The randomness and uncertainty of renewable energy generation are expected to significantly change the optimal decision-making of trans-provincial electricity market subjects.Therefore,it is beneficial to optimize the...The randomness and uncertainty of renewable energy generation are expected to significantly change the optimal decision-making of trans-provincial electricity market subjects.Therefore,it is beneficial to optimize the interests of each of these subjects,considering the unpredictable risks of renewable energy under the renewable portfolio standards(RPS)and researching their effects on the optimal decision-making of transprovincial electricity market multi-subjects.First,we develop a trans-provincial trading market mechanism for renewable energy and clarify the electricity supply and demand relation and the green certificates supply and demand relation of trans-provincial electricitymarketmulti-subjects.Then,under the RPS,we construct a multi-subject game model of the power supply chain that recognizes the risks,and adopt the reverse induction method to discuss the optimum risk-taking judgment of each subject in the trans-provincial electricity market.Finally,we useMATLAB to verify the viability and efficacy of the proposed gamemodel,and obtain a certain reference value for the optimal decision-making of trans-provincial electricity market subjects.In summary,we consider the uncertainty risks of renewable energy under RPS,study the effects of the green certificate price and risk aversion coefficient in the RPS mechanism on the optimal decisionmaking of trans-provincial electricity market subjects,and obtain the changing trends of two different power products and those of different electricity market subjects under the influence of the green certificate price and risk aversion coefficient,which have a certain reference value for studying the factors affecting the optimal decision-making of trans-provincial electricity market subjects.展开更多
China has implemented both quantitative and policy incentives for renewable energy development since 2019 and is currently in the policy transition stage.The implementation of renewable portfolio standards(RPSs)is dif...China has implemented both quantitative and policy incentives for renewable energy development since 2019 and is currently in the policy transition stage.The implementation of renewable portfolio standards(RPSs)is difficult due to the interests of multiple stakeholders,including power generation enterprises,power grid companies,power users,local governments,and the central government.Based on China’s RPS policy and power system reform documents,this research sorted out the core game decision problems of China’s renewable energy industry and established a conceptual game decision model of the renewable energy industry from the perspective of local governments,power generation enterprises and power grid companies.The results reveal that for local governments,the probability of meeting the earnings quota or punishments for not reaching quota completion are the major determinants for active participation in quota supervision.For power grid firms,the willingness to accept renewable electricity quotas depends on the additional cost of receiving renewable electricity and governmental incentives.It is reasonable,from the theoretical perspective,to implement the RPS policy on the power generation side.Electricity reform will help clarify the electricity price system and increase the transparency of the quota implementation process.Policy implications are suggested to achieve sustainable development of the renewable energy industry from price incentives and quantity delivery.展开更多
Under the background of implementing renewable portfolio standards and the ever-improving tradable green certificate scheme,the increasingly environmentally-friendly preference of power users is leading to changes in ...Under the background of implementing renewable portfolio standards and the ever-improving tradable green certificate scheme,the increasingly environmentally-friendly preference of power users is leading to changes in electricity demand,which,in turn,is driving changes in the decision-making behaviors of various actors in the power supply chain.Based on this,with the goal of pursuing maximum profit,consumer-power-demand functions have been introduced with some consideration of the factors of consumer preference to establish an optimal profit model for each trading subject in non-cooperative states of the power supply chain,under the constraints of meeting renewable energy portfolio standards.Here,the optimal strategy of each trading subject is presented by adopting the reverse induction method.Furthermore,examples are used to analyze factors such as the influence of environmental protection preferences,quota ratios,price substitutions,and market demand as well as the optimal profit of each trading subject in view of providing a reference for the decision-making in the power supply chain trading subjects.展开更多
Renewable portfolio standards(RPS)are important guarantees to promote renewable energy(RE)consumption.The tradable green certificate(TGC)trading mechanism is a supporting mechanism of RPS,but the rate of TGC trading i...Renewable portfolio standards(RPS)are important guarantees to promote renewable energy(RE)consumption.The tradable green certificate(TGC)trading mechanism is a supporting mechanism of RPS,but the rate of TGC trading is low and there is a double-metering problem of RE consumption.With the introduction of new policies in China,we innovatively take the electricity-selling side as the subject of RE consumption responsibility and biomass-based electricity-generation(BEG)projects are considered to participate in TGC trading.To explore the interaction between the TGC market and the electricity market,this paper sets up a day-ahead spot market-trading structure combining both markets under RPS and establishes a market equilibrium model.The established model is solved and validated based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the profits of each market player under different influencing factors are analysed.The main conclusions are as follows.(i)The established market structure and model effectively solve the double-metering problem of RE consumption,making the TGC turnover rate reach 82.97%,greatly improving the market efficiency.(ii)Increased demand for TGC will increase demand for RE electricity.The participation of BEG projects in the TGC market can effectively improve the profit of biomass-based electricity producers(BEPs),reduce the burden of government financial subsidies and will not affect the consumption of wind-based electricity and photovoltaic-based electricity.This will help promote the rapid development of China’s RE,especially the BEG industry.(iii)Among the influencing factors,the increase in renewable-energy consumption responsibility weight and the decrease in electricity-generation cost can increase the profit of BEPs.The decline in TGC price and subsidy price will reduce the profit of BEPs.Finally,we put forward policy recommendations for China’s RPS and TGC trading mechanism.This study can provide a reference for the construction of China’s TGC market and electricity market and the development of RE.展开更多
The renewable portfolio standard has been promoted in parallel with the reform of the electricity market,and the flexibility requirement of the power system has rapidly increased.To promote renewable energy consumptio...The renewable portfolio standard has been promoted in parallel with the reform of the electricity market,and the flexibility requirement of the power system has rapidly increased.To promote renewable energy consumption and improve power system flexibility,a bi-level optimal operation model of the electricity market is proposed.A probabilistic model of the flexibility requirement is established,considering the correlation between wind power,photovoltaic power,and load.A bi-level optimization model is established for the multi-markets;the upper and lower models represent the intra-provincial market and inter-provincial market models,respectively.To efficiently solve the model,it is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming model using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker condition and Lagrangian duality theory.The economy and flexibility of the model are verified using a provincial power grid as an example.展开更多
A novel renewable energy intermittency model and a new midterm dynamic simulation tool in power systems are developed for examining dynamic behavior along the load curve for different combinations of the system operat...A novel renewable energy intermittency model and a new midterm dynamic simulation tool in power systems are developed for examining dynamic behavior along the load curve for different combinations of the system operation reserves and renewable portfolio standard(RPS)rates.The system’s import limits are considered.It is concluded that ignoring intermittency and governor effects is an inadequate method to assess intermittency impact.The intermittency midterm dynamic impact must be studied.For the studied system,the instability is expected to be about 25%RPS with current reserves.Besides,the most vulnerable peak hour to instability is the afternoon peak hour when solar begins to drop off.This article stimulates further dynamic intermittency studies on the issues caused by renewable intermittency.The studies on the issues caused by renewable intermittency have not been revealed because of inadequate/incomprehensive study methodologies so that effective,mitigative solutions can be developed to guarantee the reliability of power grid when incorporating higher RPS if high operation reserves are impractical.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Project of Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(Grant No.2020BGL011).
文摘The randomness and uncertainty of renewable energy generation are expected to significantly change the optimal decision-making of trans-provincial electricity market subjects.Therefore,it is beneficial to optimize the interests of each of these subjects,considering the unpredictable risks of renewable energy under the renewable portfolio standards(RPS)and researching their effects on the optimal decision-making of transprovincial electricity market multi-subjects.First,we develop a trans-provincial trading market mechanism for renewable energy and clarify the electricity supply and demand relation and the green certificates supply and demand relation of trans-provincial electricitymarketmulti-subjects.Then,under the RPS,we construct a multi-subject game model of the power supply chain that recognizes the risks,and adopt the reverse induction method to discuss the optimum risk-taking judgment of each subject in the trans-provincial electricity market.Finally,we useMATLAB to verify the viability and efficacy of the proposed gamemodel,and obtain a certain reference value for the optimal decision-making of trans-provincial electricity market subjects.In summary,we consider the uncertainty risks of renewable energy under RPS,study the effects of the green certificate price and risk aversion coefficient in the RPS mechanism on the optimal decisionmaking of trans-provincial electricity market subjects,and obtain the changing trends of two different power products and those of different electricity market subjects under the influence of the green certificate price and risk aversion coefficient,which have a certain reference value for studying the factors affecting the optimal decision-making of trans-provincial electricity market subjects.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71704178)Beijing Excellent Talent Program(No.2017000020124G133)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2021YQNY07 and 2021YQNY01).
文摘China has implemented both quantitative and policy incentives for renewable energy development since 2019 and is currently in the policy transition stage.The implementation of renewable portfolio standards(RPSs)is difficult due to the interests of multiple stakeholders,including power generation enterprises,power grid companies,power users,local governments,and the central government.Based on China’s RPS policy and power system reform documents,this research sorted out the core game decision problems of China’s renewable energy industry and established a conceptual game decision model of the renewable energy industry from the perspective of local governments,power generation enterprises and power grid companies.The results reveal that for local governments,the probability of meeting the earnings quota or punishments for not reaching quota completion are the major determinants for active participation in quota supervision.For power grid firms,the willingness to accept renewable electricity quotas depends on the additional cost of receiving renewable electricity and governmental incentives.It is reasonable,from the theoretical perspective,to implement the RPS policy on the power generation side.Electricity reform will help clarify the electricity price system and increase the transparency of the quota implementation process.Policy implications are suggested to achieve sustainable development of the renewable energy industry from price incentives and quantity delivery.
基金supported by Project of Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(Grant No.2020BGL011).
文摘Under the background of implementing renewable portfolio standards and the ever-improving tradable green certificate scheme,the increasingly environmentally-friendly preference of power users is leading to changes in electricity demand,which,in turn,is driving changes in the decision-making behaviors of various actors in the power supply chain.Based on this,with the goal of pursuing maximum profit,consumer-power-demand functions have been introduced with some consideration of the factors of consumer preference to establish an optimal profit model for each trading subject in non-cooperative states of the power supply chain,under the constraints of meeting renewable energy portfolio standards.Here,the optimal strategy of each trading subject is presented by adopting the reverse induction method.Furthermore,examples are used to analyze factors such as the influence of environmental protection preferences,quota ratios,price substitutions,and market demand as well as the optimal profit of each trading subject in view of providing a reference for the decision-making in the power supply chain trading subjects.
基金This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public,commercial or not-for-profit sectors。
文摘Renewable portfolio standards(RPS)are important guarantees to promote renewable energy(RE)consumption.The tradable green certificate(TGC)trading mechanism is a supporting mechanism of RPS,but the rate of TGC trading is low and there is a double-metering problem of RE consumption.With the introduction of new policies in China,we innovatively take the electricity-selling side as the subject of RE consumption responsibility and biomass-based electricity-generation(BEG)projects are considered to participate in TGC trading.To explore the interaction between the TGC market and the electricity market,this paper sets up a day-ahead spot market-trading structure combining both markets under RPS and establishes a market equilibrium model.The established model is solved and validated based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the profits of each market player under different influencing factors are analysed.The main conclusions are as follows.(i)The established market structure and model effectively solve the double-metering problem of RE consumption,making the TGC turnover rate reach 82.97%,greatly improving the market efficiency.(ii)Increased demand for TGC will increase demand for RE electricity.The participation of BEG projects in the TGC market can effectively improve the profit of biomass-based electricity producers(BEPs),reduce the burden of government financial subsidies and will not affect the consumption of wind-based electricity and photovoltaic-based electricity.This will help promote the rapid development of China’s RE,especially the BEG industry.(iii)Among the influencing factors,the increase in renewable-energy consumption responsibility weight and the decrease in electricity-generation cost can increase the profit of BEPs.The decline in TGC price and subsidy price will reduce the profit of BEPs.Finally,we put forward policy recommendations for China’s RPS and TGC trading mechanism.This study can provide a reference for the construction of China’s TGC market and electricity market and the development of RE.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0702200)Science and Technology Project of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Corporation(52062518000Q)。
文摘The renewable portfolio standard has been promoted in parallel with the reform of the electricity market,and the flexibility requirement of the power system has rapidly increased.To promote renewable energy consumption and improve power system flexibility,a bi-level optimal operation model of the electricity market is proposed.A probabilistic model of the flexibility requirement is established,considering the correlation between wind power,photovoltaic power,and load.A bi-level optimization model is established for the multi-markets;the upper and lower models represent the intra-provincial market and inter-provincial market models,respectively.To efficiently solve the model,it is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming model using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker condition and Lagrangian duality theory.The economy and flexibility of the model are verified using a provincial power grid as an example.
文摘A novel renewable energy intermittency model and a new midterm dynamic simulation tool in power systems are developed for examining dynamic behavior along the load curve for different combinations of the system operation reserves and renewable portfolio standard(RPS)rates.The system’s import limits are considered.It is concluded that ignoring intermittency and governor effects is an inadequate method to assess intermittency impact.The intermittency midterm dynamic impact must be studied.For the studied system,the instability is expected to be about 25%RPS with current reserves.Besides,the most vulnerable peak hour to instability is the afternoon peak hour when solar begins to drop off.This article stimulates further dynamic intermittency studies on the issues caused by renewable intermittency.The studies on the issues caused by renewable intermittency have not been revealed because of inadequate/incomprehensive study methodologies so that effective,mitigative solutions can be developed to guarantee the reliability of power grid when incorporating higher RPS if high operation reserves are impractical.
