BACKGROUND In recent years,the association between oral health and the risk of gastric cancer(GC)has gradually attracted increased interest.However,in terms of GC incidence,the association between oral health and GC i...BACKGROUND In recent years,the association between oral health and the risk of gastric cancer(GC)has gradually attracted increased interest.However,in terms of GC incidence,the association between oral health and GC incidence remains contro-versial.Periodontitis is reported to increase the risk of GC.However,some studies have shown that periodontitis has no effect on the risk of GC.Therefore,the present study aimed to assess whether there is a relationship between oral health and the risk of GC.AIM To assess whether there was a relationship between oral health and the risk of GC.METHODS Five databases were searched to find eligible studies from inception to April 10,2023.Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score was used to assess the quality of included studies.The quality of cohort studies and case-control studies were evaluated separately in this study.Incidence of GC were described by odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(CI).Funnel plot was used to represent the publication bias of included studies.We performed the data analysis by StataSE 16.RESULTS A total of 1431677 patients from twelve included studies were enrolled for data analysis in this study.According to our analysis,we found that the poor oral health was associated with higher risk of GC(OR=1.15,95%CI:1.02-1.29;I2=59.47%,P=0.00<0.01).Moreover,after subgroup analysis,the outcomes showed that whether tooth loss(OR=1.12,95%CI:0.94-1.29;I2=6.01%,P>0.01),gingivitis(OR=1.19,95%CI:0.71-1.67;I2=0.00%,P>0.01),dentures(OR=1.27,95%CI:0.63-1.19;I2=68.79%,P>0.01),or tooth brushing(OR=1.25,95%CI:0.78-1.71;I2=88.87%,P>0.01)had no influence on the risk of GC.However,patients with periodontitis(OR=1.13,95%CI:1.04-1.23;I2=0.00%,P<0.01)had a higher risk of GC.CONCLUSION Patients with poor oral health,especially periodontitis,had a higher risk of GC.Patients should be concerned about their oral health.Improving oral health might reduce the risk of GC.展开更多
The loss of life risk evaluation model for dam break is built in this paper.By using an improved Monte Carlo method,the overtopping probability induced by concurrent flood and wind is calculated,and the Latin Hypercub...The loss of life risk evaluation model for dam break is built in this paper.By using an improved Monte Carlo method,the overtopping probability induced by concurrent flood and wind is calculated,and the Latin Hypercube Sampling is used to generate random numbers.The Graham method is used to calculate the loss of life resulting from dam failure.With Dongwushi reservoir located at Hebei Province taken as an example,the overtopping probability induced by concurrent flood and wind is calculated as 4.77×10-6.Loss of life is 24 220 when the warning time is 0.25-1 h and flood severity understanding is vague,which indicates that the risk is intolerable.The losses of life under three other conditions are tolerable:warning time 0.25-1 h,and precise flood severity understanding;warning time more than 1 h,and vague flood severity understanding;warning time more than 1 h,and precise flood severity understanding.展开更多
This paper proposes a risk analysis framework for substation structures based on reliability methods.Even though several risk assessment approaches have been developed for buildings,detailed risk analysis procedures f...This paper proposes a risk analysis framework for substation structures based on reliability methods.Even though several risk assessment approaches have been developed for buildings,detailed risk analysis procedures for infrastructure components have been lacking in prior studies.The proposed framework is showcased by its application to a system of interconnected structures at a power substation in Tehran.Finite element models of structures are developed and validated in accordance with previous experiments.The uncertainties in the material,mass,and geometric properties of structures are described by random variables that are input to the finite element model.An artificial ground motion model is employed to comprehensively consider uncertainty in ground motion.Monte Carlo sampling is subsequently conducted on the library of probabilistic models.The analysis resulted in the loss distribution in the life cycle of structures.Additionally,the loss associated with six earthquake scenarios having specific magnitudes and return periods is computed.The application provides insight into the most vulnerable equipment in the considered system.Furthermore,introduced risk measures can guide stakeholders to make risk-based decisions to optimize design or prioritize a retrofit of infrastructure components under conditions of uncertainty.展开更多
Check dams have been widely used in China’s Loess Plateau region due to their effectiveness in erosion and flood control.However,the safety and stability of the check dam decrease with the operation process,which inc...Check dams have been widely used in China’s Loess Plateau region due to their effectiveness in erosion and flood control.However,the safety and stability of the check dam decrease with the operation process,which increases the probability of dam failure during flood events and threatens local residents’ life and property.Thus,this study simulated flood process of the check dam failure in the Wangmaogou watershed in Yulin City,Shaanxi Province,China,calculated different types of inundation losses based on the flood inundation area within the watershed,and determined the number of key flood protection check dams by classifying the flood risk levels of the check dams.The results showed that 5 dams in the watershed were subject to overtopping during different rainfall return periods,which was related to their flood discharge capacity.Dam failure flood process showed a rapid growth trend followed by slow decrease,and the time of flood peak advanced with increase in the return period.After harmonization of evaluation scales,the magnitude of flood inundation losses can be ranked as:economic losses(212.409 million yuan) > life losses(10.368 million yuan) > ecological losses(6.433 million yuan).The risk value for both individual dams and the whole dam system decreases as the return period increases.The number of key flood protection check dams in the Wangmaogou watershed was 2,3,3,3,4,and 5 for floods with return periods of 10,20,30,50,100,and 200 years,respectively.The results provided a theoretical basis for the safe operation and risk evaluation of check dams in the Loess Plateau Hills watershed.展开更多
BACKGROUND Low anterior resection syndrome(LARS)is a common complication of anuspreserving surgery in patients with colorectal cancer,which significantly affects patients'quality of life.AIM To determine the relat...BACKGROUND Low anterior resection syndrome(LARS)is a common complication of anuspreserving surgery in patients with colorectal cancer,which significantly affects patients'quality of life.AIM To determine the relationship between the incidence of LARS and patient quality of life after colorectal cancer surgery and to establish a LARS prediction model to allow perioperative precision nursing.METHODS We reviewed the data from patients who underwent elective radical resection for colorectal cancer at our institution from April 2013 to June 2020 and completed the LARS score questionnaire and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life and Colorectal Cancer Module questionnaires.According to the LARS score results,the patients were divided into no LARS,mild LARS,and severe LARS groups.The incidence of LARS and the effects of this condition on patient quality of life were determined.Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors for the occurrence of LARS.Based on these factors,we established a risk prediction model for LARS and evaluated its performance.RESULTS Among the 223 patients included,51 did not develop LARS and 171 had mild or severe LARS.The following quality of life indicators showed significant differences between patients without LARS and those with mild or severe LARS:Physical,role,emotional,and cognitive function,total health status,fatigue,pain,shortness of breath,insomnia,constipation,and diarrhea.Tumor size,partial/total mesorectal excision,colostomy,preoperative radiotherapy,and neoadjuvant chemotherapy were identified to be independent risk factors for LARS.A LARS prediction model was successfully established,which demonstrated an accuracy of 0.808 for predicting the occurrence of LARS.CONCLUSION The quality of life of patients with LARS after colorectal cancer surgery is significantly reduced.展开更多
We consider the hearing loss injury among subjects in a crowd with a wide spectrum of individual intrinsic injury probabilities due to biovariability. For multiple acoustic impulses, the observed injury risk of a crow...We consider the hearing loss injury among subjects in a crowd with a wide spectrum of individual intrinsic injury probabilities due to biovariability. For multiple acoustic impulses, the observed injury risk of a crowd vs the effective combined dose follows the logistic dose-response relation. The injury risk of a crowd is the average fraction of injured. The injury risk was measured in experiments as follows: each subject is individually exposed to a sequence of acoustic impulses of a given intensity and the injury is recorded;results of multiple individual subjects were assembled into data sets to mimic the response of a crowd. The effective combined dose was adjusted by varying the number of impulses in the sequence. The most prominent feature observed in experiments is that the injury risk of the crowd caused by multiple impulses is significantly less than the value predicted based on assumption that all impulses act independently in causing injury and all subjects in the crowd are statistically identical. Previously, in the case where all subjects are statistically identical (i.e., no biovariability), we interpreted the observed injury risk caused by multiple impulses in terms of the immunity effects of preceding impulses on subsequent impulses. In this study, we focus on the case where all sound exposure events act independently in causing injury regardless of whether one is preceded by another (i.e., no immunity effect). Instead, we explore the possibility of interpreting the observed logistic dose-response relation in the framework of biovariability of the crowd. Here biovariability means that subjects in the crowd have their own individual injury probabilities. That is, some subjects are biologically less or more susceptible to hearing loss injury than others. We derive analytically the distribution of individual injury probability that produces the observed logistic dose-response relation. For several parameter values, we prove that the derived distribution is mathematically a proper density function. We further study the asymptotic approximations for the density function and discuss their significance in practical numerical computation with finite precision arithmetic. Our mathematical analysis implies that the observed logistic dose-response relation can be theoretically explained in the framework of biovariability in the absence of immunity effect.展开更多
Compared with urban floods, dam-break floods are associated with greater uncertainties, including variable dam-break modes and hydrological characteristics, so conventional flood estimation methods cannot be directly ...Compared with urban floods, dam-break floods are associated with greater uncertainties, including variable dam-break modes and hydrological characteristics, so conventional flood estimation methods cannot be directly applied in the estimation of dam-break flood loss. In particular, there is scant information regarding the conditions of affected area and hydrological characteristics in southwest China. In this paper, we introduce an integrated model for estimating flood loss that is adapted to the mountainous regions of southwestern China in light of the relative lack of available information. This model has three major components: a basic information model, a dam-routed flood propagation simulation model, and a loss estimation model. We established the basic information model despite the relative lack of available information using 3S technology [remote sensing(RS); geographical information system(GIS); global positioning system(GPS)], data mining technology, and statistical analysis techniques. Our dam-routed flood propagation simulation model consists of major hydrologic processes and their governing equations for flow propagation, which we solve using finite-difference schemes. In this model, the flood propagation area is divided into grids and each grid is determined by the characteristic parameters obtained from the propagationsimulation. We present a case study of the Lianghekou hydropower station in Sichuan Province, China to illustrate the practical application of this integrated model for life loss estimation.展开更多
The ageing population is more predisposed to chronic diseases and functional disabilities with an increased level of dependence. The delivery of adequate health care services to the ageing population requires enquires...The ageing population is more predisposed to chronic diseases and functional disabilities with an increased level of dependence. The delivery of adequate health care services to the ageing population requires enquires into their quality of life. This cross-sectional study therefore investigated the relationship between some selected risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the quality of life of aging adults. Using a convenient sampling technique, one hundred and forty six (146) adults of ages 50 years and above from varying locations within the Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria were recruited. The parameters obtained were participants’ blood pressure, height, body weight, waist circumference and blood sugar level. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the WHO-QOL BREF and physical activity level was assessed with the IPAQ. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage while the statistical measures of relationship (Pearson’s moment correlation and spearman rho correlation) were used to calculate the relationship between obtained data. The result revealed a positive relationship between waist circumference (obesity indicator) and the environment domain of quality of life measure (r = 0.227, p = 0.006). Surprisingly, no relationship was found between obesity indicators (waist circumference and BMI) and physical/psychological health status. The result also found a positive relationship between physical activity levels and quality of life;a weak negative relationship between casual blood sugar levels and the social relationship domains of quality of life and a weak negative relationship was also observed between age and physical activity and psychological health. Therefore, reduced physical activity level influences a poor quality of life. We recommend physical activity participation among the older population, as well as detailed similar studies for higher degree of certainty.展开更多
The objective of the present study is to propose a risk evaluation statistical model for a given vulnerability by examining the Vulnerability Life Cycle and the CVSS score. Having a better understanding of the behavio...The objective of the present study is to propose a risk evaluation statistical model for a given vulnerability by examining the Vulnerability Life Cycle and the CVSS score. Having a better understanding of the behavior of vulnerability with respect to time will give us a great advantage. Such understanding will help us to avoid exploitations and introduce patches for a particular vulnerability before the attacker takes the advantage. Utilizing the proposed model one can identify the risk factor of a specific vulnerability being exploited as a function of time. Measuring of the risk factor of a given vulnerability will also help to improve the security level of software and to make appropriate decisions to patch the vulnerability before an exploitation takes place.展开更多
Landslide risk analysis is one of the primary studies providing essential instructions to the subsequent risk management process. The quantification of tangible and intangible potential losses is a critical step becau...Landslide risk analysis is one of the primary studies providing essential instructions to the subsequent risk management process. The quantification of tangible and intangible potential losses is a critical step because it provides essential data upon which judgments can be made and policy can be formulated. This study aims at quantifying direct economic losses from debris flows at a medium scale in the study area in Italian Central Alps. Available hazard maps were the main inputs of this study. These maps were overlaid with information concerning elements at risk and their economic value. Then, a combination of both market and construction values was used to obtain estimates of future economic losses. As a result, two direct economic risk maps were prepared together with risk curves, useful to summarize expected monetary damage against the respective hazard probability. Afterwards, a qualitative risk map derived using a risk matrix officially provided by the set of laws issued by the regional government, was prepared. The results delimit areas of high economic as well as strategic importance which might be affected by debris flows in the future. Aside from limitations and inaccuracies inherently included in risk analysis process, identification of high risk areas allows local authorities to focus their attention on the "hot-spots", where important consequences may arise and local(large) scale analysis needs to be performed with more precise cost-effectiveness ratio. The risk maps can be also used by the local authorities to increase population's adaptive capacity in the disaster prevention process.展开更多
In this paper</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> we present a thorough review of one of the most</span><span style...In this paper</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> we present a thorough review of one of the most</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> life-threatening autoimmune diseases, Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). Symptoms, risk factors, including genetic and epidemiological factors are discussed. Treatment, life expectancies, and Health Related Quality of Life of patients with SLE will be discussed as well. Special attention will be given to Lupus Nephritis.展开更多
AIM To determine the predictive factors and impact of body weight loss on postgastrectomy quality of life(QOL). METHODS We applied the newly developed integrated questionnaire postgastrectomy syndrome assessment scale...AIM To determine the predictive factors and impact of body weight loss on postgastrectomy quality of life(QOL). METHODS We applied the newly developed integrated questionnaire postgastrectomy syndrome assessment scale-45, which consists of 45 items including those from the Short Form-8 and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale instruments, in addition to 22 newly selected items. Between July 2009 and December 2010, completed questionnaires were received from 2520 patients with curative resection at 1 year or more after having undergone one of six types of gastrectomy for Stage Ⅰ gastric cancer at one of 52 participating institutions. Of those, we analyzed 1777 eligible questionnaires from patients who underwent total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y procedure(TGRY) or distal gastrectomy with Billroth-I(DGBI) or Roux-en-Y(DGRY) procedures. RESULTS A total of 393, 475 and 909 patients underwent TGRY, DGRY, and DGBI, respectively. The mean age of patients was 62.1 ± 9.2 years. The mean time interval between surgery and retrieval of the questionnaires was 37.0 ± 26.8 mo. On multiple regression analysis, higher preoperative body mass index, total gastrectomy, and female sex, in that order, were independent predictors of greater body weight loss after gastrectomy. There was a significant difference in the degree of weight loss(P < 0.001) among groups stratified according to preoperative body mass index(< 18.5, 18.5-25 and > 25 kg/m2). Multiple linear regression analysis identified lower postoperative body mass index, rather than greater body weight loss postoperatively, as a certain factor for worse QOL(P < 0.0001) after gastrectomy, but the influence of both such factors on QOL was relatively small(R2, 0.028-0.080).CONCLUSION While it is certainly important to maintain adequate body weight after gastrectomy, the impact of body weight loss on QOL is unexpectedly small.展开更多
Background: Street children concern to millions of deprived boys and girls who have adopted the street as their residence. They grow up where tranquility and physical and emotional stability are frequently threatened....Background: Street children concern to millions of deprived boys and girls who have adopted the street as their residence. They grow up where tranquility and physical and emotional stability are frequently threatened. The purpose is to have an empathetic look into the lives of street children for identifying their health-related needs. Method: A cross sectional descriptive type of study was conducted among 125 street children between the ages 8 to 14 years who were available at different intercept points of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. The information was collected through face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. An attempt was made to relate their lifestyle, risk behavior and health impact upon the socio demographic characteristics. Result: According to the statement of street children, poverty (41%) is the main reason behind enforcing the children to stay and work on the street. They pass their leisure by playing games, roaming around by watching video/cinema but on the other side of the coin, they are frequently abused (80.8%) either physically or sexually. Regarding health, about 87.2% of street children were suffering from different type of diseases as accidental injury, skin infection, hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases and warm infestation. Conclusion: A careful examination of the lives of these children will provide a clearer understanding of their disadvantageous life. A better diagnosis of the contributing factors will help to minimize the extent of the problems and also to develop innovative approaches and ensure a healthy lifestyle, protection and rehabilitation for those children.展开更多
Statistical manipulation of material data was conducted for probabilistic life assessment or risk-based design and maintenance for high temperature components of power plants. To obtain the statistical distribution of...Statistical manipulation of material data was conducted for probabilistic life assessment or risk-based design and maintenance for high temperature components of power plants. To obtain the statistical distribution of material properties, dominant parameters affecting material properties are introduced into normalization of statistical variables. Those parameters are hardness, chemical composition, characteristic microstructural features and so on. Creep and fatigue properties are expressed by normalized parameters and the unified statistical distributions are obtained. These probability distribution functions show good coincidence statistically with the field database of steam turbine components. It was concluded that the unified statistical baseline approach is useful for the risk management of components in power plants.展开更多
AIM: To quantitatively evaluate the impact of smoking on tooth loss.METHODS: We performed a Pub Med search to identify published articles that investigated the risk of tooth loss by smoking, from which RRs and their v...AIM: To quantitatively evaluate the impact of smoking on tooth loss.METHODS: We performed a Pub Med search to identify published articles that investigated the risk of tooth loss by smoking, from which RRs and their variance with characteristics of each study were extracted. The random-effects models were used to derive a pooled effect across studies. Potential sources of heterogeneity on the characteristics of the study and their influence on the pooled effect size were investigated using metaregression models. RESULTS: We identified 24 studies containing a total of 95973 participants for analysis. The pooled RR of ever-smokers compared with never- smokers was 1.73(95%CI: 1.60-1.86, P < 0.001). In meta-regression analysis, only the mean age of participants alone was identified as a statistically significant source of heterogeneity. The effect of smoking on tooth loss was stronger when the mean age of study participants was higher, indicating possible enhancement of tooth loss due to aging by smoking. RR was significantly lower in former smokers(1.49, 95%CI: 1.32-1.69, P < 0.001) than in current smokers(2.10, 95%CI: 1.87-2.35, P < 0.001), indicating the substantial benefit of smoking cessation for reducing the risk of tooth loss.CONCLUSION: Smoking is an independent risk factor for tooth loss regardless of many other confounders. Smoking cessation may attenuate this effect.展开更多
Eco-migrants'ability to adapt to livelihood risks and their satisfaction with lives directly affect the ecological and economic benefits of ecological migration engineering.To formulate an effective livelihood ris...Eco-migrants'ability to adapt to livelihood risks and their satisfaction with lives directly affect the ecological and economic benefits of ecological migration engineering.To formulate an effective livelihood risk prevention system and welfare guarantee mechanism,we took the ecomigrants in Wuwei City as an example,developed an integrated analytical framework for life satisfaction and employed linear regression models to identify the interactions between livelihood risk and life satisfaction.Our findings indicate that 94.66%of eco-migrants in Wuwei City are threatened by livelihood risks after relocation.High living expenses,poor quality of redistributed production goods,and re-poverty constitute the main risks.The risk multiplicity index is 2.96.Besides cultural types,there are no significant differences in regions and livelihoods.A total of 55.73%of eco-migrants are satisfied with their lives,with the Liangzhou district scoring the highest.Except for satisfaction with development potential and public services,no significant intergroup differences were found among regions and livelihood patterns.Eco-migrant's life satisfaction is significantly affected by livelihood risks.Eco-migrants'satisfaction with living income,social integration,farmer-friendly policies and overall life is negatively affected by the risk of repoverty and inadequate social security.An ecomigrant's satisfaction with development potential and community construction is not influenced by one type of risk alone,but the interaction between risks has a strong influence.The interaction of welfare risks with economic risks and policy risks will balance and weaken the adverse effects of a single risk on those elements in the economic and policy spheres.This study offers novel ideas for rural revitalization,hollow governance,and well-being assurance.展开更多
Aim: Gastric diseases are a recent trend in morbidity in México. We aimed to identify most frequent life habits factors as risk for gastritis and colitis occurrence, in a Mexican mestizo population in Chabeklumil...Aim: Gastric diseases are a recent trend in morbidity in México. We aimed to identify most frequent life habits factors as risk for gastritis and colitis occurrence, in a Mexican mestizo population in Chabeklumil, Chiapas. Population: This study was observational, descriptive, transversal and prospective;346 questionnaires were applied to individuals of both genders from 11 years of age, with low income and socio-economic status, after they signed the informed consent. An individual file was created by the nurses in Chabeklumil. The predominant gender in the population was female (56.1%), with a distribution of 166 among adulthood (19 - 59 years of age);among males (43.9%), 133 included adults. Results: We identified the following environmental risk factors to develop gastritis and colitis: long periods of daily fasting > consumption of irritant food and drink > stress, in females;in contrast, males reported alcohol and tobacco consumption > irritant food and drink > long periods of daily fasting > stress. We found statistical differences (P < 0.05) in risk factors between females and males, in drugs and alcohol consumption, fasting, and stress, but not in consumption of irritant foods, nor in colitis and gastritis prevalence. Conclusions: Females are most affected by life habits risk factors for gastritis/colitis, which occurs mainly due to lifestyle and “macho” culture, since women are precluded of a better living standard, they work hard in the field, and start early in the day without consuming a meal, which they eat late in the day once arriving home. People in Chabeklumil eat/drink a lot of irritant food like hot pepper and coffee, which damage the gastrointestinal system leading to gastritis and colitis. Furthermore, men started to consume drugs at early ages, a condition also involved in developing gastritis.展开更多
A flash bang is a non-lethal explosive device that delivers intensely loud bangs and bright lights to suppress potentially dangerous targets. It is usually used in crowd control, hostage rescue and numerous other miss...A flash bang is a non-lethal explosive device that delivers intensely loud bangs and bright lights to suppress potentially dangerous targets. It is usually used in crowd control, hostage rescue and numerous other missions. We construct a model for assessing quantitatively the risk of hearing loss injury caused by multiple flash bangs. The model provides a computational framework for incorporating the effects of the key factors defining the situation and for testing various sub-models for these factors. The proposed model includes 1) uncertainty in the burst point of flash bang mortar, 2) randomness in the dispersion of multiple submunitions after the flash bang mortar burst, 3) decay of acoustic impulse from a single submunition to an individual subject along the ground surface, 4) the effective combined sound exposure level on an individual subject caused by multiple submunitions at various distances from the subject, and 5) randomness in the spatial distribution of subjects in the crowd. With the mathematical model formulated, we seek to characterize the overall effect of flash bang mortar in the form of an effective injury area. We carry out simulations to study the effects of uncertainty and randomness on the risk of hearing loss injury of the crowd. The proposed framework serves as a starting point for a comprehensive assessment of hearing loss injury risk, taking into consideration all realistic and relevant features of flash bang mortar. It also provides a platform for testing and updating component models.展开更多
Adolescence represents specific period of life and development,when young person is going through physical,emotional and mental changes,risking poor general and oral health outcome that might affect quality of life.Ne...Adolescence represents specific period of life and development,when young person is going through physical,emotional and mental changes,risking poor general and oral health outcome that might affect quality of life.Negative effects of poor oral health are various:difficulties with speaking and eating,pain and malfunction.This might cause emotional and mental problems,leading to avoidance of speaking,smiling and socializing with friends.Cross-sectional study included 234 participants(15-16 years old).The research instruments used in the study were questionnaire and clinical examination.Questionnaire referred to socio-demographic characteristics of participants,their oral and general health related habits,self-evaluation of confidence and successfulness and effect of oral impacts on daily performances.Clinical examination was used to determine dental status in terms of tooth loss,need for prosthodontic rehabilitation and presence of dental malocclusion.Results:24.6%(58)of adolescents had at least one tooth missing.Significant difference between the genders was obtained,as 32.5%girls had at least one tooth extracted compared to 8.1%of boys.Normative need for prosthodontic rehabilitation was present in 22.0%of subjects.Dental problems negatively affected their sleep and emotions(14.4%and 10.2%few times in period of one month).Data analyses pointed one correlation between extracted teeth and psychosocial aspect of participants'life(difficulties and embarrassment when smiling,talking and spending time with friends,emotional problems).Unmet normative need for prosthodonic or orthodontic treatment affected participants'ability to sleep and relax.Percentage of adolescents with extracted teeth was high,as well as normative treatment need for prosthodontic rehabilitation.Poor dental status affected quality of life of adolescents,especially emotional and mental well-being.Dental service should provide sufficient information to adolescents about prevention of tooth loss and consequences of teeth extraction,not only within masticatory function but also concerning oral health related quality of life.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND In recent years,the association between oral health and the risk of gastric cancer(GC)has gradually attracted increased interest.However,in terms of GC incidence,the association between oral health and GC incidence remains contro-versial.Periodontitis is reported to increase the risk of GC.However,some studies have shown that periodontitis has no effect on the risk of GC.Therefore,the present study aimed to assess whether there is a relationship between oral health and the risk of GC.AIM To assess whether there was a relationship between oral health and the risk of GC.METHODS Five databases were searched to find eligible studies from inception to April 10,2023.Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score was used to assess the quality of included studies.The quality of cohort studies and case-control studies were evaluated separately in this study.Incidence of GC were described by odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(CI).Funnel plot was used to represent the publication bias of included studies.We performed the data analysis by StataSE 16.RESULTS A total of 1431677 patients from twelve included studies were enrolled for data analysis in this study.According to our analysis,we found that the poor oral health was associated with higher risk of GC(OR=1.15,95%CI:1.02-1.29;I2=59.47%,P=0.00<0.01).Moreover,after subgroup analysis,the outcomes showed that whether tooth loss(OR=1.12,95%CI:0.94-1.29;I2=6.01%,P>0.01),gingivitis(OR=1.19,95%CI:0.71-1.67;I2=0.00%,P>0.01),dentures(OR=1.27,95%CI:0.63-1.19;I2=68.79%,P>0.01),or tooth brushing(OR=1.25,95%CI:0.78-1.71;I2=88.87%,P>0.01)had no influence on the risk of GC.However,patients with periodontitis(OR=1.13,95%CI:1.04-1.23;I2=0.00%,P<0.01)had a higher risk of GC.CONCLUSION Patients with poor oral health,especially periodontitis,had a higher risk of GC.Patients should be concerned about their oral health.Improving oral health might reduce the risk of GC.
基金Supported by Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(No.08JCZDJC25400,No.09JCYBJC08700)Major State Basic Research Development Program of China ("973" Program,No.2007CB714101)
文摘The loss of life risk evaluation model for dam break is built in this paper.By using an improved Monte Carlo method,the overtopping probability induced by concurrent flood and wind is calculated,and the Latin Hypercube Sampling is used to generate random numbers.The Graham method is used to calculate the loss of life resulting from dam failure.With Dongwushi reservoir located at Hebei Province taken as an example,the overtopping probability induced by concurrent flood and wind is calculated as 4.77×10-6.Loss of life is 24 220 when the warning time is 0.25-1 h and flood severity understanding is vague,which indicates that the risk is intolerable.The losses of life under three other conditions are tolerable:warning time 0.25-1 h,and precise flood severity understanding;warning time more than 1 h,and vague flood severity understanding;warning time more than 1 h,and precise flood severity understanding.
文摘This paper proposes a risk analysis framework for substation structures based on reliability methods.Even though several risk assessment approaches have been developed for buildings,detailed risk analysis procedures for infrastructure components have been lacking in prior studies.The proposed framework is showcased by its application to a system of interconnected structures at a power substation in Tehran.Finite element models of structures are developed and validated in accordance with previous experiments.The uncertainties in the material,mass,and geometric properties of structures are described by random variables that are input to the finite element model.An artificial ground motion model is employed to comprehensively consider uncertainty in ground motion.Monte Carlo sampling is subsequently conducted on the library of probabilistic models.The analysis resulted in the loss distribution in the life cycle of structures.Additionally,the loss associated with six earthquake scenarios having specific magnitudes and return periods is computed.The application provides insight into the most vulnerable equipment in the considered system.Furthermore,introduced risk measures can guide stakeholders to make risk-based decisions to optimize design or prioritize a retrofit of infrastructure components under conditions of uncertainty.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 42077073, 42373063, 42307447)Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2022KJXX-62)。
文摘Check dams have been widely used in China’s Loess Plateau region due to their effectiveness in erosion and flood control.However,the safety and stability of the check dam decrease with the operation process,which increases the probability of dam failure during flood events and threatens local residents’ life and property.Thus,this study simulated flood process of the check dam failure in the Wangmaogou watershed in Yulin City,Shaanxi Province,China,calculated different types of inundation losses based on the flood inundation area within the watershed,and determined the number of key flood protection check dams by classifying the flood risk levels of the check dams.The results showed that 5 dams in the watershed were subject to overtopping during different rainfall return periods,which was related to their flood discharge capacity.Dam failure flood process showed a rapid growth trend followed by slow decrease,and the time of flood peak advanced with increase in the return period.After harmonization of evaluation scales,the magnitude of flood inundation losses can be ranked as:economic losses(212.409 million yuan) > life losses(10.368 million yuan) > ecological losses(6.433 million yuan).The risk value for both individual dams and the whole dam system decreases as the return period increases.The number of key flood protection check dams in the Wangmaogou watershed was 2,3,3,3,4,and 5 for floods with return periods of 10,20,30,50,100,and 200 years,respectively.The results provided a theoretical basis for the safe operation and risk evaluation of check dams in the Loess Plateau Hills watershed.
基金the Zhejiang Provincial Education Department Project,No.Y202249777 and No.Y201941473.
文摘BACKGROUND Low anterior resection syndrome(LARS)is a common complication of anuspreserving surgery in patients with colorectal cancer,which significantly affects patients'quality of life.AIM To determine the relationship between the incidence of LARS and patient quality of life after colorectal cancer surgery and to establish a LARS prediction model to allow perioperative precision nursing.METHODS We reviewed the data from patients who underwent elective radical resection for colorectal cancer at our institution from April 2013 to June 2020 and completed the LARS score questionnaire and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life and Colorectal Cancer Module questionnaires.According to the LARS score results,the patients were divided into no LARS,mild LARS,and severe LARS groups.The incidence of LARS and the effects of this condition on patient quality of life were determined.Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors for the occurrence of LARS.Based on these factors,we established a risk prediction model for LARS and evaluated its performance.RESULTS Among the 223 patients included,51 did not develop LARS and 171 had mild or severe LARS.The following quality of life indicators showed significant differences between patients without LARS and those with mild or severe LARS:Physical,role,emotional,and cognitive function,total health status,fatigue,pain,shortness of breath,insomnia,constipation,and diarrhea.Tumor size,partial/total mesorectal excision,colostomy,preoperative radiotherapy,and neoadjuvant chemotherapy were identified to be independent risk factors for LARS.A LARS prediction model was successfully established,which demonstrated an accuracy of 0.808 for predicting the occurrence of LARS.CONCLUSION The quality of life of patients with LARS after colorectal cancer surgery is significantly reduced.
文摘We consider the hearing loss injury among subjects in a crowd with a wide spectrum of individual intrinsic injury probabilities due to biovariability. For multiple acoustic impulses, the observed injury risk of a crowd vs the effective combined dose follows the logistic dose-response relation. The injury risk of a crowd is the average fraction of injured. The injury risk was measured in experiments as follows: each subject is individually exposed to a sequence of acoustic impulses of a given intensity and the injury is recorded;results of multiple individual subjects were assembled into data sets to mimic the response of a crowd. The effective combined dose was adjusted by varying the number of impulses in the sequence. The most prominent feature observed in experiments is that the injury risk of the crowd caused by multiple impulses is significantly less than the value predicted based on assumption that all impulses act independently in causing injury and all subjects in the crowd are statistically identical. Previously, in the case where all subjects are statistically identical (i.e., no biovariability), we interpreted the observed injury risk caused by multiple impulses in terms of the immunity effects of preceding impulses on subsequent impulses. In this study, we focus on the case where all sound exposure events act independently in causing injury regardless of whether one is preceded by another (i.e., no immunity effect). Instead, we explore the possibility of interpreting the observed logistic dose-response relation in the framework of biovariability of the crowd. Here biovariability means that subjects in the crowd have their own individual injury probabilities. That is, some subjects are biologically less or more susceptible to hearing loss injury than others. We derive analytically the distribution of individual injury probability that produces the observed logistic dose-response relation. For several parameter values, we prove that the derived distribution is mathematically a proper density function. We further study the asymptotic approximations for the density function and discuss their significance in practical numerical computation with finite precision arithmetic. Our mathematical analysis implies that the observed logistic dose-response relation can be theoretically explained in the framework of biovariability in the absence of immunity effect.
基金supported by the Tianjin Youth Research Program of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology (No. 15JCQNJC08000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51509182)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51321065)
文摘Compared with urban floods, dam-break floods are associated with greater uncertainties, including variable dam-break modes and hydrological characteristics, so conventional flood estimation methods cannot be directly applied in the estimation of dam-break flood loss. In particular, there is scant information regarding the conditions of affected area and hydrological characteristics in southwest China. In this paper, we introduce an integrated model for estimating flood loss that is adapted to the mountainous regions of southwestern China in light of the relative lack of available information. This model has three major components: a basic information model, a dam-routed flood propagation simulation model, and a loss estimation model. We established the basic information model despite the relative lack of available information using 3S technology [remote sensing(RS); geographical information system(GIS); global positioning system(GPS)], data mining technology, and statistical analysis techniques. Our dam-routed flood propagation simulation model consists of major hydrologic processes and their governing equations for flow propagation, which we solve using finite-difference schemes. In this model, the flood propagation area is divided into grids and each grid is determined by the characteristic parameters obtained from the propagationsimulation. We present a case study of the Lianghekou hydropower station in Sichuan Province, China to illustrate the practical application of this integrated model for life loss estimation.
文摘The ageing population is more predisposed to chronic diseases and functional disabilities with an increased level of dependence. The delivery of adequate health care services to the ageing population requires enquires into their quality of life. This cross-sectional study therefore investigated the relationship between some selected risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the quality of life of aging adults. Using a convenient sampling technique, one hundred and forty six (146) adults of ages 50 years and above from varying locations within the Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria were recruited. The parameters obtained were participants’ blood pressure, height, body weight, waist circumference and blood sugar level. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the WHO-QOL BREF and physical activity level was assessed with the IPAQ. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage while the statistical measures of relationship (Pearson’s moment correlation and spearman rho correlation) were used to calculate the relationship between obtained data. The result revealed a positive relationship between waist circumference (obesity indicator) and the environment domain of quality of life measure (r = 0.227, p = 0.006). Surprisingly, no relationship was found between obesity indicators (waist circumference and BMI) and physical/psychological health status. The result also found a positive relationship between physical activity levels and quality of life;a weak negative relationship between casual blood sugar levels and the social relationship domains of quality of life and a weak negative relationship was also observed between age and physical activity and psychological health. Therefore, reduced physical activity level influences a poor quality of life. We recommend physical activity participation among the older population, as well as detailed similar studies for higher degree of certainty.
文摘The objective of the present study is to propose a risk evaluation statistical model for a given vulnerability by examining the Vulnerability Life Cycle and the CVSS score. Having a better understanding of the behavior of vulnerability with respect to time will give us a great advantage. Such understanding will help us to avoid exploitations and introduce patches for a particular vulnerability before the attacker takes the advantage. Utilizing the proposed model one can identify the risk factor of a specific vulnerability being exploited as a function of time. Measuring of the risk factor of a given vulnerability will also help to improve the security level of software and to make appropriate decisions to patch the vulnerability before an exploitation takes place.
基金supported by the Marie Curie Research and Training Network "Mountain Risks" funded by the European Commission (2007–2010, Contract MCRTN-35098).
文摘Landslide risk analysis is one of the primary studies providing essential instructions to the subsequent risk management process. The quantification of tangible and intangible potential losses is a critical step because it provides essential data upon which judgments can be made and policy can be formulated. This study aims at quantifying direct economic losses from debris flows at a medium scale in the study area in Italian Central Alps. Available hazard maps were the main inputs of this study. These maps were overlaid with information concerning elements at risk and their economic value. Then, a combination of both market and construction values was used to obtain estimates of future economic losses. As a result, two direct economic risk maps were prepared together with risk curves, useful to summarize expected monetary damage against the respective hazard probability. Afterwards, a qualitative risk map derived using a risk matrix officially provided by the set of laws issued by the regional government, was prepared. The results delimit areas of high economic as well as strategic importance which might be affected by debris flows in the future. Aside from limitations and inaccuracies inherently included in risk analysis process, identification of high risk areas allows local authorities to focus their attention on the "hot-spots", where important consequences may arise and local(large) scale analysis needs to be performed with more precise cost-effectiveness ratio. The risk maps can be also used by the local authorities to increase population's adaptive capacity in the disaster prevention process.
文摘In this paper</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> we present a thorough review of one of the most</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> life-threatening autoimmune diseases, Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). Symptoms, risk factors, including genetic and epidemiological factors are discussed. Treatment, life expectancies, and Health Related Quality of Life of patients with SLE will be discussed as well. Special attention will be given to Lupus Nephritis.
基金Supported by Jikei University School of Medicine and the Japanese Society for Gastro-surgical PathophysiologyJPGSWP and registered to UMIN-CTR#000002116 entitled
文摘AIM To determine the predictive factors and impact of body weight loss on postgastrectomy quality of life(QOL). METHODS We applied the newly developed integrated questionnaire postgastrectomy syndrome assessment scale-45, which consists of 45 items including those from the Short Form-8 and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale instruments, in addition to 22 newly selected items. Between July 2009 and December 2010, completed questionnaires were received from 2520 patients with curative resection at 1 year or more after having undergone one of six types of gastrectomy for Stage Ⅰ gastric cancer at one of 52 participating institutions. Of those, we analyzed 1777 eligible questionnaires from patients who underwent total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y procedure(TGRY) or distal gastrectomy with Billroth-I(DGBI) or Roux-en-Y(DGRY) procedures. RESULTS A total of 393, 475 and 909 patients underwent TGRY, DGRY, and DGBI, respectively. The mean age of patients was 62.1 ± 9.2 years. The mean time interval between surgery and retrieval of the questionnaires was 37.0 ± 26.8 mo. On multiple regression analysis, higher preoperative body mass index, total gastrectomy, and female sex, in that order, were independent predictors of greater body weight loss after gastrectomy. There was a significant difference in the degree of weight loss(P < 0.001) among groups stratified according to preoperative body mass index(< 18.5, 18.5-25 and > 25 kg/m2). Multiple linear regression analysis identified lower postoperative body mass index, rather than greater body weight loss postoperatively, as a certain factor for worse QOL(P < 0.0001) after gastrectomy, but the influence of both such factors on QOL was relatively small(R2, 0.028-0.080).CONCLUSION While it is certainly important to maintain adequate body weight after gastrectomy, the impact of body weight loss on QOL is unexpectedly small.
文摘Background: Street children concern to millions of deprived boys and girls who have adopted the street as their residence. They grow up where tranquility and physical and emotional stability are frequently threatened. The purpose is to have an empathetic look into the lives of street children for identifying their health-related needs. Method: A cross sectional descriptive type of study was conducted among 125 street children between the ages 8 to 14 years who were available at different intercept points of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. The information was collected through face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. An attempt was made to relate their lifestyle, risk behavior and health impact upon the socio demographic characteristics. Result: According to the statement of street children, poverty (41%) is the main reason behind enforcing the children to stay and work on the street. They pass their leisure by playing games, roaming around by watching video/cinema but on the other side of the coin, they are frequently abused (80.8%) either physically or sexually. Regarding health, about 87.2% of street children were suffering from different type of diseases as accidental injury, skin infection, hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases and warm infestation. Conclusion: A careful examination of the lives of these children will provide a clearer understanding of their disadvantageous life. A better diagnosis of the contributing factors will help to minimize the extent of the problems and also to develop innovative approaches and ensure a healthy lifestyle, protection and rehabilitation for those children.
文摘Statistical manipulation of material data was conducted for probabilistic life assessment or risk-based design and maintenance for high temperature components of power plants. To obtain the statistical distribution of material properties, dominant parameters affecting material properties are introduced into normalization of statistical variables. Those parameters are hardness, chemical composition, characteristic microstructural features and so on. Creep and fatigue properties are expressed by normalized parameters and the unified statistical distributions are obtained. These probability distribution functions show good coincidence statistically with the field database of steam turbine components. It was concluded that the unified statistical baseline approach is useful for the risk management of components in power plants.
基金Supported by Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-year Strategy for Cancer Control,No.H20-3rd-002Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research,Grant No.13-21-13-1 from the Japanese Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare
文摘AIM: To quantitatively evaluate the impact of smoking on tooth loss.METHODS: We performed a Pub Med search to identify published articles that investigated the risk of tooth loss by smoking, from which RRs and their variance with characteristics of each study were extracted. The random-effects models were used to derive a pooled effect across studies. Potential sources of heterogeneity on the characteristics of the study and their influence on the pooled effect size were investigated using metaregression models. RESULTS: We identified 24 studies containing a total of 95973 participants for analysis. The pooled RR of ever-smokers compared with never- smokers was 1.73(95%CI: 1.60-1.86, P < 0.001). In meta-regression analysis, only the mean age of participants alone was identified as a statistically significant source of heterogeneity. The effect of smoking on tooth loss was stronger when the mean age of study participants was higher, indicating possible enhancement of tooth loss due to aging by smoking. RR was significantly lower in former smokers(1.49, 95%CI: 1.32-1.69, P < 0.001) than in current smokers(2.10, 95%CI: 1.87-2.35, P < 0.001), indicating the substantial benefit of smoking cessation for reducing the risk of tooth loss.CONCLUSION: Smoking is an independent risk factor for tooth loss regardless of many other confounders. Smoking cessation may attenuate this effect.
基金financially supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20020401)The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(2019QZKK0404)Foundation for Excellent Youth Scholars of“Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources”,CAS(Y851D71)。
文摘Eco-migrants'ability to adapt to livelihood risks and their satisfaction with lives directly affect the ecological and economic benefits of ecological migration engineering.To formulate an effective livelihood risk prevention system and welfare guarantee mechanism,we took the ecomigrants in Wuwei City as an example,developed an integrated analytical framework for life satisfaction and employed linear regression models to identify the interactions between livelihood risk and life satisfaction.Our findings indicate that 94.66%of eco-migrants in Wuwei City are threatened by livelihood risks after relocation.High living expenses,poor quality of redistributed production goods,and re-poverty constitute the main risks.The risk multiplicity index is 2.96.Besides cultural types,there are no significant differences in regions and livelihoods.A total of 55.73%of eco-migrants are satisfied with their lives,with the Liangzhou district scoring the highest.Except for satisfaction with development potential and public services,no significant intergroup differences were found among regions and livelihood patterns.Eco-migrant's life satisfaction is significantly affected by livelihood risks.Eco-migrants'satisfaction with living income,social integration,farmer-friendly policies and overall life is negatively affected by the risk of repoverty and inadequate social security.An ecomigrant's satisfaction with development potential and community construction is not influenced by one type of risk alone,but the interaction between risks has a strong influence.The interaction of welfare risks with economic risks and policy risks will balance and weaken the adverse effects of a single risk on those elements in the economic and policy spheres.This study offers novel ideas for rural revitalization,hollow governance,and well-being assurance.
文摘Aim: Gastric diseases are a recent trend in morbidity in México. We aimed to identify most frequent life habits factors as risk for gastritis and colitis occurrence, in a Mexican mestizo population in Chabeklumil, Chiapas. Population: This study was observational, descriptive, transversal and prospective;346 questionnaires were applied to individuals of both genders from 11 years of age, with low income and socio-economic status, after they signed the informed consent. An individual file was created by the nurses in Chabeklumil. The predominant gender in the population was female (56.1%), with a distribution of 166 among adulthood (19 - 59 years of age);among males (43.9%), 133 included adults. Results: We identified the following environmental risk factors to develop gastritis and colitis: long periods of daily fasting > consumption of irritant food and drink > stress, in females;in contrast, males reported alcohol and tobacco consumption > irritant food and drink > long periods of daily fasting > stress. We found statistical differences (P < 0.05) in risk factors between females and males, in drugs and alcohol consumption, fasting, and stress, but not in consumption of irritant foods, nor in colitis and gastritis prevalence. Conclusions: Females are most affected by life habits risk factors for gastritis/colitis, which occurs mainly due to lifestyle and “macho” culture, since women are precluded of a better living standard, they work hard in the field, and start early in the day without consuming a meal, which they eat late in the day once arriving home. People in Chabeklumil eat/drink a lot of irritant food like hot pepper and coffee, which damage the gastrointestinal system leading to gastritis and colitis. Furthermore, men started to consume drugs at early ages, a condition also involved in developing gastritis.
文摘A flash bang is a non-lethal explosive device that delivers intensely loud bangs and bright lights to suppress potentially dangerous targets. It is usually used in crowd control, hostage rescue and numerous other missions. We construct a model for assessing quantitatively the risk of hearing loss injury caused by multiple flash bangs. The model provides a computational framework for incorporating the effects of the key factors defining the situation and for testing various sub-models for these factors. The proposed model includes 1) uncertainty in the burst point of flash bang mortar, 2) randomness in the dispersion of multiple submunitions after the flash bang mortar burst, 3) decay of acoustic impulse from a single submunition to an individual subject along the ground surface, 4) the effective combined sound exposure level on an individual subject caused by multiple submunitions at various distances from the subject, and 5) randomness in the spatial distribution of subjects in the crowd. With the mathematical model formulated, we seek to characterize the overall effect of flash bang mortar in the form of an effective injury area. We carry out simulations to study the effects of uncertainty and randomness on the risk of hearing loss injury of the crowd. The proposed framework serves as a starting point for a comprehensive assessment of hearing loss injury risk, taking into consideration all realistic and relevant features of flash bang mortar. It also provides a platform for testing and updating component models.
文摘Adolescence represents specific period of life and development,when young person is going through physical,emotional and mental changes,risking poor general and oral health outcome that might affect quality of life.Negative effects of poor oral health are various:difficulties with speaking and eating,pain and malfunction.This might cause emotional and mental problems,leading to avoidance of speaking,smiling and socializing with friends.Cross-sectional study included 234 participants(15-16 years old).The research instruments used in the study were questionnaire and clinical examination.Questionnaire referred to socio-demographic characteristics of participants,their oral and general health related habits,self-evaluation of confidence and successfulness and effect of oral impacts on daily performances.Clinical examination was used to determine dental status in terms of tooth loss,need for prosthodontic rehabilitation and presence of dental malocclusion.Results:24.6%(58)of adolescents had at least one tooth missing.Significant difference between the genders was obtained,as 32.5%girls had at least one tooth extracted compared to 8.1%of boys.Normative need for prosthodontic rehabilitation was present in 22.0%of subjects.Dental problems negatively affected their sleep and emotions(14.4%and 10.2%few times in period of one month).Data analyses pointed one correlation between extracted teeth and psychosocial aspect of participants'life(difficulties and embarrassment when smiling,talking and spending time with friends,emotional problems).Unmet normative need for prosthodonic or orthodontic treatment affected participants'ability to sleep and relax.Percentage of adolescents with extracted teeth was high,as well as normative treatment need for prosthodontic rehabilitation.Poor dental status affected quality of life of adolescents,especially emotional and mental well-being.Dental service should provide sufficient information to adolescents about prevention of tooth loss and consequences of teeth extraction,not only within masticatory function but also concerning oral health related quality of life.
