dry root-zones. In shoots, water was transported to trunk, central trunk, annual branches, shoot and leaf progressively. Thus in the young apple trees subjected to PRI, water was distributed ifrst in the roots, including the roots in the wet and dry root-zones, to satisfy the water need of roots itself, and then transported to the shoot within hours of irrigation.展开更多
We analyze the structure and composition of old-growth wet evergreen forest of Nelliampathy hills, the chain of hills lying immediately south of Palghat Gap, in the southern Western Ghats of India. We sampled 30 plots...We analyze the structure and composition of old-growth wet evergreen forest of Nelliampathy hills, the chain of hills lying immediately south of Palghat Gap, in the southern Western Ghats of India. We sampled 30 plots of 0.1 ha each （50 m × 20 m） at six locations enumerating all plants ？ 10 cm girth at breast height. We pooled the data and computed various structural parameters. There were 152 species of 120 genera and 51 families of the study area. Of these, 118 （77%） were trees, 24 were climbers （16%） and 10 were shrubs （7%）. Species richness varied from 58–99 per 0.5 ha sample and Shannon indices of diversity ranged from 4.4 to 5.2. Fifty-nine per cent （89 species） of the species were Indian Sub-continent elements and 34% （51 species） are endemic to the Western Ghats. Fifteen species are listed in various threat categories. Aglaia and Litsea were the most species-rich genera. Numbers of families ranged from 27–43 per 0.5 ha sample. Euphorbiaceae and Lauraceae were the most species-rich families. Stand density varied from 1714 to 2244 stems·ha？1 and basal area from 53.6 to 102.1 m2·ha？1. The vegetation was dominated by 3–6 species and six dominance patterns characterized the species composition within the hill complex. The old-growth evergreen forests of Nelliampathy exist as small fragments rich in biodiversity and can be used as benchmarks for comparison with disturbed forests.展开更多
Background:As an important player during food digestion,gut microbiota has attracted much attention in diet adaptation studies in birds.Microbiota extracted from feces has been widely used as a proxy for gut microbiot...Background:As an important player during food digestion,gut microbiota has attracted much attention in diet adaptation studies in birds.Microbiota extracted from feces has been widely used as a proxy for gut microbiota.Although several methods have been developed for microbial DNA extraction,their performances in the bird feces have not been systematacially evaluated yet.Methods:In this study,we applied three DNA extraction methods(Qiagen,MoBio and Bead)to extract DNA from feces of three avian dietary guilds(granivore,omnivore and carnivore),sequenced V4 region of 16S rRNA gene for each extract and evaluated the performances of DNA yield,DNA integrity,microbial composition,cell lysis capacity and alpha diversity for the three methods on each dietary guild.Results:Bead method was the best on the performance of both DNA yield and DNA integrity regardless of dietary guild.In granivore,microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels,alpha diversity and cell lysis capacity were comparable among all methods.In omnivore,Qiagen had the best performance on alpha diversity,fol-lowed by Bead and MoBio.There were small variations on microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels among different extraction methods.MoBio exhibited the best performance on cell lysis capacity.In carnivore,considerable variations were found on microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels.Qiagen had the best performance on alpha diversity,followed by MoBio and Bead.MoBio had the highest cell lysis capacity.Conclusions:DNA yield and integrity have no obvious impact on microbial composition,alpha diversity or cell lysis capacity.The microbiota results(e.g.,microbial composition,cell lysis capacity,alpha diversity)obtained from differ-ent methods are comparable in granivorous avian species but not in omnivorous or carnivorous birds.Either method could be used in granivore microbiota studies.For omnivores and carnivores,we recommend Qiagen method when the research purpose is microbial diversity and MoBio when gram-positive bacteria is the research target.展开更多
A total of thirty three(33)endophytic fungi including sterile mycelia were isolated from the leaf,stem and roots of medicinally important aromatic plant Gaultheria fragrantissima.Majority of the fungi belonged to the ...A total of thirty three(33)endophytic fungi including sterile mycelia were isolated from the leaf,stem and roots of medicinally important aromatic plant Gaultheria fragrantissima.Majority of the fungi belonged to the phylum Ascomycota.The total percentage colonization frequency(%CF)of each endophytic fungal species was calculated of which Juxtiphoma eupyrena showed highest colonization frequency(20.14%)in the leaf whereas Globisporangium irregulare was found to have highest colonization frequency in the stem(14.58%)and in the roots,Trichoderma viride was observed to have the highest colonization frequency of 21.43%.Diversity of endophytic fungi in the roots was found to be higher as compared to the other plant tissues.展开更多
Climate change can aff ect fi sh individuals or schools,and consequently the fi sheries.Studying future changes of fi sh distribution and abundance helps the scientifi c management of fi sheries.The dynamic bioclimate...Climate change can aff ect fi sh individuals or schools,and consequently the fi sheries.Studying future changes of fi sh distribution and abundance helps the scientifi c management of fi sheries.The dynamic bioclimate envelope model(DBEM)was used to identify the“environmental preference profi les”of the studied species based on outputs from three Earth system models(ESMs).Changes in ocean conditions in climate change scenarios could be transformed by the model into those in relative abundance and distribution of species.Therefore,the distributional response of 17 demersal fi shes to climate change in the Yellow Sea could be projected from 1970 to 2060.Indices of latitudinal centroid(LC)and mean temperature of relative abundance(MTRA)were used to represent the results conducted by model.Results present that 17 demersal fi sh species in the Yellow Sea show a trend of anti-poleward shift under both low-emission scenario(RCP 2.6)and high-emission scenario(RCP 8.5)from 1970 to 2060,with the projected average LC in three ESMs shifting at a rate of-1.17±4.55 and-2.76±3.82 km/decade,respectively,which is contrary to the previous projecting studies of fi shes suggesting that fi shes tend to move toward higher latitudes under increased temperature scenarios.The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass could be the major driver resulting in the shift,which shows a potential signifi cance to fi shery resources management and marine conservation,and provides a new perspective in fi sh migration under climate change.展开更多
The seasonality and relative abundance of arboreal ant species were studied in the oil palm plantations of CSIR-OPRI at Kusi in order to identify the different arboreal ant species in the oil palm canopy and their pos...The seasonality and relative abundance of arboreal ant species were studied in the oil palm plantations of CSIR-OPRI at Kusi in order to identify the different arboreal ant species in the oil palm canopy and their possible interaction with other fauna and flora. Chemical knockdown and field observation and were used in the data collection. Chemical knockdown study was used to collect data on the relative abundance of the ants with application of a synthetic pyrethroid. Field observation was used to study the nesting behaviour, types of nests and where they were built as well as the interaction between the ant species. The fields which were of ages of 8, 11 and 14 years were one hectare containing 143 palms. Chemical knockdown and ant colony studies revealed higher abundance of arboreal ant species on the I 1 years followed by the 8 years and 14 years fields in that order. Oecophylla longinoda was abundant on the I 1-and 14-year-old fields while Crematogaster sp. was the most abundant species on the 8-year old fields. Relatively high numbers of the ant species were encountered in the dry months of study. Positive interaction indicated coexistence between O. longinoda and Crematogaster sp. Interaction between Crematogaster sp. and Tetramorium sp. was antagonistic. Similarly, O. longinoda and Tetramorium sp. were antagonistic to each other. The high abundance and diversity hold promise for the potential use of these ant species as biocontrol agents in an integrated pest management system for the management of the oil palm leaf miner.展开更多
Mammalian surveys are vital tools for effective managements and conservation strategies. A survey was conducted to investigate the species composition, relative abundance and to determine their major threats in Weyngu...Mammalian surveys are vital tools for effective managements and conservation strategies. A survey was conducted to investigate the species composition, relative abundance and to determine their major threats in Weyngus Forest, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The data were collected from April 2020 to June 2020. Transect method and subjective interviews were used to collect data for the study. A total of 11 species of medium and large sized mammals belonging to six orders and eight families were recorded by direct and indirect evidences. Porcupine (Hystrix cristata), Vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops), and Coloubus monkey (Colobus guereza) were among the medium-sized mammals while, Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) were among the large-sized mammals recorded in the study area. Vervet monkey has been the most frequently observed species, whereas spotted hyena was observed less often. Simpson’s Similarity Index (SI) showed a significant overlap of mammalian species composition between scrubland and natural forest (SI = 0.62). Illegal logging of trees for fuel wood, agricultural land expansion, illegal hunting and land degradation were the main threats of mammals in the study area. Community participation and awareness creation are highly recommended to limit the impact of anthropogenic activities threatening wildlife.展开更多
An environmentally friendly method using real or artificial bovine milk permeate to both depilate and preserve sheepskins has been reported which completely and cleanly removed the wool from the hair follicle and had ...An environmentally friendly method using real or artificial bovine milk permeate to both depilate and preserve sheepskins has been reported which completely and cleanly removed the wool from the hair follicle and had no detrimental effects on the skin.A proteomic analysis,assessing the relative abundance of proteins in matched permeate-depilated and chemically depilated(sulfide)sheepskins,showed variations in the levels of specific collagen types in the skin's basement membrane and other proteins associated with the follicles.These findings were corroborated by biochemical analyses of matched permeate depilated and raw skin samples,and provide clues to the mechanism of non-invasiveand complete depilation.They also support the observation that permeate-depilated skins were smoother than their sulfide-depilated counterparts and resulted in leather with a superior surface.展开更多
Aims Comparisons of the trait-abundance relationships from various habitat types are critical for community ecology,which can offer us insights about the mechanisms underlying the local community assembly,such as the ...Aims Comparisons of the trait-abundance relationships from various habitat types are critical for community ecology,which can offer us insights about the mechanisms underlying the local community assembly,such as the relative role of neutral vs.niche processes in shaping community structure.Here,we explored the responses of trait-abundance relationships to nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)fertilization in an alpine meadow.Methods Five fertilization treatments(an unfertilized control and additions of N,P,K and NPK respectively)were implemented using randomized block design in an alpine Tibetan meadow.Species relative abundance(SRA),plant above-ground biomass and species richness were measured in each plot.For 24 common species,we measured species functional traits:saturated height,specific leaf area(SLA)and leaf dry matter content(LDMC)in each treatment but seed size only in the unfertilized control.Standard major axis(SMA)regression and phylogenetically independent contrasts(PICs)analysis were used to analyse species trait-abundance relationships in response to different fertilization treatments.Important Findings Positive correlations between SRA and saturated height were raised following N,P and NPK fertilizations,which indicated an increase in light competition in these plots.In P fertilized plots,SRA was also positively correlated with LDMC because tall grasses with a nutrients conservation strategy often have a relative competitive advantage in capturing limited light and soil nutrients.In K fertilized plots,neither the trait-abundance relationships nor above-ground biomass or species richness significantly differed from that in the control,which suggests that K was not a limiting resource in our study site.These significant correlations between species traits and relative abundance in fertilized treatment suggest that trait-based selection plays an important role in determining species abundance within local communities in alpine meadows.展开更多
Grassland reconstruction is a major approach to alleviate the‘black beach’in Sanjiangyuan of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.It is vital to understand how to manage the planting grassland after reconstruction.And which ...Grassland reconstruction is a major approach to alleviate the‘black beach’in Sanjiangyuan of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.It is vital to understand how to manage the planting grassland after reconstruction.And which artificial grassland management pattern is more likely to restore the degraded grassland of‘black beach?’To provide the scientific basis for the restoration of‘black beach’,we investigated the changes in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community structure of planting grassland under different management patterns,and explored the effect of the management patterns on community succession of planting grassland.In this study,vegetation characteristics and soil physicochemical properties were measured by field investigation and laboratory analyses,respectively.Soil microbial community composition was determined by high-throughput sequencing techniques.The results showed that there were significant differences in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community structure of the planting grassland under different management patterns.Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota were mainly controlled by vegetation plant species diversity,aboveground biomass(AGB)and soil organic carbon(SOC).Shannon-Wiener index,AGB and SOC peaked and the relative abundance of amplicon sequence variants annotated by Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota were significantly enriched under the management pattern of the planting once treatment.Additionally,the soil had the highest bacterial diversity and the lowest fungal diversity under the planting once treatment,becoming a‘bacterial’soil.These vegetation characteristics and soil environment were more conducive to overall positive community succession,indicating that the planting once treatment is the most reasonable management pattern for restoring the‘black beach’.展开更多
Background:Habitat loss and fragmentation in the Sierra Madre Oriental(SMO)ecological corridor have negative impacts on the movement and distribution of mammalian species that are of great ecological and evolutionary ...Background:Habitat loss and fragmentation in the Sierra Madre Oriental(SMO)ecological corridor have negative impacts on the movement and distribution of mammalian species that are of great ecological and evolutionary importance.Part of the SMO ecological corridor that is located in the state of Hidalgo is less studied despite being a potential dispersal route for mammals.The objectives of this study were to evaluate the presence and activity of terrestrial mammals in the riparian and non‑riparian zones of SMO.Results:Camera traps detected 15 mammalian species(i.e.,14 native and 1 domestic)in the non‑riparian zone,and 12 mammalian species in the riparian zone(i.e.,10 wild and 2 domestic).The riparian corridor was mainly used by opportunistic medium‑sized carnivores,while large carnivores and their potential prey were more frequent in the non‑riparian zone.Conclusions:Our findings suggest terrestrial mammals avoid the use of natural corridors due to the presence of domestic dogs,cattle and humans and look for new dispersal routes to move through their habitat and find the resources they need to survive.Even though some species can use disturbed corridors to move and find resources,they will change their activity patterns to avoid contact with humans and potential threats like dogs.It is,therefore,crucial to identify not one,but several corridors that must be preserved to improve the connectivity of terrestrial mammals in disturbed landscapes.展开更多
This study investigated the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from sewage sludge by using fly ash(FA)-based in situ advanced anaerobic digestion(AAD)under mesophilic conditions.Five antibiotics(su...This study investigated the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from sewage sludge by using fly ash(FA)-based in situ advanced anaerobic digestion(AAD)under mesophilic conditions.Five antibiotics(sulfadiazine,sulfameth-oxazole,ofloxacin,tetracycline,and roxithromycin)and 11 corresponding antibiotic resistance genes(Ib-cr,qnrS,ermF,ermT,ermX,sul1,sul2,sul3,tetA,tetB,and tetG)were selected as the targets.Adding FA to anaerobic digestion to remove antibiotics and resistance genes allows waste to be treated with waste.FA-based in situ AAD of sewage sludge effectively enhanced the process stability and methane yield,and the optimal FA-added dosage was 50 mg/L.The cumulative methane yield could be well described with the improved Gompertz model.FA addition effectively increased the overall removal of ofloxacin,by up to 85.3%at 50 mg/L FA and 10μg/L antibiotics,and the combination of zero-valent iron and FA enhanced only the overall removal of ofloxacin to 92.4%and tetracycline to 85.6%.However,FA-based in situ AAD could not enhance the overall removal of other antibiotics from sewage sludge.Not all the same types of antibiotic resistance genes were strongly positively correlated with the concentrations of antibiotics.The removal of antibiotic resistance genes influenced by FA addition varied largely with the types of antibiotic resistance genes,FA dosage,antibiotic content,and the combination with zero-valent iron.FA addition could not be verified to enhance the removal of antibiotic resistance genes.The addition of FA or zero-valent iron and the antibiotic concentrations significantly changed the microbial community structure during in situ AAD,and the combination of zero-valent iron and FA significantly reduces the species diversity and microbial abundance.The most abundant bacteria were Methanogarcina,Methanoberium,unidentified_Archaea,Terrimonas,Methomethoxychlo-rovorans,and Candidatus_Cloacimonas in the ZVI-FA test.展开更多
基金National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(39830030 and 30170156)and Research Programme of Tibetan Bureau of Science and Technology
文摘Galliformes are often difficult to count adequately in their natural habitats due to low detectability of them. In the present study, we confirm availability of feather-count and feces-count as two useful field techniques to estimate the relative abundance of eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon spp.). The former is suitable to forest environments during the post-incubation period, whereas the latter is best in areas with dry climate conditions during the fall-winter season. With the advantages of reduced survey effort and high repeatability, the two techniques are potentially applicable to other Galliform species in habitat selection studies and long-term population monitoring.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30670212 and 30870262)
文摘Based on the LC-ESI/MSn technique, the four pairs of isomers of psoralen and isopsoralen, imperatorin and isoimperatorin, neohesperidin and hesperidin, naringin and narirutin were distinguished mainly by comparison of the relative abundances of their major fragment ions. Because of the effect of the hydrogen on the C8 of psoralen, the intensity of the fragment ion formed by the loss of CO2 was relatively increased. By comparing the abundance of the product ions formed by the loss of CO and 2CO, the isomers of psoralen and isopsoralen could be distinguished. This method can also be used to distinguish the isomers of imperatorin and isoimperatorin. Because of the different con- nected position between glucose and rhamnose, in the mass spectrum of neohesperidin, the relative abundances of ions at m/z 489 and 343 generated by the ring-cross cleavage of glycan were more than 10%, while in the mass spec- trum of hesperidin, they were all less than 1%. This approach can also be used to distinguish the isomers ofnaringin and narirutin. Although the fragmentation pathways were similar, according to the tiny difference of structure, the change of relative intensity of main fragment ions could be observed and it could be used to distinguish some isomers more accurately and quickly.
文摘Relative abundance and relationships between aniline, phenol and catechol degraders were investigated in unpolluted and polluted fresh waters in Osaka prefecture, Japan. Phenol and catechol degraders were found more frequently compared to aniline degraders. The results indicate that these degraders were more abundant in polluted waters than in unpolluted waters. Aniline degraders isolated from the Ina River water showed a higher capability of degrading catechol than phenol. Analysis on sequence homology among these three kinds of degraders indicated a possible relationship between aniline degraders and certain strains of both catechol and phenol degraders.
文摘Data related to the presence of cetaceans and especially the bottlenose dolphin （Tursiops truncatus） in Lebanese marine waters （eastern Mediterranean） are almost non-existent. This article aims to delimit, for the first time, the areas of distribution and the relative abundance of T. truncatus along the Lebanese coasts in order to develop a strategy for the conservation of this species. Nine campaigns at sea, each lasting between 1 to 3 days, were conducted aboard the vessel ＂CANA＂ between September 2009 and August 2012 in Lebanese marine waters. A total of 1576 km in prospecting effort was covered along the Lebanese coast （220 km）. Dolphins were mainly sighted in the central region of Lebanon （120 km） and 32 sightings and 91 individuals were recorded. The size of the groups were ranged from a minimum of one individual and a maximum of 7 individuals. Relative abundance of T. truncatus for the whole studied region is 0.06 individuals＇km1 in prospecting effort while it is 0.11 individuals·km^-1 in Beirut area that offers habitats sought by this species. The bathymetric distribution of this species is spread over a wide range from a depth of 35 m to 1300 m. More than half of the individuals have been observed in areas where bathymetry ranges between 300 m and 600 m depths.
基金supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA10A210)
文摘The protein elicitor from the mycelium of Alternaria tenuissima has been isolated.The elicitor triggered resistance to the tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco by inducing relative oxygen species,but without causing hypersensitive necrosis.The elicitor is reported to impart resistance against Verticillium dahliae and to increase yield in cotton,but its mechanism is not yet clear.In this study,the stable isotope labelled mass spectrometry method was used to quantify the relative abundances of protein expression induced by PeaT1 in Arabidopsis.A significant difference in the relative abundances for the expression of different proteins related to metabolism,modification,regulatory,defense,stress and antioxidation was found in Arabidopsis.
文摘Fire is regarded as management practice for maintaining grasslands and savannas. The vegetation occurring in fire prone areas becomes highly adapted to fire occurrences in savannas and grasslands. However, documentation on the influence of burning on vegetation is still limited in an albany thicket biome. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term influence of burning on species abundance, biomass production, wood plant density and browsing unit. Six plots (2500 m<sup>2</sup>) were demarcated;in each plot two parallel transects of 120 m<sup>2</sup> with 5 m distance apart were measured. Three plots were burned in spring season, while no burning was done on the other remaining plots. Forty points per plot were obtained using step-point method to determine the relative abundance at burned and unburned plots. Woody plants occurred within a transect were identified, counted and recorded to determine density and browsing unit. Three quadrats (<em>i.e</em>. 0.25 m<sup>2</sup>) per plot were randomly laid within the transect;aboveground plant material within a quadrat were harvested. A total of 18 samples were harvested and oven dried at 60<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span></span>C for 48 hours to determine biomass production. The results showed that <em>Themeda triandra</em> (14%) and <em>Panicum maximum</em> (10%) were most abundant grass species at the burned plots. Burned plots had significantly higher biomass production (4804 kg/ha) compared to unburned plots (3641 kg/ha). <em>Vachellia karoo</em> (burned: 65.85% & unburn: 13.70%) and <em>Searsia pallens </em>(burned: 26.83% & unburned: 6.85%) were most dominant wood plant species at both burned and unburned plots. Burned plots had the highest browsing unit (3221 BU/ha) compared to unburned plots (2058 BU/ha). The decrease of woody plants at the burned plots proved that fire has a tremendous potential for managing woody plants. This study provided information on short-term influence of burning, however further long-term trials are required to determine the effects of burning.
基金This research was supported by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Background Apolygus lucorum is a worldwide omnivorous pest damaging a range of crops and causing great economic losses.Symbiotic bacteria living in insects play a key role in the nutrition,physiology,and behavior of hosts.Here,we present an experiment using Illumina HiSeq sequencing targeting the V3–V4 regions of bacteria’s 16S rRNA throughout the entire life cycle of A.lucorum.Results The first and second instar nymphs have the largest alpha diversity compared with other life stages of the insect.Bacterial phyla Proteobacteria(72.29%),Firmicutes(15.24%),Actinobacteria(7.76%)exhibit the largest relative abundance in all developmental stages.Erwinia(23.97%)and Lactococcus(10.62%)are the two genera with the high-est relative abundance.The relative abundance of Erwinia in the nymph stage is significantly greater than the adult stage,and the relative abundance of Lactococcus in 6-day-old and 9-day-old adult females is higher compared with adult males.Conclusions These results reveal that microbial community composition and relative abundance shift dynamically at different life stages,implying that different bacterial phyla and genera may have specific roles in specific life stages such as metabolism,nutrition absorption,detoxification,and reproduction.This study reveals for the first time the community composition and ecological dynamics of symbiotic bacteria throughout the life stages of A.lucorum,and thus may provide insight to new strategies for pest control.
文摘Podophyllotoxin,picropodophyllotoxin and their eight esters were studied using EI MS.The 2-epimers of podophyllotoxin and its esters can be identified by calculating the rate of relative abundance of m/z 168,396 to molecular ion peak in EI MS.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China (6102006)the New-Star of Science and Technology of Beijing Metropolis,China (2011051)
文摘Partial root-zone irrigation （PRI） has been proved to be an optimal water-saving irrigation technology, however, few studies were done on water transportation and distribution under PRI. The present study was performed to investigate the water transportation and distribution among the wet and dry root-zones and the shoot using deuterium water （D2O） in 1/4 root-zone PRI experiment. It also aimed to determine and analyze the D2O relative abundance within different types of roots and shoots. The results indicated that water could be transported from roots in wet root-zone to roots in dry root-zone and shoots within 2 h after irrigation. Water transportation in roots of wet-zone was carried out by absorbing root, 1-2 mm root, 2-5 mm root, and〉5 mm root progressively, while through a reverse process in three dry root-zones. In shoots, water was transported to trunk, central trunk, annual branches, shoot and leaf progressively. Thus in the young apple trees subjected to PRI, water was distributed ifrst in the roots, including the roots in the wet and dry root-zones, to satisfy the water need of roots itself, and then transported to the shoot within hours of irrigation.
基金support from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India
文摘We analyze the structure and composition of old-growth wet evergreen forest of Nelliampathy hills, the chain of hills lying immediately south of Palghat Gap, in the southern Western Ghats of India. We sampled 30 plots of 0.1 ha each （50 m × 20 m） at six locations enumerating all plants ？ 10 cm girth at breast height. We pooled the data and computed various structural parameters. There were 152 species of 120 genera and 51 families of the study area. Of these, 118 （77%） were trees, 24 were climbers （16%） and 10 were shrubs （7%）. Species richness varied from 58–99 per 0.5 ha sample and Shannon indices of diversity ranged from 4.4 to 5.2. Fifty-nine per cent （89 species） of the species were Indian Sub-continent elements and 34% （51 species） are endemic to the Western Ghats. Fifteen species are listed in various threat categories. Aglaia and Litsea were the most species-rich genera. Numbers of families ranged from 27–43 per 0.5 ha sample. Euphorbiaceae and Lauraceae were the most species-rich families. Stand density varied from 1714 to 2244 stems·ha？1 and basal area from 53.6 to 102.1 m2·ha？1. The vegetation was dominated by 3–6 species and six dominance patterns characterized the species composition within the hill complex. The old-growth evergreen forests of Nelliampathy exist as small fragments rich in biodiversity and can be used as benchmarks for comparison with disturbed forests.
基金This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31930013,31872240)the National Key Program of Research and Development,Ministry of Science and Technology(2016YFC0503200)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2020086)to SP.
文摘Background:As an important player during food digestion,gut microbiota has attracted much attention in diet adaptation studies in birds.Microbiota extracted from feces has been widely used as a proxy for gut microbiota.Although several methods have been developed for microbial DNA extraction,their performances in the bird feces have not been systematacially evaluated yet.Methods:In this study,we applied three DNA extraction methods(Qiagen,MoBio and Bead)to extract DNA from feces of three avian dietary guilds(granivore,omnivore and carnivore),sequenced V4 region of 16S rRNA gene for each extract and evaluated the performances of DNA yield,DNA integrity,microbial composition,cell lysis capacity and alpha diversity for the three methods on each dietary guild.Results:Bead method was the best on the performance of both DNA yield and DNA integrity regardless of dietary guild.In granivore,microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels,alpha diversity and cell lysis capacity were comparable among all methods.In omnivore,Qiagen had the best performance on alpha diversity,fol-lowed by Bead and MoBio.There were small variations on microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels among different extraction methods.MoBio exhibited the best performance on cell lysis capacity.In carnivore,considerable variations were found on microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels.Qiagen had the best performance on alpha diversity,followed by MoBio and Bead.MoBio had the highest cell lysis capacity.Conclusions:DNA yield and integrity have no obvious impact on microbial composition,alpha diversity or cell lysis capacity.The microbiota results(e.g.,microbial composition,cell lysis capacity,alpha diversity)obtained from differ-ent methods are comparable in granivorous avian species but not in omnivorous or carnivorous birds.Either method could be used in granivore microbiota studies.For omnivores and carnivores,we recommend Qiagen method when the research purpose is microbial diversity and MoBio when gram-positive bacteria is the research target.
文摘A total of thirty three(33)endophytic fungi including sterile mycelia were isolated from the leaf,stem and roots of medicinally important aromatic plant Gaultheria fragrantissima.Majority of the fungi belonged to the phylum Ascomycota.The total percentage colonization frequency(%CF)of each endophytic fungal species was calculated of which Juxtiphoma eupyrena showed highest colonization frequency(20.14%)in the leaf whereas Globisporangium irregulare was found to have highest colonization frequency in the stem(14.58%)and in the roots,Trichoderma viride was observed to have the highest colonization frequency of 21.43%.Diversity of endophytic fungi in the roots was found to be higher as compared to the other plant tissues.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42176234)the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Creative Program(No.JDXT2018-01)the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(No.GML2019ZD0402)。
文摘Climate change can aff ect fi sh individuals or schools,and consequently the fi sheries.Studying future changes of fi sh distribution and abundance helps the scientifi c management of fi sheries.The dynamic bioclimate envelope model(DBEM)was used to identify the“environmental preference profi les”of the studied species based on outputs from three Earth system models(ESMs).Changes in ocean conditions in climate change scenarios could be transformed by the model into those in relative abundance and distribution of species.Therefore,the distributional response of 17 demersal fi shes to climate change in the Yellow Sea could be projected from 1970 to 2060.Indices of latitudinal centroid(LC)and mean temperature of relative abundance(MTRA)were used to represent the results conducted by model.Results present that 17 demersal fi sh species in the Yellow Sea show a trend of anti-poleward shift under both low-emission scenario(RCP 2.6)and high-emission scenario(RCP 8.5)from 1970 to 2060,with the projected average LC in three ESMs shifting at a rate of-1.17±4.55 and-2.76±3.82 km/decade,respectively,which is contrary to the previous projecting studies of fi shes suggesting that fi shes tend to move toward higher latitudes under increased temperature scenarios.The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass could be the major driver resulting in the shift,which shows a potential signifi cance to fi shery resources management and marine conservation,and provides a new perspective in fi sh migration under climate change.
文摘The seasonality and relative abundance of arboreal ant species were studied in the oil palm plantations of CSIR-OPRI at Kusi in order to identify the different arboreal ant species in the oil palm canopy and their possible interaction with other fauna and flora. Chemical knockdown and field observation and were used in the data collection. Chemical knockdown study was used to collect data on the relative abundance of the ants with application of a synthetic pyrethroid. Field observation was used to study the nesting behaviour, types of nests and where they were built as well as the interaction between the ant species. The fields which were of ages of 8, 11 and 14 years were one hectare containing 143 palms. Chemical knockdown and ant colony studies revealed higher abundance of arboreal ant species on the I 1 years followed by the 8 years and 14 years fields in that order. Oecophylla longinoda was abundant on the I 1-and 14-year-old fields while Crematogaster sp. was the most abundant species on the 8-year old fields. Relatively high numbers of the ant species were encountered in the dry months of study. Positive interaction indicated coexistence between O. longinoda and Crematogaster sp. Interaction between Crematogaster sp. and Tetramorium sp. was antagonistic. Similarly, O. longinoda and Tetramorium sp. were antagonistic to each other. The high abundance and diversity hold promise for the potential use of these ant species as biocontrol agents in an integrated pest management system for the management of the oil palm leaf miner.
文摘Mammalian surveys are vital tools for effective managements and conservation strategies. A survey was conducted to investigate the species composition, relative abundance and to determine their major threats in Weyngus Forest, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The data were collected from April 2020 to June 2020. Transect method and subjective interviews were used to collect data for the study. A total of 11 species of medium and large sized mammals belonging to six orders and eight families were recorded by direct and indirect evidences. Porcupine (Hystrix cristata), Vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops), and Coloubus monkey (Colobus guereza) were among the medium-sized mammals while, Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) were among the large-sized mammals recorded in the study area. Vervet monkey has been the most frequently observed species, whereas spotted hyena was observed less often. Simpson’s Similarity Index (SI) showed a significant overlap of mammalian species composition between scrubland and natural forest (SI = 0.62). Illegal logging of trees for fuel wood, agricultural land expansion, illegal hunting and land degradation were the main threats of mammals in the study area. Community participation and awareness creation are highly recommended to limit the impact of anthropogenic activities threatening wildlife.
基金Massey University Agricultural and Life Sciences Trust(Project Number RM3000028979)New Zealand Leather and Shoe Research Association(LASRA)through the Ministry of Business,Innovation and Employment(MBIE)Grant No.LSRX1801.
文摘An environmentally friendly method using real or artificial bovine milk permeate to both depilate and preserve sheepskins has been reported which completely and cleanly removed the wool from the hair follicle and had no detrimental effects on the skin.A proteomic analysis,assessing the relative abundance of proteins in matched permeate-depilated and chemically depilated(sulfide)sheepskins,showed variations in the levels of specific collagen types in the skin's basement membrane and other proteins associated with the follicles.These findings were corroborated by biochemical analyses of matched permeate depilated and raw skin samples,and provide clues to the mechanism of non-invasiveand complete depilation.They also support the observation that permeate-depilated skins were smoother than their sulfide-depilated counterparts and resulted in leather with a superior surface.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41430749 to G.D.,41201050 to Y.W.,31000199 to C.C.)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2013-100,lzujbky-2013-k15,lzujbky-2012-133).Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-12-0248 to C.C.).
文摘Aims Comparisons of the trait-abundance relationships from various habitat types are critical for community ecology,which can offer us insights about the mechanisms underlying the local community assembly,such as the relative role of neutral vs.niche processes in shaping community structure.Here,we explored the responses of trait-abundance relationships to nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)fertilization in an alpine meadow.Methods Five fertilization treatments(an unfertilized control and additions of N,P,K and NPK respectively)were implemented using randomized block design in an alpine Tibetan meadow.Species relative abundance(SRA),plant above-ground biomass and species richness were measured in each plot.For 24 common species,we measured species functional traits:saturated height,specific leaf area(SLA)and leaf dry matter content(LDMC)in each treatment but seed size only in the unfertilized control.Standard major axis(SMA)regression and phylogenetically independent contrasts(PICs)analysis were used to analyse species trait-abundance relationships in response to different fertilization treatments.Important Findings Positive correlations between SRA and saturated height were raised following N,P and NPK fertilizations,which indicated an increase in light competition in these plots.In P fertilized plots,SRA was also positively correlated with LDMC because tall grasses with a nutrients conservation strategy often have a relative competitive advantage in capturing limited light and soil nutrients.In K fertilized plots,neither the trait-abundance relationships nor above-ground biomass or species richness significantly differed from that in the control,which suggests that K was not a limiting resource in our study site.These significant correlations between species traits and relative abundance in fertilized treatment suggest that trait-based selection plays an important role in determining species abundance within local communities in alpine meadows.
基金financially supported by the‘Strategic Leading Science&Technology Program’of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA23060604)the Chinese Academy of Sciences‘Light of West China’Program,the Second.Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program(2019QZKK0302)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770501)Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas(Minzu University of China),National Ethnic Affairs Commission(KLEEMA202103).
文摘Grassland reconstruction is a major approach to alleviate the‘black beach’in Sanjiangyuan of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.It is vital to understand how to manage the planting grassland after reconstruction.And which artificial grassland management pattern is more likely to restore the degraded grassland of‘black beach?’To provide the scientific basis for the restoration of‘black beach’,we investigated the changes in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community structure of planting grassland under different management patterns,and explored the effect of the management patterns on community succession of planting grassland.In this study,vegetation characteristics and soil physicochemical properties were measured by field investigation and laboratory analyses,respectively.Soil microbial community composition was determined by high-throughput sequencing techniques.The results showed that there were significant differences in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community structure of the planting grassland under different management patterns.Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota were mainly controlled by vegetation plant species diversity,aboveground biomass(AGB)and soil organic carbon(SOC).Shannon-Wiener index,AGB and SOC peaked and the relative abundance of amplicon sequence variants annotated by Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota were significantly enriched under the management pattern of the planting once treatment.Additionally,the soil had the highest bacterial diversity and the lowest fungal diversity under the planting once treatment,becoming a‘bacterial’soil.These vegetation characteristics and soil environment were more conducive to overall positive community succession,indicating that the planting once treatment is the most reasonable management pattern for restoring the‘black beach’.
基金JOHR received financial support to study a master’s degree from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaThe project was funded by Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales of the State of Hidalgo.
文摘Background:Habitat loss and fragmentation in the Sierra Madre Oriental(SMO)ecological corridor have negative impacts on the movement and distribution of mammalian species that are of great ecological and evolutionary importance.Part of the SMO ecological corridor that is located in the state of Hidalgo is less studied despite being a potential dispersal route for mammals.The objectives of this study were to evaluate the presence and activity of terrestrial mammals in the riparian and non‑riparian zones of SMO.Results:Camera traps detected 15 mammalian species(i.e.,14 native and 1 domestic)in the non‑riparian zone,and 12 mammalian species in the riparian zone(i.e.,10 wild and 2 domestic).The riparian corridor was mainly used by opportunistic medium‑sized carnivores,while large carnivores and their potential prey were more frequent in the non‑riparian zone.Conclusions:Our findings suggest terrestrial mammals avoid the use of natural corridors due to the presence of domestic dogs,cattle and humans and look for new dispersal routes to move through their habitat and find the resources they need to survive.Even though some species can use disturbed corridors to move and find resources,they will change their activity patterns to avoid contact with humans and potential threats like dogs.It is,therefore,crucial to identify not one,but several corridors that must be preserved to improve the connectivity of terrestrial mammals in disturbed landscapes.
基金This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(18ZR1426100)the USST Program of Science and Technology Development(2018KJFZ117).
文摘This study investigated the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from sewage sludge by using fly ash(FA)-based in situ advanced anaerobic digestion(AAD)under mesophilic conditions.Five antibiotics(sulfadiazine,sulfameth-oxazole,ofloxacin,tetracycline,and roxithromycin)and 11 corresponding antibiotic resistance genes(Ib-cr,qnrS,ermF,ermT,ermX,sul1,sul2,sul3,tetA,tetB,and tetG)were selected as the targets.Adding FA to anaerobic digestion to remove antibiotics and resistance genes allows waste to be treated with waste.FA-based in situ AAD of sewage sludge effectively enhanced the process stability and methane yield,and the optimal FA-added dosage was 50 mg/L.The cumulative methane yield could be well described with the improved Gompertz model.FA addition effectively increased the overall removal of ofloxacin,by up to 85.3%at 50 mg/L FA and 10μg/L antibiotics,and the combination of zero-valent iron and FA enhanced only the overall removal of ofloxacin to 92.4%and tetracycline to 85.6%.However,FA-based in situ AAD could not enhance the overall removal of other antibiotics from sewage sludge.Not all the same types of antibiotic resistance genes were strongly positively correlated with the concentrations of antibiotics.The removal of antibiotic resistance genes influenced by FA addition varied largely with the types of antibiotic resistance genes,FA dosage,antibiotic content,and the combination with zero-valent iron.FA addition could not be verified to enhance the removal of antibiotic resistance genes.The addition of FA or zero-valent iron and the antibiotic concentrations significantly changed the microbial community structure during in situ AAD,and the combination of zero-valent iron and FA significantly reduces the species diversity and microbial abundance.The most abundant bacteria were Methanogarcina,Methanoberium,unidentified_Archaea,Terrimonas,Methomethoxychlo-rovorans,and Candidatus_Cloacimonas in the ZVI-FA test.
