An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of grain type on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and pH using ruminal fluid and a buffer reagent. Five beef cows were used for ruminal fluid colle...An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of grain type on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and pH using ruminal fluid and a buffer reagent. Five beef cows were used for ruminal fluid collection and ruminal fluid was pooled prior to use. The cows used for ruminal fluid collection were maintained on a forage-based diet (60:40 forage to concentrate) for 28 d prior to ruminal fluid collection. Three grain types were evaluated: 1) dry corn (89% dry matter;DRC), 2) high-moisture corn (72% dry matter;HMC) and 3) rye (89% dry matter;RYE). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. A total of twenty-one replications of each grain type were used for statistical analysis (n = 63 tubes total). IVDMD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) by 97.1% and 46.4% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Additionally, IVDMD was greater (P = 0.05) by 34.6% for HMC compared to DRC. Final pH was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) for RYE by 12.3% and 2.8% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Also, final pH was decreased (P = 0.05) by 9.8% for HMC compared to DRC. These data indicate that corn harvest method (dry vs. high-moisture) influences IVDMD and final pH and that rye has a greater disappearance of dry matter and lower final pH than corn under in vitro conditions.展开更多
Rye(Secale cereale L., 2n=2x=14, RR) is a significant genetic resource for improving common wheat because of its resistance to multiple diseases and abiotic-stress tolerant traits. The 1RS chromosome from the German c...Rye(Secale cereale L., 2n=2x=14, RR) is a significant genetic resource for improving common wheat because of its resistance to multiple diseases and abiotic-stress tolerant traits. The 1RS chromosome from the German cultivated rye variety Petkus is critical in wheat breeding. However, its weakened disease resistance highlights the need to identify new resources. In the present study, a novel derived line called D27 was developed from common wheat and Mexico Rye.Cytological observations characterized the karyotype of D27 as 2n=42=21 Ⅱ. Genomic in situ hybridization indicated that a pair of whole-arm translocated Mexico Rye chromosomes were inherited typically in the mitotic and meiosis stages of D27. Experiments using fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) and gliadin electrophoresis showed that D27 lacked wheat 1DS chromosomes. They were replaced by 1RS chromosomes of Mexico Rye, supported by wheat simple-sequence repeat markers, rye sequence characterized amplified region markers, and wheat 40K SNP array analysis.The wheat 1DS chromosomes could not be detected by molecular markers and wheat SNP array, but the presence of rye 1RS chromosomes was confirmed. Agronomic trait assessments indicated that D27 had a higher tiller number and enhanced stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance. In addition, dough properties analysis showed that replacing 1DS led to higher viscosity and lower dough elasticity in D27, which was beneficial for cake making. In conclusion, the novel cytogenetically stable common wheat–Mexico Rye T1DL·1RS translocation line D27 offers excellent potential as outstanding germplasm in wheat breeding programs focusing on disease resistance and yield improvement. Additionally,it can be valuable for researching the rye 1RS chromosome’s genetic diversity.展开更多
本文以翻译伦理为观照,以The Catcher in the Rye的施咸荣、孙仲旭两个汉译本为例,探讨代词间接回指语的汉译。结果表明:(1)代词间接回指语的汉译方法从宏观上看,以直译为主,辅之以回指语的去除、明晰化和回指语的增益、转换等,虽然施...本文以翻译伦理为观照,以The Catcher in the Rye的施咸荣、孙仲旭两个汉译本为例,探讨代词间接回指语的汉译。结果表明:(1)代词间接回指语的汉译方法从宏观上看,以直译为主,辅之以回指语的去除、明晰化和回指语的增益、转换等,虽然施译本的直译比例远超孙译本;当涉及到具体句子,不同译本中代词间接回指语的译法颇有差异;(2)"文化转向"背景下的翻译伦理及其再现、服务、交际、规范等伦理细则是一个合适的参照和分析手段,可以从微观上分析代词间接回指语各译例的得失;(3)两个汉译本服务于各自的时代,施译更多地想要忠实原文和作者,而孙译兼顾作者和读者。虽然总体上在回指语翻译方面孙译本超过施译本,但都体现了翻译伦理,因此各有千秋,说明了译者风格的客观存在。展开更多
By releasing the book The Catcher in the Rye,J.D.Salinger received an immediate popularity of his writing career.Hissymbolic use of language has been thoroughly researched but the symbolic scenes which make up Holden&...By releasing the book The Catcher in the Rye,J.D.Salinger received an immediate popularity of his writing career.Hissymbolic use of language has been thoroughly researched but the symbolic scenes which make up Holden's life stage,especiallythe symbolic connotations of ironic resting places in the novel,such as bed,couch and bedroom,has not been paid much attention.It tries to analyse the four scenes: on Holden's history teacher's bed,on the hotel bed with a prostitute,in his sister's bedroom,and on his English teacher's couch,and aims to discover his spiritual chaos as well as adolescent desires in the real world,demon-strating that there is no place for adolescent Holden to rest after he chooses his own stage of scenes in his life.展开更多
The Catcher in the Rye,J.D. Salinger's first long fiction,was one of his most famous and successful works. It not only influenced American novels written afterwards,for example,Evan Hunter's Last Summer,Sylvia...The Catcher in the Rye,J.D. Salinger's first long fiction,was one of his most famous and successful works. It not only influenced American novels written afterwards,for example,Evan Hunter's Last Summer,Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar,but also influenced the American society. Take the American film industry which was so good at chasing the audience's interest for a typical example:a large numebr of movies,such as Rebel Without A Cause,American Graffiti,Dirty Dancing,The graduate,and so on:they wouldn't have been filmed like that if The Catcher in the Rye didn't go front as a model. Then,can we really find any big differences between the anxiety ex-pressed by Holden and that by the music and words of Jewel,the Green Day,and the Smashing Pumpkins?展开更多
AIM To compare the effects of regular vs low-FODMAP rye bread on irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) symptoms and to study gastrointestinal conditions with Smart Pill?.METHODS Our aim was to evaluate if rye bread low in FOD...AIM To compare the effects of regular vs low-FODMAP rye bread on irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) symptoms and to study gastrointestinal conditions with Smart Pill?.METHODS Our aim was to evaluate if rye bread low in FODMAPs would cause reduced hydrogen excretion,lower intraluminal pressure,higher colonic p H,different transit times,and fewer IBS symptoms than regular rye bread.The study was a randomized,double-blind,controlled cross-over meal study.Female IBS patients(n = 7) ate study breads at three consecutive meals during one day.The diet was similar for both study periods except for the FODMAP content of the bread consumed during the study day.Intraluminal p H,transit time,and pressure were measured by Smart Pill,an indigestible motility capsule.RESULTS Hydrogen excretion(a marker of colonic fermentation) expressed as area under the curve(AUC)(0-630 min) was [median(range)] 6300(1785-10800) ppm?min for low-FODMAP rye bread and 10 635(4215-13080) ppm?min for regular bread(P = 0.028).Mean scores of gastrointestinal symptoms showed no statistically significant differences but suggested less flatulence after low-FODMAP bread consumption(P = 0.063).Intraluminal pressure correlated significantly with total symptom score after regular rye bread(ρ = 0.786,P = 0.036) and nearly significantly after lowFODMAP bread consumption(ρ = 0.75,P = 0.052).We found no differences in p H,pressure,or transit times between the breads.Gastric residence of Smart Pill was slower than expected.Smart Pill left the stomach in less than 5 h only during one measurement(out of 14 measurements in total) and therefore did not follow on par with the rye bread bolus.CONCLUSION Low-FODMAP rye bread reduced colonic fermentation vs regular rye bread.No difference was found in median values of intraluminal conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.展开更多
Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) is widely used as cover crop because of its allelopathic effects and effectiveness in weed suppression. In the Southeastern US, rye is traditionally grown for winter grazing in dormant b...Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) is widely used as cover crop because of its allelopathic effects and effectiveness in weed suppression. In the Southeastern US, rye is traditionally grown for winter grazing in dormant bermudagrass pastures, where alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is increasingly planted as a companion crop. The effect of cereal rye on alfalfa as a succeeding crop is not known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cereal rye on alfalfa seedling emergence, growth, forage yield, and weed suppression in field conditions. Rye was planted in the fall (mid-October) and the biomass was harvested in spring (March) followed by disking and incorporation of the remaining stubble in the soil. Alfalfa seed was planted four weeks later. The experiment design was a split-plot design with the main plots being no-rye and after-rye and the sub-plots being alfalfa cultivars. Ten alfalfa cultivars were planted in three replications after-rye and three replications with no-rye as a previous crop. In the establishment year, weed density was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the after-rye alfalfa plots by nearly 77%. Alfalfa seedling counts were also significantly lower (p 0.01) among the cultivars planted in the after-rye block compared to the no-rye, with a seedling count reduction between 35% and 64%. Reduction in total dry biomass yield varied from 15% to 43% among the cultivars planted in the after-rye block. The results of this study also suggest that the allelopathic effect of rye on alfalfa may not persist beyond the establishment season, but the enormous yield reduction in the first production season may constitute a costly economic penalty in terms of forage production. There was variation in the response of different alfalfa cultivars to the effect of rye residue as indicated by the variation in the magnitude of reduction in stand count and forage yield. This warrants more research in multi-location trials with and without rye in order to establish whether there is genetic variation in alfalfa germplasm in their tolerance to cereal rye allelopathy.展开更多
Two field experiments were conducted during two successive winter seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 to investigate the potentialities of mixing Egyptian clover with ryegrass under bio, organic and mineral fertilizati...Two field experiments were conducted during two successive winter seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 to investigate the potentialities of mixing Egyptian clover with ryegrass under bio, organic and mineral fertilization treatments and their combination to increase forage yield and quality grown under sandy soil conditions. The experiment included the combination of five mixing ratios (Egyptian clover alone, ryegrass alone, 75% Egyptian clover: 25% ryegrass, 50% Egyptian clover: 50% ryegrass and 25% Egyptian clover: 75% ryegrass) and eight fertilizer sources, which include control, organic fertilization, bio fertilization, chemical fertilizer, organic + bio fertilizer, organic + chemical fertilizer, bio + chemical fertilizer and combination of organic and chemical and bio fertilizers. The obtained results indicate the superiority of 75% E. clover: 25% ryegrass mixture fertilizedby Bio + O + N in fresh and dry forage production. On the other hand, it reported the lowest dry weight of weeds g/m2. Chemical analysis of forage plants showed that the mixture of ?75% E. clover: 25% ryegrass surpassed that of other treatments yield for crude protein, ether extract and ash. The results also revealed that the highest record of DCP, crude fiber and TDNY was obtained by forage mixture of 75% E. clover: 25% ryegrass fertilized with Bio + O + N. Such higher yield of these characters hassecured a balanced ratio which is really needed for ruminants ration.展开更多
The grain of rye(Secale cereale L.) used for baking contains a large amount of non-starch polysaccharides,making it an excellent component of functional foods. But rye grain intended for alcohol production and forage ...The grain of rye(Secale cereale L.) used for baking contains a large amount of non-starch polysaccharides,making it an excellent component of functional foods. But rye grain intended for alcohol production and forage use should have a reduced content of these polysaccharides. A comprehensive parameter that can predict the best field of application for winter rye grain is the viscosity of its wholemeal water extract.However, our understanding of the genetic background underlying this key trait and associated features of rye grain is poor. By analyzing six Russian winter rye cultivars, we identified the most contrasting forms and characterized the peculiarities of their water-soluble carbohydrates capable of influencing the viscosity of water extracts. Then, using phylogenetic and transcriptomic analyses, we identified in the rye genome many genes encoding putative glycosyltransferases and glycosylhydrolases responsible for the synthesis and degradation of arabinoxylans, mixed-linkage glucans, cellulose, and some other polysaccharides. We determined the dynamics of m RNA abundance for these genes at three stages of kernel development. Comparisons of gene expression levels in two contrasting cultivars revealed specific members of multigene families that may serve as promising targets for manipulating non-starch polysaccharide content in rye grain. High-viscosity cultivars were characterized by up-regulation of many glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of arabinoxylans and other cell-wall polysaccharides,whereas low-viscosity cultivars showed up-regulation of several genes encoding polysaccharidedegrading enzymes.展开更多
The rye genome has shown potential for improvement of bread wheat,where wheat-rye substitutions and translocations have been and are frequently used in resistance breeding.Crosses belongs to different generations viz....The rye genome has shown potential for improvement of bread wheat,where wheat-rye substitutions and translocations have been and are frequently used in resistance breeding.Crosses belongs to different generations viz.,BC_(1)F_(1),BC_(1)F_(2),BC_(1)F_(3),BC_(1)F_(4)and BC_(2)F_(3)of triticale×wheat derived were used for different haploid induction parameters using Gogon grass(Imperata cylindrica)as a pollen source.The percentage of pseudo seed formation ranged from 34.55%for BC_(1)F_(2)to 63.77 for BC_(1)F_(1)crosses,the haploid embryo formation ranges from 9.43%for BC_(1)F_(1)to 30.2%for BC_(1)F_(2),the haploid plant generation ranges from 19.36%for BC_(1)F_(2)to 63.25%for BC_(1)F_(1).Four doubled haploids were developed from ITSN 105/58-VL 802-VL 802 of BC_(2)F_(3)underwent molecular cytogenetic analyses using the probes,viz.,rye genomic rDNA,pSc 119 and pAs1.FISH and GISH analysis revealed an IBL.1RS translocation and substitution of 5R chromosome instead of the 5D chromosomes in these doubled haploids.展开更多
Hungaro triticale cultivar was bred for human consumption and animal fodder in Kisvárda, Hungary. The breeding method applied for the recombinant secondary hexaploid triticale proved to be effective since the fav...Hungaro triticale cultivar was bred for human consumption and animal fodder in Kisvárda, Hungary. The breeding method applied for the recombinant secondary hexaploid triticale proved to be effective since the favourable traits of wheat, durum wheat and rye were successfully combined in the genome of the new cultivar. The first aim was to characterize the genome composition. Multicolour genomic in situ hybridization (mcGISH) was used for the genome compositional analysis. According to the results, the cultivar contains the wheat AB genome (AABB = 28 chromosomes) and the whole rye (R) genome (RR = 14 chromosomes). The presence of D genome, however, could not be detected within the detection limit of the GISH method. Hungaro is the very first triticale in Hungary that has been used for human consumption (milling industry, baking industry, pasta production). In this study, amino acid content of flours was measured. Amino acid investigations on Hungaro durum rye’s flour showed that the quantity of essential amino acids, especially of methionine and cysteine, are higher in Hungaro durum rye than in the also investigated Ryefood rye cultivar and the GK ?thalom wheat cultivar. The genes inherited from the wheat species ensure high yield and great baking and dough making qualities. Therefore, its flour is suitable in itself for pastry and dough production (without mixing it with other flours). Its characteristics inherited from rye guarantee excellent abiotic and biotic resistance.展开更多
A grass(Italian rye grass)experiment with complete desing of three factos(Hg,grass and exposure)and two levels(with and withou the factor tested)was carried out in Goeteborg,Sweden from May to September,1995,toward un...A grass(Italian rye grass)experiment with complete desing of three factos(Hg,grass and exposure)and two levels(with and withou the factor tested)was carried out in Goeteborg,Sweden from May to September,1995,toward understanding the effect of mercury deposition on plant Hg content and its distribution.It has been found that besides the two general pathways of Hg absorption,i.e.root uptake and foliar absorption,mercury deposition can aslo signifcantly incease Hg content and total load in grass.Such effects seem to be confined only within the above-ground parts of grass plant.Estimate has been made to make clear of the contributions of different pathways to Hg Content and total Hg load in the upper part of grass.Results showed that the contribution of Hg deposition accounted for 27%-32%,of Hg content in the above-ground parts of grass plant without adding Hg to the soil.decreasing with the increase of soil and/or air Hg concentrations.The increment of Hg load in the upper part of grass plant caused by Hg deposition during an interval of two weeks varied between 0.01-0.07μg pt^-1,contributing to 17%-48% of the total Hg load in grass plant exposed.展开更多
文摘An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of grain type on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and pH using ruminal fluid and a buffer reagent. Five beef cows were used for ruminal fluid collection and ruminal fluid was pooled prior to use. The cows used for ruminal fluid collection were maintained on a forage-based diet (60:40 forage to concentrate) for 28 d prior to ruminal fluid collection. Three grain types were evaluated: 1) dry corn (89% dry matter;DRC), 2) high-moisture corn (72% dry matter;HMC) and 3) rye (89% dry matter;RYE). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. A total of twenty-one replications of each grain type were used for statistical analysis (n = 63 tubes total). IVDMD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) by 97.1% and 46.4% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Additionally, IVDMD was greater (P = 0.05) by 34.6% for HMC compared to DRC. Final pH was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) for RYE by 12.3% and 2.8% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Also, final pH was decreased (P = 0.05) by 9.8% for HMC compared to DRC. These data indicate that corn harvest method (dry vs. high-moisture) influences IVDMD and final pH and that rye has a greater disappearance of dry matter and lower final pH than corn under in vitro conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771785)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi, China (2018ZDXM-NY-006)。
文摘Rye(Secale cereale L., 2n=2x=14, RR) is a significant genetic resource for improving common wheat because of its resistance to multiple diseases and abiotic-stress tolerant traits. The 1RS chromosome from the German cultivated rye variety Petkus is critical in wheat breeding. However, its weakened disease resistance highlights the need to identify new resources. In the present study, a novel derived line called D27 was developed from common wheat and Mexico Rye.Cytological observations characterized the karyotype of D27 as 2n=42=21 Ⅱ. Genomic in situ hybridization indicated that a pair of whole-arm translocated Mexico Rye chromosomes were inherited typically in the mitotic and meiosis stages of D27. Experiments using fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) and gliadin electrophoresis showed that D27 lacked wheat 1DS chromosomes. They were replaced by 1RS chromosomes of Mexico Rye, supported by wheat simple-sequence repeat markers, rye sequence characterized amplified region markers, and wheat 40K SNP array analysis.The wheat 1DS chromosomes could not be detected by molecular markers and wheat SNP array, but the presence of rye 1RS chromosomes was confirmed. Agronomic trait assessments indicated that D27 had a higher tiller number and enhanced stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance. In addition, dough properties analysis showed that replacing 1DS led to higher viscosity and lower dough elasticity in D27, which was beneficial for cake making. In conclusion, the novel cytogenetically stable common wheat–Mexico Rye T1DL·1RS translocation line D27 offers excellent potential as outstanding germplasm in wheat breeding programs focusing on disease resistance and yield improvement. Additionally,it can be valuable for researching the rye 1RS chromosome’s genetic diversity.
文摘本文以翻译伦理为观照,以The Catcher in the Rye的施咸荣、孙仲旭两个汉译本为例,探讨代词间接回指语的汉译。结果表明:(1)代词间接回指语的汉译方法从宏观上看,以直译为主,辅之以回指语的去除、明晰化和回指语的增益、转换等,虽然施译本的直译比例远超孙译本;当涉及到具体句子,不同译本中代词间接回指语的译法颇有差异;(2)"文化转向"背景下的翻译伦理及其再现、服务、交际、规范等伦理细则是一个合适的参照和分析手段,可以从微观上分析代词间接回指语各译例的得失;(3)两个汉译本服务于各自的时代,施译更多地想要忠实原文和作者,而孙译兼顾作者和读者。虽然总体上在回指语翻译方面孙译本超过施译本,但都体现了翻译伦理,因此各有千秋,说明了译者风格的客观存在。
文摘By releasing the book The Catcher in the Rye,J.D.Salinger received an immediate popularity of his writing career.Hissymbolic use of language has been thoroughly researched but the symbolic scenes which make up Holden's life stage,especiallythe symbolic connotations of ironic resting places in the novel,such as bed,couch and bedroom,has not been paid much attention.It tries to analyse the four scenes: on Holden's history teacher's bed,on the hotel bed with a prostitute,in his sister's bedroom,and on his English teacher's couch,and aims to discover his spiritual chaos as well as adolescent desires in the real world,demon-strating that there is no place for adolescent Holden to rest after he chooses his own stage of scenes in his life.
文摘The Catcher in the Rye,J.D. Salinger's first long fiction,was one of his most famous and successful works. It not only influenced American novels written afterwards,for example,Evan Hunter's Last Summer,Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar,but also influenced the American society. Take the American film industry which was so good at chasing the audience's interest for a typical example:a large numebr of movies,such as Rebel Without A Cause,American Graffiti,Dirty Dancing,The graduate,and so on:they wouldn't have been filmed like that if The Catcher in the Rye didn't go front as a model. Then,can we really find any big differences between the anxiety ex-pressed by Holden and that by the music and words of Jewel,the Green Day,and the Smashing Pumpkins?
文摘AIM To compare the effects of regular vs low-FODMAP rye bread on irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) symptoms and to study gastrointestinal conditions with Smart Pill?.METHODS Our aim was to evaluate if rye bread low in FODMAPs would cause reduced hydrogen excretion,lower intraluminal pressure,higher colonic p H,different transit times,and fewer IBS symptoms than regular rye bread.The study was a randomized,double-blind,controlled cross-over meal study.Female IBS patients(n = 7) ate study breads at three consecutive meals during one day.The diet was similar for both study periods except for the FODMAP content of the bread consumed during the study day.Intraluminal p H,transit time,and pressure were measured by Smart Pill,an indigestible motility capsule.RESULTS Hydrogen excretion(a marker of colonic fermentation) expressed as area under the curve(AUC)(0-630 min) was [median(range)] 6300(1785-10800) ppm?min for low-FODMAP rye bread and 10 635(4215-13080) ppm?min for regular bread(P = 0.028).Mean scores of gastrointestinal symptoms showed no statistically significant differences but suggested less flatulence after low-FODMAP bread consumption(P = 0.063).Intraluminal pressure correlated significantly with total symptom score after regular rye bread(ρ = 0.786,P = 0.036) and nearly significantly after lowFODMAP bread consumption(ρ = 0.75,P = 0.052).We found no differences in p H,pressure,or transit times between the breads.Gastric residence of Smart Pill was slower than expected.Smart Pill left the stomach in less than 5 h only during one measurement(out of 14 measurements in total) and therefore did not follow on par with the rye bread bolus.CONCLUSION Low-FODMAP rye bread reduced colonic fermentation vs regular rye bread.No difference was found in median values of intraluminal conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.
文摘Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) is widely used as cover crop because of its allelopathic effects and effectiveness in weed suppression. In the Southeastern US, rye is traditionally grown for winter grazing in dormant bermudagrass pastures, where alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is increasingly planted as a companion crop. The effect of cereal rye on alfalfa as a succeeding crop is not known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cereal rye on alfalfa seedling emergence, growth, forage yield, and weed suppression in field conditions. Rye was planted in the fall (mid-October) and the biomass was harvested in spring (March) followed by disking and incorporation of the remaining stubble in the soil. Alfalfa seed was planted four weeks later. The experiment design was a split-plot design with the main plots being no-rye and after-rye and the sub-plots being alfalfa cultivars. Ten alfalfa cultivars were planted in three replications after-rye and three replications with no-rye as a previous crop. In the establishment year, weed density was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the after-rye alfalfa plots by nearly 77%. Alfalfa seedling counts were also significantly lower (p 0.01) among the cultivars planted in the after-rye block compared to the no-rye, with a seedling count reduction between 35% and 64%. Reduction in total dry biomass yield varied from 15% to 43% among the cultivars planted in the after-rye block. The results of this study also suggest that the allelopathic effect of rye on alfalfa may not persist beyond the establishment season, but the enormous yield reduction in the first production season may constitute a costly economic penalty in terms of forage production. There was variation in the response of different alfalfa cultivars to the effect of rye residue as indicated by the variation in the magnitude of reduction in stand count and forage yield. This warrants more research in multi-location trials with and without rye in order to establish whether there is genetic variation in alfalfa germplasm in their tolerance to cereal rye allelopathy.
文摘Two field experiments were conducted during two successive winter seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 to investigate the potentialities of mixing Egyptian clover with ryegrass under bio, organic and mineral fertilization treatments and their combination to increase forage yield and quality grown under sandy soil conditions. The experiment included the combination of five mixing ratios (Egyptian clover alone, ryegrass alone, 75% Egyptian clover: 25% ryegrass, 50% Egyptian clover: 50% ryegrass and 25% Egyptian clover: 75% ryegrass) and eight fertilizer sources, which include control, organic fertilization, bio fertilization, chemical fertilizer, organic + bio fertilizer, organic + chemical fertilizer, bio + chemical fertilizer and combination of organic and chemical and bio fertilizers. The obtained results indicate the superiority of 75% E. clover: 25% ryegrass mixture fertilizedby Bio + O + N in fresh and dry forage production. On the other hand, it reported the lowest dry weight of weeds g/m2. Chemical analysis of forage plants showed that the mixture of ?75% E. clover: 25% ryegrass surpassed that of other treatments yield for crude protein, ether extract and ash. The results also revealed that the highest record of DCP, crude fiber and TDNY was obtained by forage mixture of 75% E. clover: 25% ryegrass fertilized with Bio + O + N. Such higher yield of these characters hassecured a balanced ratio which is really needed for ruminants ration.
基金supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research with project number of i_m_17-29-08023(Liudmila V.Kozlova,Alsu R.Nazipova,Oleg V.Gorshkov,Liliya F.Gilmullina,Natalia V.Petrova,Sergey N.Ponomarev,Mira L.Ponomareva,Tatyana A.Gorshkova)Part of work(immunodot binding assay,Olga V.Sautkina+1 种基金monosaccharide analysis,Oksana I.Trofimovaviscosity of water extract determination,Liliya F.Gilmullina)was performed with financial support from the government assignment for FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS。
文摘The grain of rye(Secale cereale L.) used for baking contains a large amount of non-starch polysaccharides,making it an excellent component of functional foods. But rye grain intended for alcohol production and forage use should have a reduced content of these polysaccharides. A comprehensive parameter that can predict the best field of application for winter rye grain is the viscosity of its wholemeal water extract.However, our understanding of the genetic background underlying this key trait and associated features of rye grain is poor. By analyzing six Russian winter rye cultivars, we identified the most contrasting forms and characterized the peculiarities of their water-soluble carbohydrates capable of influencing the viscosity of water extracts. Then, using phylogenetic and transcriptomic analyses, we identified in the rye genome many genes encoding putative glycosyltransferases and glycosylhydrolases responsible for the synthesis and degradation of arabinoxylans, mixed-linkage glucans, cellulose, and some other polysaccharides. We determined the dynamics of m RNA abundance for these genes at three stages of kernel development. Comparisons of gene expression levels in two contrasting cultivars revealed specific members of multigene families that may serve as promising targets for manipulating non-starch polysaccharide content in rye grain. High-viscosity cultivars were characterized by up-regulation of many glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of arabinoxylans and other cell-wall polysaccharides,whereas low-viscosity cultivars showed up-regulation of several genes encoding polysaccharidedegrading enzymes.
文摘The rye genome has shown potential for improvement of bread wheat,where wheat-rye substitutions and translocations have been and are frequently used in resistance breeding.Crosses belongs to different generations viz.,BC_(1)F_(1),BC_(1)F_(2),BC_(1)F_(3),BC_(1)F_(4)and BC_(2)F_(3)of triticale×wheat derived were used for different haploid induction parameters using Gogon grass(Imperata cylindrica)as a pollen source.The percentage of pseudo seed formation ranged from 34.55%for BC_(1)F_(2)to 63.77 for BC_(1)F_(1)crosses,the haploid embryo formation ranges from 9.43%for BC_(1)F_(1)to 30.2%for BC_(1)F_(2),the haploid plant generation ranges from 19.36%for BC_(1)F_(2)to 63.25%for BC_(1)F_(1).Four doubled haploids were developed from ITSN 105/58-VL 802-VL 802 of BC_(2)F_(3)underwent molecular cytogenetic analyses using the probes,viz.,rye genomic rDNA,pSc 119 and pAs1.FISH and GISH analysis revealed an IBL.1RS translocation and substitution of 5R chromosome instead of the 5D chromosomes in these doubled haploids.
文摘Hungaro triticale cultivar was bred for human consumption and animal fodder in Kisvárda, Hungary. The breeding method applied for the recombinant secondary hexaploid triticale proved to be effective since the favourable traits of wheat, durum wheat and rye were successfully combined in the genome of the new cultivar. The first aim was to characterize the genome composition. Multicolour genomic in situ hybridization (mcGISH) was used for the genome compositional analysis. According to the results, the cultivar contains the wheat AB genome (AABB = 28 chromosomes) and the whole rye (R) genome (RR = 14 chromosomes). The presence of D genome, however, could not be detected within the detection limit of the GISH method. Hungaro is the very first triticale in Hungary that has been used for human consumption (milling industry, baking industry, pasta production). In this study, amino acid content of flours was measured. Amino acid investigations on Hungaro durum rye’s flour showed that the quantity of essential amino acids, especially of methionine and cysteine, are higher in Hungaro durum rye than in the also investigated Ryefood rye cultivar and the GK ?thalom wheat cultivar. The genes inherited from the wheat species ensure high yield and great baking and dough making qualities. Therefore, its flour is suitable in itself for pastry and dough production (without mixing it with other flours). Its characteristics inherited from rye guarantee excellent abiotic and biotic resistance.
文摘A grass(Italian rye grass)experiment with complete desing of three factos(Hg,grass and exposure)and two levels(with and withou the factor tested)was carried out in Goeteborg,Sweden from May to September,1995,toward understanding the effect of mercury deposition on plant Hg content and its distribution.It has been found that besides the two general pathways of Hg absorption,i.e.root uptake and foliar absorption,mercury deposition can aslo signifcantly incease Hg content and total load in grass.Such effects seem to be confined only within the above-ground parts of grass plant.Estimate has been made to make clear of the contributions of different pathways to Hg Content and total Hg load in the upper part of grass.Results showed that the contribution of Hg deposition accounted for 27%-32%,of Hg content in the above-ground parts of grass plant without adding Hg to the soil.decreasing with the increase of soil and/or air Hg concentrations.The increment of Hg load in the upper part of grass plant caused by Hg deposition during an interval of two weeks varied between 0.01-0.07μg pt^-1,contributing to 17%-48% of the total Hg load in grass plant exposed.
