Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants h...Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants have some differences in efficacy,but the flower buds are easily confused for similar traits.In addition,large-scale cultivation of ornamental rose flowers may lead to a decrease in the effective components of medicinal roses.Therefore,it is necessary to study the chemical composition and make quality evaluation of Rosae Chinensis Flos(Yueji)and Rosae Rugosae Flos(Meigui).Methods:In this study,40 batches of samples including Meigui and Yueji from different regions in China were collected to establish high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.Then,the fingerprints data was analyzed using principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis analysis chemometrics to obtain information on intergroup differences,and non-targeted metabolomic techniques were applied to identify and compare chemical compositions of samples which were chosen from groups with large differences.Differential compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot,and finally multi-component quantification was performed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yueji and Meigui.Results:The similarity between the fingerprints of 40 batches roses and the reference print R was 0.73 to 0.93,indicating that there were similarities and differences between the samples.Through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of fingerprints data,the samples from different origins and varieties were intuitively divided into four groups.Partial least-squares discriminant analysis analysis showed that Meigui and Yueji cluster into two categories and the model was reliable.A total of 89 compounds were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry,mainly were flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides,as well as phenolic acids.Eight differential components were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot analysis.Quantitative analyses of the eight compounds,including gallic acid,ellagic acid,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,etc.,showed that Yueji was generally richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than Meigui,and the quality of Yueji from Shandong and Hebei was better.It is worth noting that Xinjiang rose is rich in various components,which is worth focusing on more in-depth research.Conclusion:In this study,the fingerprints of Meigui and Yueji were established.The chemical components information of roses was further improved based on non-targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry technology.At the same time,eight differential components of Meigui and Yueji were screened out and quantitatively analyzed.The research results provided a scientific basis for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos,and also laid a foundation for the study of their pharmacodynamic material basis.展开更多
This study aims to identify a natural plant chemical with hypolipidemic effects that can be used to treat high cholesterol without adverse reactions.Through network pharmacology screening,it was found that Rosae Rugos...This study aims to identify a natural plant chemical with hypolipidemic effects that can be used to treat high cholesterol without adverse reactions.Through network pharmacology screening,it was found that Rosae Rugosae Flos(RF)flavonoids had potential therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia and its mechanism of action was discussed.TCMSP and GeneCards databases were used to obtain active ingredients and disease targets.Venn diagrams were drawn to illustrate the findings.The interaction network diagram was created using Cytoscape 3.8.0 software.The PPI protein network was constructed using String.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed using Metascape.The results revealed 2 active flavonoid ingredients and 60 potential targets in RF.The key targets,including CCL2,PPARG,and PPARA,were found to play a role in multiple pathways such as the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway,lipid and atherosclerosis,and cancer pathway in diabetic complications.The solvent extraction method was optimized for efficient flavonoid extraction based on network pharmacology prediction results.This was achieved through a single factor and orthogonal test,resulting in an optimum process with a reflux time of 1.5 h,a solid-liquid ratio of 1:13 g/mL,and an ethanol concentration of 50%.展开更多
Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease(CHD)is the main type of cardiovascular disease.The efficacy of Uyghur drug compound Saffron formula in CHD has been clinically proven.However,the underlying mechanism remains unc...Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease(CHD)is the main type of cardiovascular disease.The efficacy of Uyghur drug compound Saffron formula in CHD has been clinically proven.However,the underlying mechanism remains unclear.In this study,researchers investigated the active ingredients and mechanism of action of Crocus sativus and Rosa rugosa in the treatment of CHD by network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques,collected target information with the help of TCMSP,GEO,GeneCards,and other databases,constructed protein-protein interaction(PPI)network diagrams by STRING database,performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on common targets,and finally molecularly docked the active ingredients with core targets.C.sativus-R.rugosa have a variety of polyphenol compounds,a total of 12 active ingredients,including quercetin and kaempferol,were screened.The first three targets intersected with the core targets of CHD as AKT1,TNF,and IL-1B.Enrichment results of KEGG pathway showed that C.sativus-R.rugosa against CHD involved atherosclerosis pathways.The molecular docking results showed that quercetin and kaempferol were well bound to the core targets,and it was speculated that these components might be the main active ingredients for the treatment of CHD.The potential mechanism of action of C.sativus-R.rugosa for the treatment of coronary heart disease was initially revealed.展开更多
We described a novel polymer-lipase conjugate for high-efficient esterification of vitamin E using vitamin E and succinic anhydride as the substrates in nonaqueous media.In this work,the monomer,N-isopropylacrylamide(...We described a novel polymer-lipase conjugate for high-efficient esterification of vitamin E using vitamin E and succinic anhydride as the substrates in nonaqueous media.In this work,the monomer,N-isopropylacrylamide(NIPAM),was grafted onto Candida rugosa lipase(CRL)to synthesize poly(NIPAM)(pNIPAM)-CRL conjugate by atom transfer radical polymerization via the initiator coupled on the surface of CRL.The result showed that the catalytic efficiencies of pNIPAM-CRL conjugates(19.5-30.3 L·s^(-1)·mmol^(-1))were at least 7 times higher than that of free CRL(2.36 L·s^(-1)·mmol^(-1))in DMSO.It was attributed to a significant increase in Kcat of the conjugates in nonaqueous media.The synthesis catalyzed by pNIPAM-CRL co njugates was influenced by the length and density of the grafted polymer,water content,solvent polarity and molar ratio of the substrates.In the optimal synthesis,the reaction time was shortened at least 7 times,and yields of vitamin E succinate by pNIPAM-g-CRL and free CRL were obtained to be 75.4%and 6.6%at 55℃after the reaction for 1.5 h.The result argued that conjugation with pNIPAM induced conformational change of the lid on CRL based on hydrophobic interaction,thus providing a higher possibility of catalysis-favorable conformation on CRL in nonaqueous media.Moreover,pNIPAM conjugation improved the thermal stability of CRL greatly,and the stability improved further with an increase of chain length of pNIPAM.At the optimal reaction conditions(55℃and 1.5 h),pNIPAM-g-CRL also exhibited good reusability in the enzymatic synthesis of vitamin E succinate and kept~70%of its catalytic activity after ten consecutive cycles.The research demonstrated that pNIPAM-g-CRL was a more competitive biocatalyst in the enzymatic synthesis of vitamin E succinate and exhibited good application potential under harsh industrial conditions.展开更多
We studied some factors affecting the lipase production from candida rugosa, they mainly included medium compositions and culture condition.The result showed that the optimal medium compositions for lipase production ...We studied some factors affecting the lipase production from candida rugosa, they mainly included medium compositions and culture condition.The result showed that the optimal medium compositions for lipase production are 0.1% glucose 4.0% olive oil (carbon source),0.3% NH 4NO 3(nitrogen source),1.2%K 2HPO 4 and 0.4%MgSO 4·7H 2O.And the optimal culture condition is initial pH6.5,temperature 30℃,agitation 180r/min and time 60h. As a result, and the lipase activity could reach 19.5u/mL.Meanwhile we found that the surfactant could be helpful to the lipase production, and the optimal surfactant concentration was 0.03% GPE.The lipase activity was improved by more than 170% after we optimized the medium compositions and culture condition.While in a 5L fermentator, the lipase activity of fermentation broth could reach 33.5u/mL within 48 hours.展开更多
Agastol (2), a new diterpene, was isolated from the roots of Agastache rugosa together with its isomer, named isoagastol (3) Their structures were established on the basis of spectral methods The structures of aga...Agastol (2), a new diterpene, was isolated from the roots of Agastache rugosa together with its isomer, named isoagastol (3) Their structures were established on the basis of spectral methods The structures of agastol (2) and isoagastol (3) was elucidated as 11,14 dihydroxy 12 methoxy 19(4→3) abeo abieta 4(18),8,11,13 tetraen 7 one and 11,14 dihydroxy 12 methoxy 19(4→3) abeo abieta 3,8,11,13 tetraen 7 one Isoagastol was isolated for the first time from natural sources展开更多
Different concentrations of jasmonic acid(JA)and benzothiadiazole(BTH) were sprayed on 2-year-old Rosa rugosa‘Plena’ seedlings. The induced resistance of JA and BTH to Sphaerotheca pannosa(Wallr.) and the changes of...Different concentrations of jasmonic acid(JA)and benzothiadiazole(BTH) were sprayed on 2-year-old Rosa rugosa‘Plena’ seedlings. The induced resistance of JA and BTH to Sphaerotheca pannosa(Wallr.) and the changes of their related physiological indices were investigated. Results showed that JA and BTH treatments had inhibitory impacts on S. pannosa infection. The optimal concentration of JA and BTH was 0.5 mmol/L for the disease-resistance induction of the leaves, its inductive effect was up to 66.36% for BTH and 54.49% for JA. Our results confirmed that exogenous JA and BTH significantly improved R. rugose ‘Plena’ resistance to S. pannosa. When treated with JA and BTH, activities of the three defense enzymes(POD, PPO, and PAL) increased significantly.Contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, and lignin also increased significantly. It is inferred from these results that exogenous JA and BTH could improve the resistance of R.rugose ‘Plena’ to S. pannosa through enhancing activities of the defensive enzymes and accumulation of secondary metabolites in the leaves.展开更多
The analysis of grey system, kriging interpolation, and integration selection index were employed to investigate the relationships between the flower yield/plant （FY） and 15 other quantitative traits of 20 rugosa ro...The analysis of grey system, kriging interpolation, and integration selection index were employed to investigate the relationships between the flower yield/plant （FY） and 15 other quantitative traits of 20 rugosa rose cultivars. The result showed that： The grey relational grade （GRG） of the number of flowers/plant （NF）, the number of branches/plant （NB）, the width of floral bud （WB）, and the weight/flower （WF） to the FY were larger （〉 0.5）; FY improved with the increase of NF and NB. Moreover, the indirect selection of either trait could not achieve improvement of FY. It is necessary to improve FY by multi-trait selection. The integration selection index （ISI） equation of FY was established with the characters NF, NB, WB, and WF： I= 0.3187x1 - 318.6x2 ＋ 670.1 x4 ＋ 6.3xa, index heritability = 0.8014, selective response of the integration breeding value = 245.8811. This will provide a theoretic basis for the genetic breeding of rugosa rose.展开更多
The stability of Candida rugosa lipase coated with glutamic acid didodecyl ester ribitol amide was investigated taking esterification of lauryl alcohol and lauric acid in isooctane as a model reaction. At 30C, the hal...The stability of Candida rugosa lipase coated with glutamic acid didodecyl ester ribitol amide was investigated taking esterification of lauryl alcohol and lauric acid in isooctane as a model reaction. At 30C, the half-life of the activity of the coated lipase was ca 10 h, the enzyme activity became less changed after 12 h and the residual activity was 39% of the initial value. The coated lipase obeyed a first-order deactivation model with a deactivation energy of 29.9J.mol-1.展开更多
The rugosan fauna from the Guanyinqiao Bed （latest Ordovician, Hirnantian） of northern Guizhou, China is known to belong to the cold or cool-water type corals. The components of the fauna are solitary corals only, a...The rugosan fauna from the Guanyinqiao Bed （latest Ordovician, Hirnantian） of northern Guizhou, China is known to belong to the cold or cool-water type corals. The components of the fauna are solitary corals only, and corallite septa are generally strongly dilated, especially the streptelasmatid corals are dominant comprising 98% of the whole fauna. The Guanyinqiao Bed is rich in rugosans of 18 genera, which are streptelasnmtid Streptelasma （=Helicelasma）, Brachyelasma, Amplexobrachyelasma, Salvadorea, Grewingkia, Borelasma, CrassUasma, Leolasma, KenophyUum, UUernelasma, Paramplexoides, Siphonolasma, Pycnactoides, Dalmanophyllum, Bodophyllum, Axiphoria, Lambeophyllum and cystiphyllid Sinkiangolasma. Although this fauna was fairly abundant in a confined area （northern-northeastern Guizhou, southern Sichuan） during the Hirnantian age, the rugosan mass extinction （generic extinction rate 81%） happened at the end of the Hirnantian Stage. It is conduded that the mass extinction is related to the ending of maximum glaciation and ice cap melting in Gondwana in the southern hemisphere in the latest Hirnantian, resulting in rapid global sea-level rise in the earliest Silurian. In the Upper Yangtze Basin, the sea bottom environments were replaced by anoxic and warmer water during that time, so that the cool-water type rugosan became extinct. The present paper attempts to revise some already described rugose coral genera and species （He, 1978, 1985） and to supplement a few new forms from the Guanyinqiao Bed. Fourteen species of 12 genera are re-described and illustrated, of which one species- Grewingkia latifossulata is new. As a whole, the rugosan fauna of the Guanyinqiao Bed may be correlated with those contemporaneous of North Europe, Estonia and North America, indicating a dose biogeographic affinity to North Europe.展开更多
Rosa rugosa Thunb. is one of the dominant and important shrub species in estuary dunes and shingle beaches of northern China. However, its area of distribution, the number of populations, and the size of each populati...Rosa rugosa Thunb. is one of the dominant and important shrub species in estuary dunes and shingle beaches of northern China. However, its area of distribution, the number of populations, and the size of each population have decreased rapidly in the past two decades because of habitat degradation and loss. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to determine the genetic diversity of four remaining large natural populations of R. rugosa and to discuss an effective conservation strategy for this endangered species in China. High genetic variations were detected in R. rugosa populations in China. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci （P%） within four local populations was 57.99%, with the P% of the total population being 75.30%. Mean Shannon＇s information index （H0） was 0.2826, whereas total Ho was 0.3513. The genetic differentiation among populations was 0.1878, which indicates that most genetic diversity occurs within populations. Population Tumenjiang （TMJ） showed the highest genetic diversity （P% = 66.27%; H0 = 0.3117） and contained two exclusive bands. Population Changshandao （CSD） showed higher genetic diversity （P% =59.04%; H0 = 0.3065）. Populations TMJ and CSD contained 95.33% and 99.33%, respectively, of loci with moderate to high frequency （P〉0.05） of the total population. These results indicate that populations TMJ and CSD should be given priority for in situ conservation and regarded as seed or propagule sources for ex situ conservation. The results of the present study also suggest that R. rugosa in China has become endangered as a result of human actions rather than genetic depression of populations; thus, human interference should be absolutely forbidden in R. rugosa habitats.展开更多
To study the effect of jasmonates(JAs)on the resistance of economic forest plants to insects,R osa rugosa‘Plena'leaves were treated with 1 mmol/L jasmonic acid(JA),methyl jasmonate(MeJA)and Z-jasmone,then the con...To study the effect of jasmonates(JAs)on the resistance of economic forest plants to insects,R osa rugosa‘Plena'leaves were treated with 1 mmol/L jasmonic acid(JA),methyl jasmonate(MeJA)and Z-jasmone,then the content of tannin and total phenol in leaves and the feeding area of Monolepta hieroglyphica adults on leaves were measured.Changes in the activities of detoxification enzymes in adult M.hieroglyphica that had fed on leaves treated with JAs were also studied.Tannin and total phenol levels in leaves increased significantly after treatment with JAs,and tannin level was 1.36–1.55-fold higher than in the control after treatment with 1 mmol/L MeJA.The total content of phenol in leaves treated with 1.0 mmol/L Z-jasmone increased by 1.33–2.20-fold compared with those of the control.The activities of detoxification enzymes in adults were inhibited to differing degrees:activity of alkaline phosphatase(AKP)first increased,then decreased;the activities of acid phosphatase(ACP),glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)and carboxylesterase(CarE)following treatment with 1 mmol/L MeJA were significantly reduced and were 22%–31%,11%–26%,and 11%–31%lower than those of the control,respectively.Moreover,the feeding area of adult M.hieroglyphica on the leaves treated with JAs was significantly reduced(P<0.05).The feeding area of economic forest R.rugosa‘Plena'leaves treated with 1 mmol/L MeJA decreased by 17%–43%compared with that of the control.Moreover,the decrease in the adult M.hieroglyphica feeding area was highly positively correlated with the content of tannin and positively correlated with the contents of total phenol of economic forest R.rugosa‘Plena'leaves.The reduced feeding area of adult M.hieroglyphica was highly negatively correlated with the activities of AKP and ACP and negatively correlated with those of the GSTs.In conclusion,the use of 1 mmol/L MeJA can noticeably decrease the deleterious effects of adult M.hieroglyphica.展开更多
At present, the research about flower color of Rosa rugosa is a very inno-vative and practical study. Glycosylation modification fulfills an important role in increasing the stability and solubility of anthocyanin in ...At present, the research about flower color of Rosa rugosa is a very inno-vative and practical study. Glycosylation modification fulfills an important role in increasing the stability and solubility of anthocyanin in plants. In this study, based on the transcriptional database of R. rugosa, a gene with full length cDNA of 1422bp, encoding 473 amino acids, designated as RrGT2, were isolated from flowers of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’ and then functionally characterized. According to online software prediction, the molecular formula of the protein encoded by the RrGT2 gene is C2334H3628N602O711S18, the relative molecular mass is 52,075.17 Da, and the theoretical isoelectric point is pI = 4.76. The result of the RrGT2 protein 3D model construction showed that it had the highest homology with the UDP-glycosyltransferase 74F2 protein model in the database (39.53%). Sequence alignments with the NCBI database showed that the RrGT2 protein is a member of the GTB superfamily. Homology analysis revealed that the coding regions of RrGT2 was highly specific among different species, but still had typical conserved amino acid residues called PSPG that are crucial for RrGT2 enzyme activity. RrGT2 transcripts were detected in five flowering stages and seven tissues of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’, R. rugosa ‘Fenzizhi’ and R. rugosa ‘Baizizhi’, and their expression patterns corresponded with the accumulation of antho-cyanins. Therefore, we speculated that glycosylation of RrGT2 plays a crucial role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in R. rugosa.展开更多
基金supported by the key project at the central government level:The ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(Grant number 2060302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number 82373982,82173929).
文摘Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants have some differences in efficacy,but the flower buds are easily confused for similar traits.In addition,large-scale cultivation of ornamental rose flowers may lead to a decrease in the effective components of medicinal roses.Therefore,it is necessary to study the chemical composition and make quality evaluation of Rosae Chinensis Flos(Yueji)and Rosae Rugosae Flos(Meigui).Methods:In this study,40 batches of samples including Meigui and Yueji from different regions in China were collected to establish high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.Then,the fingerprints data was analyzed using principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis analysis chemometrics to obtain information on intergroup differences,and non-targeted metabolomic techniques were applied to identify and compare chemical compositions of samples which were chosen from groups with large differences.Differential compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot,and finally multi-component quantification was performed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yueji and Meigui.Results:The similarity between the fingerprints of 40 batches roses and the reference print R was 0.73 to 0.93,indicating that there were similarities and differences between the samples.Through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of fingerprints data,the samples from different origins and varieties were intuitively divided into four groups.Partial least-squares discriminant analysis analysis showed that Meigui and Yueji cluster into two categories and the model was reliable.A total of 89 compounds were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry,mainly were flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides,as well as phenolic acids.Eight differential components were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot analysis.Quantitative analyses of the eight compounds,including gallic acid,ellagic acid,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,etc.,showed that Yueji was generally richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than Meigui,and the quality of Yueji from Shandong and Hebei was better.It is worth noting that Xinjiang rose is rich in various components,which is worth focusing on more in-depth research.Conclusion:In this study,the fingerprints of Meigui and Yueji were established.The chemical components information of roses was further improved based on non-targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry technology.At the same time,eight differential components of Meigui and Yueji were screened out and quantitatively analyzed.The research results provided a scientific basis for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos,and also laid a foundation for the study of their pharmacodynamic material basis.
文摘This study aims to identify a natural plant chemical with hypolipidemic effects that can be used to treat high cholesterol without adverse reactions.Through network pharmacology screening,it was found that Rosae Rugosae Flos(RF)flavonoids had potential therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia and its mechanism of action was discussed.TCMSP and GeneCards databases were used to obtain active ingredients and disease targets.Venn diagrams were drawn to illustrate the findings.The interaction network diagram was created using Cytoscape 3.8.0 software.The PPI protein network was constructed using String.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed using Metascape.The results revealed 2 active flavonoid ingredients and 60 potential targets in RF.The key targets,including CCL2,PPARG,and PPARA,were found to play a role in multiple pathways such as the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway,lipid and atherosclerosis,and cancer pathway in diabetic complications.The solvent extraction method was optimized for efficient flavonoid extraction based on network pharmacology prediction results.This was achieved through a single factor and orthogonal test,resulting in an optimum process with a reflux time of 1.5 h,a solid-liquid ratio of 1:13 g/mL,and an ethanol concentration of 50%.
基金supported by Young and Middle Aged Teachers’Career Development Support Project of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(ZQN2019005).
文摘Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease(CHD)is the main type of cardiovascular disease.The efficacy of Uyghur drug compound Saffron formula in CHD has been clinically proven.However,the underlying mechanism remains unclear.In this study,researchers investigated the active ingredients and mechanism of action of Crocus sativus and Rosa rugosa in the treatment of CHD by network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques,collected target information with the help of TCMSP,GEO,GeneCards,and other databases,constructed protein-protein interaction(PPI)network diagrams by STRING database,performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on common targets,and finally molecularly docked the active ingredients with core targets.C.sativus-R.rugosa have a variety of polyphenol compounds,a total of 12 active ingredients,including quercetin and kaempferol,were screened.The first three targets intersected with the core targets of CHD as AKT1,TNF,and IL-1B.Enrichment results of KEGG pathway showed that C.sativus-R.rugosa against CHD involved atherosclerosis pathways.The molecular docking results showed that quercetin and kaempferol were well bound to the core targets,and it was speculated that these components might be the main active ingredients for the treatment of CHD.The potential mechanism of action of C.sativus-R.rugosa for the treatment of coronary heart disease was initially revealed.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2102801)National Natural Science Foundation of China (21878221)+1 种基金the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21621004)the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations for financial support.
文摘We described a novel polymer-lipase conjugate for high-efficient esterification of vitamin E using vitamin E and succinic anhydride as the substrates in nonaqueous media.In this work,the monomer,N-isopropylacrylamide(NIPAM),was grafted onto Candida rugosa lipase(CRL)to synthesize poly(NIPAM)(pNIPAM)-CRL conjugate by atom transfer radical polymerization via the initiator coupled on the surface of CRL.The result showed that the catalytic efficiencies of pNIPAM-CRL conjugates(19.5-30.3 L·s^(-1)·mmol^(-1))were at least 7 times higher than that of free CRL(2.36 L·s^(-1)·mmol^(-1))in DMSO.It was attributed to a significant increase in Kcat of the conjugates in nonaqueous media.The synthesis catalyzed by pNIPAM-CRL co njugates was influenced by the length and density of the grafted polymer,water content,solvent polarity and molar ratio of the substrates.In the optimal synthesis,the reaction time was shortened at least 7 times,and yields of vitamin E succinate by pNIPAM-g-CRL and free CRL were obtained to be 75.4%and 6.6%at 55℃after the reaction for 1.5 h.The result argued that conjugation with pNIPAM induced conformational change of the lid on CRL based on hydrophobic interaction,thus providing a higher possibility of catalysis-favorable conformation on CRL in nonaqueous media.Moreover,pNIPAM conjugation improved the thermal stability of CRL greatly,and the stability improved further with an increase of chain length of pNIPAM.At the optimal reaction conditions(55℃and 1.5 h),pNIPAM-g-CRL also exhibited good reusability in the enzymatic synthesis of vitamin E succinate and kept~70%of its catalytic activity after ten consecutive cycles.The research demonstrated that pNIPAM-g-CRL was a more competitive biocatalyst in the enzymatic synthesis of vitamin E succinate and exhibited good application potential under harsh industrial conditions.
文摘We studied some factors affecting the lipase production from candida rugosa, they mainly included medium compositions and culture condition.The result showed that the optimal medium compositions for lipase production are 0.1% glucose 4.0% olive oil (carbon source),0.3% NH 4NO 3(nitrogen source),1.2%K 2HPO 4 and 0.4%MgSO 4·7H 2O.And the optimal culture condition is initial pH6.5,temperature 30℃,agitation 180r/min and time 60h. As a result, and the lipase activity could reach 19.5u/mL.Meanwhile we found that the surfactant could be helpful to the lipase production, and the optimal surfactant concentration was 0.03% GPE.The lipase activity was improved by more than 170% after we optimized the medium compositions and culture condition.While in a 5L fermentator, the lipase activity of fermentation broth could reach 33.5u/mL within 48 hours.
文摘Agastol (2), a new diterpene, was isolated from the roots of Agastache rugosa together with its isomer, named isoagastol (3) Their structures were established on the basis of spectral methods The structures of agastol (2) and isoagastol (3) was elucidated as 11,14 dihydroxy 12 methoxy 19(4→3) abeo abieta 4(18),8,11,13 tetraen 7 one and 11,14 dihydroxy 12 methoxy 19(4→3) abeo abieta 3,8,11,13 tetraen 7 one Isoagastol was isolated for the first time from natural sources
基金supported by the Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(No.QC2014C012)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(NO.2572016CA11)
文摘Different concentrations of jasmonic acid(JA)and benzothiadiazole(BTH) were sprayed on 2-year-old Rosa rugosa‘Plena’ seedlings. The induced resistance of JA and BTH to Sphaerotheca pannosa(Wallr.) and the changes of their related physiological indices were investigated. Results showed that JA and BTH treatments had inhibitory impacts on S. pannosa infection. The optimal concentration of JA and BTH was 0.5 mmol/L for the disease-resistance induction of the leaves, its inductive effect was up to 66.36% for BTH and 54.49% for JA. Our results confirmed that exogenous JA and BTH significantly improved R. rugose ‘Plena’ resistance to S. pannosa. When treated with JA and BTH, activities of the three defense enzymes(POD, PPO, and PAL) increased significantly.Contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, and lignin also increased significantly. It is inferred from these results that exogenous JA and BTH could improve the resistance of R.rugose ‘Plena’ to S. pannosa through enhancing activities of the defensive enzymes and accumulation of secondary metabolites in the leaves.
文摘The analysis of grey system, kriging interpolation, and integration selection index were employed to investigate the relationships between the flower yield/plant （FY） and 15 other quantitative traits of 20 rugosa rose cultivars. The result showed that： The grey relational grade （GRG） of the number of flowers/plant （NF）, the number of branches/plant （NB）, the width of floral bud （WB）, and the weight/flower （WF） to the FY were larger （〉 0.5）; FY improved with the increase of NF and NB. Moreover, the indirect selection of either trait could not achieve improvement of FY. It is necessary to improve FY by multi-trait selection. The integration selection index （ISI） equation of FY was established with the characters NF, NB, WB, and WF： I= 0.3187x1 - 318.6x2 ＋ 670.1 x4 ＋ 6.3xa, index heritability = 0.8014, selective response of the integration breeding value = 245.8811. This will provide a theoretic basis for the genetic breeding of rugosa rose.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.29876031)
文摘The stability of Candida rugosa lipase coated with glutamic acid didodecyl ester ribitol amide was investigated taking esterification of lauryl alcohol and lauric acid in isooctane as a model reaction. At 30C, the half-life of the activity of the coated lipase was ca 10 h, the enzyme activity became less changed after 12 h and the residual activity was 39% of the initial value. The coated lipase obeyed a first-order deactivation model with a deactivation energy of 29.9J.mol-1.
文摘The rugosan fauna from the Guanyinqiao Bed （latest Ordovician, Hirnantian） of northern Guizhou, China is known to belong to the cold or cool-water type corals. The components of the fauna are solitary corals only, and corallite septa are generally strongly dilated, especially the streptelasmatid corals are dominant comprising 98% of the whole fauna. The Guanyinqiao Bed is rich in rugosans of 18 genera, which are streptelasnmtid Streptelasma （=Helicelasma）, Brachyelasma, Amplexobrachyelasma, Salvadorea, Grewingkia, Borelasma, CrassUasma, Leolasma, KenophyUum, UUernelasma, Paramplexoides, Siphonolasma, Pycnactoides, Dalmanophyllum, Bodophyllum, Axiphoria, Lambeophyllum and cystiphyllid Sinkiangolasma. Although this fauna was fairly abundant in a confined area （northern-northeastern Guizhou, southern Sichuan） during the Hirnantian age, the rugosan mass extinction （generic extinction rate 81%） happened at the end of the Hirnantian Stage. It is conduded that the mass extinction is related to the ending of maximum glaciation and ice cap melting in Gondwana in the southern hemisphere in the latest Hirnantian, resulting in rapid global sea-level rise in the earliest Silurian. In the Upper Yangtze Basin, the sea bottom environments were replaced by anoxic and warmer water during that time, so that the cool-water type rugosan became extinct. The present paper attempts to revise some already described rugose coral genera and species （He, 1978, 1985） and to supplement a few new forms from the Guanyinqiao Bed. Fourteen species of 12 genera are re-described and illustrated, of which one species- Grewingkia latifossulata is new. As a whole, the rugosan fauna of the Guanyinqiao Bed may be correlated with those contemporaneous of North Europe, Estonia and North America, indicating a dose biogeographic affinity to North Europe.
基金supported financially by the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No. Z2006D04)the Outstanding Young Scientists Foundation Grant of Shandong Province(No.2005 B S08010No.2006BS08008).
文摘Rosa rugosa Thunb. is one of the dominant and important shrub species in estuary dunes and shingle beaches of northern China. However, its area of distribution, the number of populations, and the size of each population have decreased rapidly in the past two decades because of habitat degradation and loss. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to determine the genetic diversity of four remaining large natural populations of R. rugosa and to discuss an effective conservation strategy for this endangered species in China. High genetic variations were detected in R. rugosa populations in China. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci （P%） within four local populations was 57.99%, with the P% of the total population being 75.30%. Mean Shannon＇s information index （H0） was 0.2826, whereas total Ho was 0.3513. The genetic differentiation among populations was 0.1878, which indicates that most genetic diversity occurs within populations. Population Tumenjiang （TMJ） showed the highest genetic diversity （P% = 66.27%; H0 = 0.3117） and contained two exclusive bands. Population Changshandao （CSD） showed higher genetic diversity （P% =59.04%; H0 = 0.3065）. Populations TMJ and CSD contained 95.33% and 99.33%, respectively, of loci with moderate to high frequency （P〉0.05） of the total population. These results indicate that populations TMJ and CSD should be given priority for in situ conservation and regarded as seed or propagule sources for ex situ conservation. The results of the present study also suggest that R. rugosa in China has become endangered as a result of human actions rather than genetic depression of populations; thus, human interference should be absolutely forbidden in R. rugosa habitats.
基金financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31800546)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC1200400)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2572016CA11)。
文摘To study the effect of jasmonates(JAs)on the resistance of economic forest plants to insects,R osa rugosa‘Plena'leaves were treated with 1 mmol/L jasmonic acid(JA),methyl jasmonate(MeJA)and Z-jasmone,then the content of tannin and total phenol in leaves and the feeding area of Monolepta hieroglyphica adults on leaves were measured.Changes in the activities of detoxification enzymes in adult M.hieroglyphica that had fed on leaves treated with JAs were also studied.Tannin and total phenol levels in leaves increased significantly after treatment with JAs,and tannin level was 1.36–1.55-fold higher than in the control after treatment with 1 mmol/L MeJA.The total content of phenol in leaves treated with 1.0 mmol/L Z-jasmone increased by 1.33–2.20-fold compared with those of the control.The activities of detoxification enzymes in adults were inhibited to differing degrees:activity of alkaline phosphatase(AKP)first increased,then decreased;the activities of acid phosphatase(ACP),glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)and carboxylesterase(CarE)following treatment with 1 mmol/L MeJA were significantly reduced and were 22%–31%,11%–26%,and 11%–31%lower than those of the control,respectively.Moreover,the feeding area of adult M.hieroglyphica on the leaves treated with JAs was significantly reduced(P<0.05).The feeding area of economic forest R.rugosa‘Plena'leaves treated with 1 mmol/L MeJA decreased by 17%–43%compared with that of the control.Moreover,the decrease in the adult M.hieroglyphica feeding area was highly positively correlated with the content of tannin and positively correlated with the contents of total phenol of economic forest R.rugosa‘Plena'leaves.The reduced feeding area of adult M.hieroglyphica was highly negatively correlated with the activities of AKP and ACP and negatively correlated with those of the GSTs.In conclusion,the use of 1 mmol/L MeJA can noticeably decrease the deleterious effects of adult M.hieroglyphica.
文摘At present, the research about flower color of Rosa rugosa is a very inno-vative and practical study. Glycosylation modification fulfills an important role in increasing the stability and solubility of anthocyanin in plants. In this study, based on the transcriptional database of R. rugosa, a gene with full length cDNA of 1422bp, encoding 473 amino acids, designated as RrGT2, were isolated from flowers of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’ and then functionally characterized. According to online software prediction, the molecular formula of the protein encoded by the RrGT2 gene is C2334H3628N602O711S18, the relative molecular mass is 52,075.17 Da, and the theoretical isoelectric point is pI = 4.76. The result of the RrGT2 protein 3D model construction showed that it had the highest homology with the UDP-glycosyltransferase 74F2 protein model in the database (39.53%). Sequence alignments with the NCBI database showed that the RrGT2 protein is a member of the GTB superfamily. Homology analysis revealed that the coding regions of RrGT2 was highly specific among different species, but still had typical conserved amino acid residues called PSPG that are crucial for RrGT2 enzyme activity. RrGT2 transcripts were detected in five flowering stages and seven tissues of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’, R. rugosa ‘Fenzizhi’ and R. rugosa ‘Baizizhi’, and their expression patterns corresponded with the accumulation of antho-cyanins. Therefore, we speculated that glycosylation of RrGT2 plays a crucial role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in R. rugosa.
