The necessity to saline and sodic waters is sometimes used for irrigating agricultural activities under certain circumstances, but it is important to note that the use of these waters comes with specific consideration...The necessity to saline and sodic waters is sometimes used for irrigating agricultural activities under certain circumstances, but it is important to note that the use of these waters comes with specific considerations and limitations. One way to decrease undesirable effects of sodic waters on the physical and chemical properties of soils is to apply organic and chemical amendments within the soil. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of saline water on soil acidity, alkalinity and nutrients leaching in sandy loamy soil at Bella flower farm, in Rwamagana District, Rwanda. The water used was from the Muhazi Lake which is classified as Class I (Saline water quality). Column leaching experiments using treated soils were then conducted under saturated conditions. The soil under experimental was first analyzed for its textural classification, soil properties and is classified as sandy loamy soil. The t-test was taken at 1%, 5% and 10% levels of statistical significance compared to control soil. The results indicated that the application of saline water to soils caused an increase in some soil nutrients like increase of Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K<sup>+</sup>), Magnesium (Mg2<sup>+</sup>), Sulphur (S), CN ratio and Sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>) and decreased soil texture, physical and chemical properties and remained soil nutrients. Consequently, the intensive addition of saline water leachates to soil in PVC pipes led to decreased of soil EC through leaching and a raiser Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP). The rate of saline water application affected the increase accumulation of SAR and Na% in the top soil layers. The study indicated that saline water is an inefficient amendment for sandy soil with saline water irrigation. The study recommends further studies with similar topic with saline water irrigation, as it accentuated the alkalinity levels.展开更多
Simultaneous stresses of salinity and drought often coincide during rice-growing seasons in saline lands,primarily due to insufficient water resources and inadequate irrigation facilities.Consequently,combined salinit...Simultaneous stresses of salinity and drought often coincide during rice-growing seasons in saline lands,primarily due to insufficient water resources and inadequate irrigation facilities.Consequently,combined salinity-drought stress poses a major threat to rice production.In this study,two salinity levels(NS,non-salinity;HS,high salinity)along with three drought treatments(CC,control condition;DJ,drought stress imposed at jointing;DH,drought stress imposed at heading)were performed to investigate their combined influences on leaf photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation,and rice yield formation.Salinity,drought,and their combination led to a shortened growth period from heading to maturity,resulting in a reduced overall growth duration.Grain yield was reduced under both salinity and drought stress,with a more substantial reduction under the combined salinity-drought stress.The combined stress imposed at heading caused greater yield losses in rice compared with the stress imposed at jointing.Additionally,the combined salinity-drought stress induced greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity,as well as in shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC)content in the stem at heading and maturity.However,it increased the harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve.Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves and weakened the leaf photosynthetic characteristics as indicated by lower photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,and stomatal conductance.These reductions were more pronounced under the combined stress.Salinity,drought,and especially their combination,decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase,catalase,and superoxide dismutase,while increasing the contents of malondialdehyde,hydrogen peroxide,and superoxide radical.Our results indicated a more significant yield loss in rice when subjected to combined salinity-drought stress.The individual and combined stresses of salinity and drought diminished antioxidant enzyme activities,inhibited leaf photosynthetic functions,accelerated leaf senescence,and subsequently lowered assimilate accumulation and grain yield.展开更多
Accurately estimating the ocean subsurface salinity structure(OSSS)is crucial for understanding ocean dynamics and predicting climate variations.We present a convolutional neural network(CNN)model to estimate the OSSS...Accurately estimating the ocean subsurface salinity structure(OSSS)is crucial for understanding ocean dynamics and predicting climate variations.We present a convolutional neural network(CNN)model to estimate the OSSS in the Indian Ocean using satellite data and Argo observations.We evaluated the performance of the CNN model in terms of its vertical and spatial distribution,as well as seasonal variation of OSSS estimation.Results demonstrate that the CNN model accurately estimates the most significant salinity features in the Indian Ocean using sea surface data with no significant differences from Argo-derived OSSS.However,the estimation accuracy of the CNN model varies with depth,with the most challenging depth being approximately 70 m,corresponding to the halocline layer.Validations of the CNN model’s accuracy in estimating OSSS in the Indian Ocean are also conducted by comparing Argo observations and CNN model estimations along two selected sections and four selected boxes.The results show that the CNN model effectively captures the seasonal variability of salinity,demonstrating its high performance in salinity estimation using sea surface data.Our analysis reveals that sea surface salinity has the strongest correlation with OSSS in shallow layers,while sea surface height anomaly plays a more significant role in deeper layers.These preliminary results provide valuable insights into the feasibility of estimating OSSS using satellite observations and have implications for studying upper ocean dynamics using machine learning techniques.展开更多
Soil salinity is a major limiting factor for crop production in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Cheap and sustainable management of soil salinity is hence most sought out topics in agricultural research. Conceptualizing ...Soil salinity is a major limiting factor for crop production in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Cheap and sustainable management of soil salinity is hence most sought out topics in agricultural research. Conceptualizing that idea in mind, a pot experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil, Water & Environment, University of Dhaka in order to analyze if common organic amendments (rice straw, saw dust) coupled with reduce photoperiod can mitigate salinity effect on the growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The experiment was set up following completely randomized design (CRD) with nine treatments and three replications containing Tc (Control), T1 (Ambient photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T2 (Reduced photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T3 (Ambient photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T4 (Reduced photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T5 (Ambient photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust), T6 (Reduced photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust), T7 (Ambient photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust) and T8 (Reduced photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust). Organic amendments were used separately at the rate of 12 ton/ha. The highest plant height (98.67 cm), root length (12.5 cm), pod number (10.33), leaf area (13.99 cm2), fresh weight (680 kg/ha), dry weight (316.67 kg/ha) were recorded with the treatment T1 while the second-best treatment was treatment T2 (with highest harvest index 0.040) and these results were statistically significant (p < 0.001). In post-harvest soil, pH, EC, OC, OM;available N, P, K, S;total Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn were increased significantly in treatment T1. The overall results illustrated that the best growth and yield performances were achieved in the treatment T1 and T2.展开更多
Salinity stress greatly impacts rice grain yield and quality, as well as the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP) content in grains. The present study was conducted with Nanjing 9108(NJ9108, conventional japonica rice) and Wenl...Salinity stress greatly impacts rice grain yield and quality, as well as the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP) content in grains. The present study was conducted with Nanjing 9108(NJ9108, conventional japonica rice) and Wenliangyou 669(WLY669, indica hybrid rice) in the fields with non-salinity(NS), low salinity(LS), and high salinity(HS) stresses in 2021 and 2022.展开更多
Ocean fronts play important roles in nutrient transport and in the shaping ecological patterns.Frontal zones in small bays are typically small in scale,have a complex structure,and they are spatially and temporally va...Ocean fronts play important roles in nutrient transport and in the shaping ecological patterns.Frontal zones in small bays are typically small in scale,have a complex structure,and they are spatially and temporally variable,but there are limited data on how biological communities respond to this variation.Hangzhou Bay,a mediumsized estuary in China,is an ideal place in which to study the response of plankton to small-scale ocean fronts,because three water masses(Qiantang River Diluted Water,Changjiang River Diluted Water,and the East China Sea current) converge here and form dynamic salinity fronts throughout the year.We investigate zooplankton communities,and temperature,salinity and chlorophyll a(Chl a) in Hangzhou Bay in June(wet perio d) and December(dry period) of 2022 and examine the dominant environmental factors that affect zooplankton community spatial variability.We then match the spatial distributions of zooplankton communities with those of salinity fronts.S alinity is the most important explanatory variable to affect zooplankton community spatial variability during both wet and dry periods,in that it contributes>60% of the variability in community structure.Furthermore,the spatial distributions of zooplankton match well with salinity fronts.During December,with weaker Qiantang River Diluted Water and a stronger secondary Changjiang River Plume,zooplankton communities occur in moderate salinity(MS,salinity range 15.6±2.2) and high salinity(HS,22.4±1.7) regions,and their ecological boundaries closely match the Qiantang River Diluted Water front.In June,different zooplankton communities occur in low salinity(LS,3.9±1.0),MS(11.7±3.6) and HS(21.3±1.9) regions.Although the LS region occurs abnormally in the central bay rather than its apex because of the anomalous influence of rising and falling tides during the sampling perio d,the ecological boundaries still match salinity interfaces.Low-salinity or brackish-water zooplankter taxa are relatively more abundant in LS or MS regions,and the biomass and abundance of zooplankton is higher in the MS region.展开更多
NaY zeolites are synthesized using submolten salt depolymerized natural perlite mineral as the main silica and alumina sources in a 0.94 L stirred crystallizer.Effects of alkalinity ranging from 0.38 to 0.55(n(Na_(2)O...NaY zeolites are synthesized using submolten salt depolymerized natural perlite mineral as the main silica and alumina sources in a 0.94 L stirred crystallizer.Effects of alkalinity ranging from 0.38 to 0.55(n(Na_(2)O)/n(SiO_(2)))on the relative crystallinity,textural properties and crystallization kinetics were investigated.The results show that alkalinity exerts a nonmonotonic influence on the relative crystallinity and textural properties,which exhibit a maximum at the alkalinity of 0.43.The nucleation kinetics are studied by fitting the experimental data of relative crystallinity with the Gualtieri model.It is shown that the nucleation rate constant increases with increasing alkalinity,while the duration period of nucleation decreases with increasing alkalinity.For n(Na_(2)O)/n(SiO_(2))ratios ranging from 0.38 to 0.55,the as-synthesized NaY zeolites exhibit narrower crystal size distributions with the increase in alkalinity.The growth rates determined from the variations of average crystal size with time are 51.09,157.50,46.17 and 24.75 nm·h^(-1),respectively.It is found that the larger average crystal sizes at the alkalinity of 0.38 and 0.43 are attributed to the dominant role of crystal growth over nucleation.Furthermore,the combined action of prominent crystal growth and the longer duration periods of nucleation at the alkalinity of 0.38 and 0.43 results in broader crystal size distributions.The findings demonstrate that control of the properties of NaY zeolite and the crystallization kinetics can be achieved by conducting the crystallization process in an appropriate range of alkalinity of the reaction mixture.展开更多
The spaceborne platform has unprecedently provided the global eddy-permitting(typically about 0.25°)products of sea surface salinity(SSS),however the existing SSS products can hardly resolve mesoscale motions due...The spaceborne platform has unprecedently provided the global eddy-permitting(typically about 0.25°)products of sea surface salinity(SSS),however the existing SSS products can hardly resolve mesoscale motions due to the heavy noises therein and the over-smoothing in denoising processes.By means of the multi-fractal fusion(MFF),the high-resolution SSS product is synthesized with the template of sea surface temperature(SST).Two low-resolution SSS products and four SST products are considered as the source data and the templates respectively to determine the best combination.The fused products are validated by the in situ observations and intercompared via SSS maps,Singularity Exponent maps and wavenumber spectra.The results demonstrate that the MFF can perform a good work in mitigating the noises and improving the resolution.The combination of the climate change initiative SSS and the remote sensing system SST can produce the 0.1°denoised product whose global mean standard derivation of salinity against Argo is 0.21 and the feature resolution can reach 30−40 km.展开更多
Salinity is among the most critical factors limiting the growth and species distribution of coastal plants.Water salinity in estuarine ecosystems varies temporally and spatially,but the variation patterns across diffe...Salinity is among the most critical factors limiting the growth and species distribution of coastal plants.Water salinity in estuarine ecosystems varies temporally and spatially,but the variation patterns across different time scales and salinity fluctuation have rarely been quantified.The effects of salinity on floristic diversity in mangroves are not fully understood due to the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of salinity.In this study,we monitored water salinity at an interval of 10-min over one year in three mangrove catchment areas representing the outer part,middle part,and inner part respectively of Dongzhai Bay,Hainan,China.The number of mangrove community types and dominant mangrove species of the three catchment areas were also investigated.We found that the diurnal variation and dry-season intra-month variation in water salinity were driven by tidal cycles.The seasonal variation in water salinity was mainly driven by rainfall with higher salinity occurring in the dry season and lower salinity occurring in the wet season.Spatially,water salinity was highest at the outer part,intermediate at the middle part,and lowest at the inner part of the bay.The intra-month and annual fluctuations of water salinity were highest at the middle part and lowest at the outer part of the bay.The number of mangrove community types and dominant species were lowest at the outer part,intermediate at the middle part,and highest at the inner part of the bay.These results suggest that the temporal variation of water salinity in mangroves is driven by different factors at different time scales and therefore it is necessary to measure water salinity at different time scales to get a complete picture of the saline environment that mangroves experience.Spatially,lower salinity levels benefit mangrove species richness within a bay landscape,however,further research is needed to distinguish the effects of salinity fluctuation and salinity level in affecting mangrove species richness.展开更多
For engineering structures with saline soil as a filling material,such as channel slope,road subgrade,etc.,the rich soluble salt in the soil is an important potential factor affecting their safety performance.This stu...For engineering structures with saline soil as a filling material,such as channel slope,road subgrade,etc.,the rich soluble salt in the soil is an important potential factor affecting their safety performance.This study examines the Atterberg limits,shear strength,and compressibility of carbonate saline soil samples with different NaHCO3 contents in Northeast China.The mechanism underlying the influence of salt content on soil macroscopic properties was investigated based on a volumetric flask test,a mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)test,and a scanning electron microscopic(SEM)test.The results demonstrated that when NaHCO3 contents were lower than the threshold value of 1.5%,the bound water film adsorbed on the surface of clay particles thickened continuously,and correspondingly,the Atterberg limits and plasticity index increased rapidly as the increase of sodium ion content.Meanwhile,the bonding force between particles was weakened,the dispersion of large aggregates was enhanced,and the soil structure became looser.Macroscopically,the compressibility increased and the shear strength(mainly cohesion)decreased by 28.64%.However,when the NaHCO3 content exceeded the threshold value of 1.5%,the salt gradually approached solubility and filled the pores between particles in the form of crystals,resulting in a decrease in soil porosity.The cementation effect generated by salt crystals increased the bonding force between soil particles,leading to a decrease in plasticity index and an improvement in soil mechanical properties.Moreover,this work provides valuable suggestions and theoretical guidance for the scientific utilization of carbonate saline soil in backfill engineering projects.展开更多
Coastal and estuarine protists are frequently exposed to salinity undulation.While the tolerance and stress responses of microalgae to salinity have been extensively studied,there have been scarce studies on the physi...Coastal and estuarine protists are frequently exposed to salinity undulation.While the tolerance and stress responses of microalgae to salinity have been extensively studied,there have been scarce studies on the physiological response of heterotrophic protists to salinity stressing.In this study,we investigated the physiological response of the heterotrophic ciliate Gastrostyla setifera to a salinity of 3,via a transcriptomic approach.The first transcriptome of genus Gastrostyla was obtained utilizing a group of manually isolated ciliate individuals(cells)and RNA-seq technique.The completeness of the transcriptome was verified.Differentially expressed gene(DEG)analysis was performed among the transcriptomes of G.setifera acclimated in saline water(salinity 3)and those cultured in fresh water.The results demonstrated a significant alternation in gene transcription,in which the ciliate exhibits a transcripttomic acclimation in responding salinity stressing.The up-regulated DEGs were enriched in the pathways of cytoskeleton proteins,membrane trafficking,protein kinases and protein phosphatases.These may represent enhanced functions of ion transport,stress response and cell protections.Pathways involved in energy metabolism and biosynthesis were markedly down-regulated,reflecting decreased cell activity.Particularly,we detected significantly down-regulated genes involved in several pathways of amino acid catabolism,which may lead to accumulation of amino acids in the ciliate cell.Amino acid could act as compatible solutes in the cytoplasm to maintain the osmotic balance in saline water.Overall,this work is an initial exploration to the molecular basis of the heterotrophic protist responding to salinity stressing.The result sheds light on the mechanisms of enhancement of cell protection,reduction of cell activity,and osmotic pressure regulation in ciliates acclimated to salinity.展开更多
The chloride channel 7 gene(CLC 7)of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis was cloned and named ChCLC 7.The cDNA was 2572 bp in length,with a 5′non-coding region containing 25 bp,a 3′non-coding region conta...The chloride channel 7 gene(CLC 7)of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis was cloned and named ChCLC 7.The cDNA was 2572 bp in length,with a 5′non-coding region containing 25 bp,a 3′non-coding region containing 327 bp,and an open reading frame of 2298 bp.ChCLC 7 has 96.8%and 92.1%homology with CLC 7 of Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea virginica,respectively,and it was clustered with CLC 7 of C.gigas and C.virginica.QRT-PCR showed that ChCLC 7 was expressed in all eight tissues,with the highest in adductor muscle and second in gill.The ChCLC 7 expression pattern in gill was altered significantly under high salinity stress with an overall upward and then downward trend.After RNA interference,the expression of ChCLC 7 and survival rate of oyster under high salinity stress was reduced significantly,and so did the concentration of hemolymph chloride ion in 48-96 h after RNA interference.We believed that ChCLC 7 could play an important role in osmoregulation of C.hongkongensis by regulating Cl^(-)transport.This study provided data for the analysis of molecular mechanism against oyster salinity stress.展开更多
Polymerflooding is an effective method widely applied for enhancing oil recovery(EOR)by reducing the mobility ratio between theinjected water and crude oil.However,traditional polymers encounter challenges in high sali...Polymerflooding is an effective method widely applied for enhancing oil recovery(EOR)by reducing the mobility ratio between theinjected water and crude oil.However,traditional polymers encounter challenges in high salinity reservoirs due to their salt sensitivity.Toovercome this challenge,we synthesized a zwitterion polymer(PAMNS)with salt-induced tackifying property through copolymerization ofacrylamide and a zwitterion monomer,methylacrylamide propyl-N,N-dimethylbutylsulfonate(NS).NS monomer is obtained from thereaction between 1,4-butanesultone and dimethylamino propyl methylacrylamide.In this study,the rheological properties,salt responsiveness,and EOR efficiency of PAMNS were evaluated.Results demonstrate that PAMNS exhibits desirable salt-induced tackifyingcharacteristics,with viscosity increasing up to 2.4 times as the NaCl concentration reaches a salinity of 30×10^(4)mg L^(-1).Furthermore,highvalence ions possess a much stronger effect on enhancing viscosity,manifested as Mg^(2+)>Ca^(2+)>Na^(+).Molecular dynamics simulations(MD)andfluid dynamics experiment results demonstrate that PAMNS molecules exhibit a more stretched state and enhanced intermolecularassociations in high-salinity environments.It is because of the salt-induced tackifying,PAMNS demonstrates superior performance inpolymerflooding experiments under salinity ranges from 5×10^(4)mg L^(-1)to 20×10^(4)mg L^(-1),leading to 10.38–19.83%higher EOR thantraditional polymers.展开更多
A novel temperature and salinity discriminative sensing method based on forward Brillouin scattering(FBS)in 1060-XP single-mode fiber(SMF)is proposed.The measured frequency shifts corresponding to different radial aco...A novel temperature and salinity discriminative sensing method based on forward Brillouin scattering(FBS)in 1060-XP single-mode fiber(SMF)is proposed.The measured frequency shifts corresponding to different radial acoustic modes in 1060-XP SMF show different sensitivities to temperature and salinity.Based on the new phenomenon that different radial acoustic modes have different frequency shift-temperature and frequency shift-salinity coefficients,we propose a novel method for simultaneously measuring temperature and salinity by measuring the frequency shift changes of two FBS scattering peaks.In a proof-of-concept experiment,the temperature and salinity measurement errors are 0.12℃and 0.29%,respectively.The proposed method for simultaneously measuring temperature and salinity has the potential applications such as ocean surveying,food manufacturing and pharmaceutical engineering.展开更多
Rising atmospheric CO_(2)(carbon dioxide)concentrations and salinization are manifestations of climate change that affect plant growth and productivity.Species with an intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)type of photosynthesis li...Rising atmospheric CO_(2)(carbon dioxide)concentrations and salinization are manifestations of climate change that affect plant growth and productivity.Species with an intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)type of photosynthesis live in a wide range of precipitation,temperature,and soil quality,but are more often found in warm and dry habitats.One of the intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)photosynthetic type is C_(2)photosynthesis with a carbon concentration mechanism(CCM)that reassimilates CO_(2)released via photorespiration.However,the ecological significance under which C_(2)photosynthesis has advantages over C_(3)and C_(4)plants remains largely unexplored.Salt tolerance and functioning of CCM were studied in plants from two populations(P1 and P2)of Sedobassia sedoides(Pall.)Freitag&G.Kadereit Asch.species with C_(2)photosynthesis exposed to 4 d and 10 d salinity(200 mM NaCl)at ambient(785.7 mg/m^(3),aCO_(2)and elevated(1571.4 mg/m^(3),eCO_(2))CO_(2).On the fourth day of salinity,an increase in Na+content,activity catalase,and superoxide dismutase was observed in both populations.P2 plants showed an increase in proline content and a decrease in photosynthetic enzyme content:rubisco,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),and glycine decarboxylase(GDC),which indicated a weakening of C_(2)and C_(4)characteristics under salinity.Treatment under 10 d salinity led to an increased Na^(+)content and activity of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I(PSI CEF),a decreased content of K^(+)and GDC in both populations.P1 plants showed greater salt tolerance,which was assessed by the degree of reduction in photosynthetic enzyme content,PSI CEF activity,and changes in relative growth rate(RGR).Differences between populations were evident under the combination of eCO_(2)and salinity.Under long-term salinity and eCO_(2),more salt-tolerant P1 plants had a higher dry biomass(DW),which was positively correlated with PSI CEF activity.In less salt-tolerant P2 plants,DW correlated with transpiration and dark respiration.Thus,S.sedoides showed a high degree of photosynthetic plasticity under the influence of salinity and eCO_(2)through strengthening(P1 plants)and weakening C_(4)characteristics(P2 plants).展开更多
A 110-year ensemble simulation of an ocean general circulation model(OGCM)was analyzed to identify the modulation of salinity interdecadal variability on El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)amplitude in the tropica...A 110-year ensemble simulation of an ocean general circulation model(OGCM)was analyzed to identify the modulation of salinity interdecadal variability on El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)amplitude in the tropical Pacific during 1901-2010.The simulating results show that sea surface salinity(SSS)variation in the region exhibits notable and coherent interdecadal variability signal,which is closely associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation(IPO).As salinity increases or reduces,the SSS modulations on ENSO amplitude during its warm/cold events vary asymmetrically with positive/negative IPO phases.Physically,salinity interdecadal variability can enhance or reduce ENSO-related conditions in upper-ocean stratification,contributing noticeably to ENSO variability.Salinity anomalies associated with the mixed layer depth and barrier layer thickness can modulate ENSO amplitude during positive and negative IPO phases,resulting in the asymmetry of sea surface temperature(SST)anomaly in the tropical Pacific.During positive IPO phases,SSS interdecadal variability contributes positively to El Niño amplitude but negatively to La Niña amplitude by enhancing or reducing SSS interannual variability,and vice versa during negative IPO phases.Quantitatively,the results indicate that the modulation of the ENSO amplitude by the SSS interdecadal variability is 15%-28%during negative IPO phases and 30%-20%during positive IPO phases,respectively.Evidently,the SSS interdecadal variability associated with IPO and its modulation on ENSO amplitude in the tropical Pacific are among factors essentially contributing ENSO diversity.展开更多
Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream in the oil and gas industry. Water remains trapped for millions of years in the reservoir with oil and gas. When a hydrocarbon reservoir is infiltrated by a production w...Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream in the oil and gas industry. Water remains trapped for millions of years in the reservoir with oil and gas. When a hydrocarbon reservoir is infiltrated by a production well, the produced fluids commonly contain water. The understanding of this water’s constituents and volumes is vital for the sustainable continuity of production operations, as PW has a number of negative impacts on the infrastructure integrity of the operation. On the other hand, PW can be an alternative source of irrigation water as well as of industrial salt. Interestingly, both the quantity as well as the quality of PW do not remain constant but can vary, both progressively and erratically, even over short periods of time. This paper discusses such a situation of variable PW in an oil and gas operation in the State of Kuwait.展开更多
Soil salinity and alkalinity adversely affects the productivity and grain quality of rice. The grain quality of 19 rice genotypes characterized as salt tolerant （T）, semi-tolerant （ST） and sensitive （S） was asse...Soil salinity and alkalinity adversely affects the productivity and grain quality of rice. The grain quality of 19 rice genotypes characterized as salt tolerant （T）, semi-tolerant （ST） and sensitive （S） was assessed in lysimeters containing saline and highly alkaline soils. Head rice recovery was reduced by salinity stress whereas it was not affected by alkalinity stress. The ratio of length to width （grain dimensions） was significantly reduced in the T genotype even at low electrical conductivity （EC, 4 mS/cm） and alkalinity （pH 9.5）, whereas in the ST genotype, it was significantly reduced at high salinity （EC 8 mS/cm）. There was no significant effect of any levels of salinity or alkalinity on grain dimensions in the S genotype. Amylose content was significantly reduced in T and ST groups even at low EC （4 mS/cm） and alkalinity （pH 9.5） and the effect in the S genotype was only at high salinity. Starch content showed significant reduction at high salinity and alkalinity （EC 8 mS/cm and pH 9.8） in the T and ST genotypes and no significant effect was observed in the S genotype. The effect of both levels of salinity （EC 4 and 8 mS/cm） and high alkalinity （pH 9.8） on gel consistency was observed only in the S genotype. The tolerant genotypes IR36 under high salinity, and CSIR10 and CSR11 under alkali stress showed less reduction in amylose content. The T genotype BR4-10, and ST genotypes CSR30, CSR29 and CSR13 showed better gel consistency under saline and alkali stress. Amylose content was affected even at low salinity stress and thus important to be considered in breeding rice for salt tolerance. Overall, the grain quality of T and ST genotypes was less affected by saline and alkali stress compared to S ones.展开更多
Sorghum is an important source of food, feed and raw material for brewing, and is expected to be a promising bioenergy crop. Sorghum is well known for its strong resistance to abiotic stress and wide adaptability, and...Sorghum is an important source of food, feed and raw material for brewing, and is expected to be a promising bioenergy crop. Sorghum is well known for its strong resistance to abiotic stress and wide adaptability, and salt tolerance is one of its main characteristics. Increasing sorghum planting acreage on saline-alkalien land is one way to effectively use this kind of marginal soil. In this paper, domestic and overseas research on plant tolerance to soil salinity and alkalinity in sorghum, including salt-tolerant genetics and breeding, physiology, cultivation, and identification of tolerant germplasms, are reviewed. Suggestions for further studies on salinity and alkalinity tolerance in sorghum are given, and the prospects for sorghum production in saline-alkalien land are discussed.展开更多
Avicenna marina(Forssk.)Vierh is a halophytic mangrove.The reproductive unit is green and has photosynthetic propagules.Mangroves are naturally exposed to fluctuations in some abiotic factors at the soil surface,inclu...Avicenna marina(Forssk.)Vierh is a halophytic mangrove.The reproductive unit is green and has photosynthetic propagules.Mangroves are naturally exposed to fluctuations in some abiotic factors at the soil surface,including salinity and alkalinity.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two salts including NaCl and NaHCO_(3)on germination processes and discuss the relationships between cotyledon photosynthesis and embryo axis growth in A.marina propagules.These propagules came from Al Birk,located on the shoreline of the Saudi Red Sea.The results showed that the studied salts did not affect neither the final germination percentage nor the embryo axis growth.However,rooting and root growth were delayed by both salts at 300 mM and were strongly inhibited by 600 mM NaHCO_(3).Both NaCl and NaHCO_(3)reduced the photosynthetic activity.These two salts did not affect the other photosynthetic parameters,including stomatal conductance,net transpiration,and intercellular CO_(2).Thereafter,the reduction in net photosynthesis was not related to any limitation of stomatal conductance.The early germination phase was independent of cotyledon photosynthesis,whereas rooting and root growth may be limited by reduced photosynthesis under NaCl and NaHCO_(3).展开更多
文摘The necessity to saline and sodic waters is sometimes used for irrigating agricultural activities under certain circumstances, but it is important to note that the use of these waters comes with specific considerations and limitations. One way to decrease undesirable effects of sodic waters on the physical and chemical properties of soils is to apply organic and chemical amendments within the soil. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of saline water on soil acidity, alkalinity and nutrients leaching in sandy loamy soil at Bella flower farm, in Rwamagana District, Rwanda. The water used was from the Muhazi Lake which is classified as Class I (Saline water quality). Column leaching experiments using treated soils were then conducted under saturated conditions. The soil under experimental was first analyzed for its textural classification, soil properties and is classified as sandy loamy soil. The t-test was taken at 1%, 5% and 10% levels of statistical significance compared to control soil. The results indicated that the application of saline water to soils caused an increase in some soil nutrients like increase of Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K<sup>+</sup>), Magnesium (Mg2<sup>+</sup>), Sulphur (S), CN ratio and Sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>) and decreased soil texture, physical and chemical properties and remained soil nutrients. Consequently, the intensive addition of saline water leachates to soil in PVC pipes led to decreased of soil EC through leaching and a raiser Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP). The rate of saline water application affected the increase accumulation of SAR and Na% in the top soil layers. The study indicated that saline water is an inefficient amendment for sandy soil with saline water irrigation. The study recommends further studies with similar topic with saline water irrigation, as it accentuated the alkalinity levels.
基金financed by the National Key Research and Development Program,China(Grant Nos.2022YFE0113400 and 2022YFD1500402)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32001466)+3 种基金Scientific and Technological Innovation Fund of Carbon Emissions Peak and Neutrality of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology,China(Grant Nos.BE2022304 and BE2022305)Joints Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U20A2022)Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(Grant No.2020M671628)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China.
文摘Simultaneous stresses of salinity and drought often coincide during rice-growing seasons in saline lands,primarily due to insufficient water resources and inadequate irrigation facilities.Consequently,combined salinity-drought stress poses a major threat to rice production.In this study,two salinity levels(NS,non-salinity;HS,high salinity)along with three drought treatments(CC,control condition;DJ,drought stress imposed at jointing;DH,drought stress imposed at heading)were performed to investigate their combined influences on leaf photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation,and rice yield formation.Salinity,drought,and their combination led to a shortened growth period from heading to maturity,resulting in a reduced overall growth duration.Grain yield was reduced under both salinity and drought stress,with a more substantial reduction under the combined salinity-drought stress.The combined stress imposed at heading caused greater yield losses in rice compared with the stress imposed at jointing.Additionally,the combined salinity-drought stress induced greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity,as well as in shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC)content in the stem at heading and maturity.However,it increased the harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve.Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves and weakened the leaf photosynthetic characteristics as indicated by lower photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,and stomatal conductance.These reductions were more pronounced under the combined stress.Salinity,drought,and especially their combination,decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase,catalase,and superoxide dismutase,while increasing the contents of malondialdehyde,hydrogen peroxide,and superoxide radical.Our results indicated a more significant yield loss in rice when subjected to combined salinity-drought stress.The individual and combined stresses of salinity and drought diminished antioxidant enzyme activities,inhibited leaf photosynthetic functions,accelerated leaf senescence,and subsequently lowered assimilate accumulation and grain yield.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFF0801400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42176010)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(No.ZR2021MD022)。
文摘Accurately estimating the ocean subsurface salinity structure(OSSS)is crucial for understanding ocean dynamics and predicting climate variations.We present a convolutional neural network(CNN)model to estimate the OSSS in the Indian Ocean using satellite data and Argo observations.We evaluated the performance of the CNN model in terms of its vertical and spatial distribution,as well as seasonal variation of OSSS estimation.Results demonstrate that the CNN model accurately estimates the most significant salinity features in the Indian Ocean using sea surface data with no significant differences from Argo-derived OSSS.However,the estimation accuracy of the CNN model varies with depth,with the most challenging depth being approximately 70 m,corresponding to the halocline layer.Validations of the CNN model’s accuracy in estimating OSSS in the Indian Ocean are also conducted by comparing Argo observations and CNN model estimations along two selected sections and four selected boxes.The results show that the CNN model effectively captures the seasonal variability of salinity,demonstrating its high performance in salinity estimation using sea surface data.Our analysis reveals that sea surface salinity has the strongest correlation with OSSS in shallow layers,while sea surface height anomaly plays a more significant role in deeper layers.These preliminary results provide valuable insights into the feasibility of estimating OSSS using satellite observations and have implications for studying upper ocean dynamics using machine learning techniques.
文摘Soil salinity is a major limiting factor for crop production in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Cheap and sustainable management of soil salinity is hence most sought out topics in agricultural research. Conceptualizing that idea in mind, a pot experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil, Water & Environment, University of Dhaka in order to analyze if common organic amendments (rice straw, saw dust) coupled with reduce photoperiod can mitigate salinity effect on the growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The experiment was set up following completely randomized design (CRD) with nine treatments and three replications containing Tc (Control), T1 (Ambient photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T2 (Reduced photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T3 (Ambient photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T4 (Reduced photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T5 (Ambient photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust), T6 (Reduced photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust), T7 (Ambient photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust) and T8 (Reduced photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust). Organic amendments were used separately at the rate of 12 ton/ha. The highest plant height (98.67 cm), root length (12.5 cm), pod number (10.33), leaf area (13.99 cm2), fresh weight (680 kg/ha), dry weight (316.67 kg/ha) were recorded with the treatment T1 while the second-best treatment was treatment T2 (with highest harvest index 0.040) and these results were statistically significant (p < 0.001). In post-harvest soil, pH, EC, OC, OM;available N, P, K, S;total Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn were increased significantly in treatment T1. The overall results illustrated that the best growth and yield performances were achieved in the treatment T1 and T2.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program, China (Grant Nos. 2022YFE0113400 and 2022YFD1500402)the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BE2023355)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (Grant No. 23KJA210004)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund, China (Grant No. CX(23)1020)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Fund of Carbon Emissions Peak and Neutrality of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology, China (Grant Nos. BE2022304 and BE2022305)the Qinglan Project of Yangzhou Universitythe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China。
文摘Salinity stress greatly impacts rice grain yield and quality, as well as the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP) content in grains. The present study was conducted with Nanjing 9108(NJ9108, conventional japonica rice) and Wenliangyou 669(WLY669, indica hybrid rice) in the fields with non-salinity(NS), low salinity(LS), and high salinity(HS) stresses in 2021 and 2022.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contact No.2021YFC3101702the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under contact Nos LY22D060006 and LY14D060007+1 种基金the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang under contact No.2022C03044the Project of Long-term Observation and Research Plan in the Changjiang Estuary and Adjacent East China Sea (LORCE) under contact No.SZ2001。
文摘Ocean fronts play important roles in nutrient transport and in the shaping ecological patterns.Frontal zones in small bays are typically small in scale,have a complex structure,and they are spatially and temporally variable,but there are limited data on how biological communities respond to this variation.Hangzhou Bay,a mediumsized estuary in China,is an ideal place in which to study the response of plankton to small-scale ocean fronts,because three water masses(Qiantang River Diluted Water,Changjiang River Diluted Water,and the East China Sea current) converge here and form dynamic salinity fronts throughout the year.We investigate zooplankton communities,and temperature,salinity and chlorophyll a(Chl a) in Hangzhou Bay in June(wet perio d) and December(dry period) of 2022 and examine the dominant environmental factors that affect zooplankton community spatial variability.We then match the spatial distributions of zooplankton communities with those of salinity fronts.S alinity is the most important explanatory variable to affect zooplankton community spatial variability during both wet and dry periods,in that it contributes>60% of the variability in community structure.Furthermore,the spatial distributions of zooplankton match well with salinity fronts.During December,with weaker Qiantang River Diluted Water and a stronger secondary Changjiang River Plume,zooplankton communities occur in moderate salinity(MS,salinity range 15.6±2.2) and high salinity(HS,22.4±1.7) regions,and their ecological boundaries closely match the Qiantang River Diluted Water front.In June,different zooplankton communities occur in low salinity(LS,3.9±1.0),MS(11.7±3.6) and HS(21.3±1.9) regions.Although the LS region occurs abnormally in the central bay rather than its apex because of the anomalous influence of rising and falling tides during the sampling perio d,the ecological boundaries still match salinity interfaces.Low-salinity or brackish-water zooplankter taxa are relatively more abundant in LS or MS regions,and the biomass and abundance of zooplankton is higher in the MS region.
基金supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China(21938009,22308358,22208346,22078332)National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3902701)+2 种基金Ningxia Natural Science Foundation(2021AAC01002)the External Cooperation Program of BIC,Chinese Academy of Sciences(122111KYSB20190032)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-038)are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘NaY zeolites are synthesized using submolten salt depolymerized natural perlite mineral as the main silica and alumina sources in a 0.94 L stirred crystallizer.Effects of alkalinity ranging from 0.38 to 0.55(n(Na_(2)O)/n(SiO_(2)))on the relative crystallinity,textural properties and crystallization kinetics were investigated.The results show that alkalinity exerts a nonmonotonic influence on the relative crystallinity and textural properties,which exhibit a maximum at the alkalinity of 0.43.The nucleation kinetics are studied by fitting the experimental data of relative crystallinity with the Gualtieri model.It is shown that the nucleation rate constant increases with increasing alkalinity,while the duration period of nucleation decreases with increasing alkalinity.For n(Na_(2)O)/n(SiO_(2))ratios ranging from 0.38 to 0.55,the as-synthesized NaY zeolites exhibit narrower crystal size distributions with the increase in alkalinity.The growth rates determined from the variations of average crystal size with time are 51.09,157.50,46.17 and 24.75 nm·h^(-1),respectively.It is found that the larger average crystal sizes at the alkalinity of 0.38 and 0.43 are attributed to the dominant role of crystal growth over nucleation.Furthermore,the combined action of prominent crystal growth and the longer duration periods of nucleation at the alkalinity of 0.38 and 0.43 results in broader crystal size distributions.The findings demonstrate that control of the properties of NaY zeolite and the crystallization kinetics can be achieved by conducting the crystallization process in an appropriate range of alkalinity of the reaction mixture.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42206205,41976188 and 42276205.
文摘The spaceborne platform has unprecedently provided the global eddy-permitting(typically about 0.25°)products of sea surface salinity(SSS),however the existing SSS products can hardly resolve mesoscale motions due to the heavy noises therein and the over-smoothing in denoising processes.By means of the multi-fractal fusion(MFF),the high-resolution SSS product is synthesized with the template of sea surface temperature(SST).Two low-resolution SSS products and four SST products are considered as the source data and the templates respectively to determine the best combination.The fused products are validated by the in situ observations and intercompared via SSS maps,Singularity Exponent maps and wavenumber spectra.The results demonstrate that the MFF can perform a good work in mitigating the noises and improving the resolution.The combination of the climate change initiative SSS and the remote sensing system SST can produce the 0.1°denoised product whose global mean standard derivation of salinity against Argo is 0.21 and the feature resolution can reach 30−40 km.
基金This study was funded by the Forestry Administration of Guangdong Province(2022KJCX014)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515010550)the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province,China(2019B121202003).
文摘Salinity is among the most critical factors limiting the growth and species distribution of coastal plants.Water salinity in estuarine ecosystems varies temporally and spatially,but the variation patterns across different time scales and salinity fluctuation have rarely been quantified.The effects of salinity on floristic diversity in mangroves are not fully understood due to the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of salinity.In this study,we monitored water salinity at an interval of 10-min over one year in three mangrove catchment areas representing the outer part,middle part,and inner part respectively of Dongzhai Bay,Hainan,China.The number of mangrove community types and dominant mangrove species of the three catchment areas were also investigated.We found that the diurnal variation and dry-season intra-month variation in water salinity were driven by tidal cycles.The seasonal variation in water salinity was mainly driven by rainfall with higher salinity occurring in the dry season and lower salinity occurring in the wet season.Spatially,water salinity was highest at the outer part,intermediate at the middle part,and lowest at the inner part of the bay.The intra-month and annual fluctuations of water salinity were highest at the middle part and lowest at the outer part of the bay.The number of mangrove community types and dominant species were lowest at the outer part,intermediate at the middle part,and highest at the inner part of the bay.These results suggest that the temporal variation of water salinity in mangroves is driven by different factors at different time scales and therefore it is necessary to measure water salinity at different time scales to get a complete picture of the saline environment that mangroves experience.Spatially,lower salinity levels benefit mangrove species richness within a bay landscape,however,further research is needed to distinguish the effects of salinity fluctuation and salinity level in affecting mangrove species richness.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42330708 and 41820104001)。
文摘For engineering structures with saline soil as a filling material,such as channel slope,road subgrade,etc.,the rich soluble salt in the soil is an important potential factor affecting their safety performance.This study examines the Atterberg limits,shear strength,and compressibility of carbonate saline soil samples with different NaHCO3 contents in Northeast China.The mechanism underlying the influence of salt content on soil macroscopic properties was investigated based on a volumetric flask test,a mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)test,and a scanning electron microscopic(SEM)test.The results demonstrated that when NaHCO3 contents were lower than the threshold value of 1.5%,the bound water film adsorbed on the surface of clay particles thickened continuously,and correspondingly,the Atterberg limits and plasticity index increased rapidly as the increase of sodium ion content.Meanwhile,the bonding force between particles was weakened,the dispersion of large aggregates was enhanced,and the soil structure became looser.Macroscopically,the compressibility increased and the shear strength(mainly cohesion)decreased by 28.64%.However,when the NaHCO3 content exceeded the threshold value of 1.5%,the salt gradually approached solubility and filled the pores between particles in the form of crystals,resulting in a decrease in soil porosity.The cementation effect generated by salt crystals increased the bonding force between soil particles,leading to a decrease in plasticity index and an improvement in soil mechanical properties.Moreover,this work provides valuable suggestions and theoretical guidance for the scientific utilization of carbonate saline soil in backfill engineering projects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32370488,42176163,31970398 and 31672251)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(Nos.2019216 and 2022211).
文摘Coastal and estuarine protists are frequently exposed to salinity undulation.While the tolerance and stress responses of microalgae to salinity have been extensively studied,there have been scarce studies on the physiological response of heterotrophic protists to salinity stressing.In this study,we investigated the physiological response of the heterotrophic ciliate Gastrostyla setifera to a salinity of 3,via a transcriptomic approach.The first transcriptome of genus Gastrostyla was obtained utilizing a group of manually isolated ciliate individuals(cells)and RNA-seq technique.The completeness of the transcriptome was verified.Differentially expressed gene(DEG)analysis was performed among the transcriptomes of G.setifera acclimated in saline water(salinity 3)and those cultured in fresh water.The results demonstrated a significant alternation in gene transcription,in which the ciliate exhibits a transcripttomic acclimation in responding salinity stressing.The up-regulated DEGs were enriched in the pathways of cytoskeleton proteins,membrane trafficking,protein kinases and protein phosphatases.These may represent enhanced functions of ion transport,stress response and cell protections.Pathways involved in energy metabolism and biosynthesis were markedly down-regulated,reflecting decreased cell activity.Particularly,we detected significantly down-regulated genes involved in several pathways of amino acid catabolism,which may lead to accumulation of amino acids in the ciliate cell.Amino acid could act as compatible solutes in the cytoplasm to maintain the osmotic balance in saline water.Overall,this work is an initial exploration to the molecular basis of the heterotrophic protist responding to salinity stressing.The result sheds light on the mechanisms of enhancement of cell protection,reduction of cell activity,and osmotic pressure regulation in ciliates acclimated to salinity.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(Nos.2023 GXNSFAA 026503,2018 GXNSFBA281201)the Guangxi Key Research and Development Program(No.GuikeAB21196030)+3 种基金the Marine Science Guangxi First-Class Subject,Beibu Gulf University(No.DRC002)the Scientific Research and Technology Development Plan Project of Qinzhou(Nos.202014842,20223637)the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi Province(No.AA17204095-10)the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation,Beibu Gulf University(Nos.2020ZB09,2020ZB04)。
文摘The chloride channel 7 gene(CLC 7)of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis was cloned and named ChCLC 7.The cDNA was 2572 bp in length,with a 5′non-coding region containing 25 bp,a 3′non-coding region containing 327 bp,and an open reading frame of 2298 bp.ChCLC 7 has 96.8%and 92.1%homology with CLC 7 of Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea virginica,respectively,and it was clustered with CLC 7 of C.gigas and C.virginica.QRT-PCR showed that ChCLC 7 was expressed in all eight tissues,with the highest in adductor muscle and second in gill.The ChCLC 7 expression pattern in gill was altered significantly under high salinity stress with an overall upward and then downward trend.After RNA interference,the expression of ChCLC 7 and survival rate of oyster under high salinity stress was reduced significantly,and so did the concentration of hemolymph chloride ion in 48-96 h after RNA interference.We believed that ChCLC 7 could play an important role in osmoregulation of C.hongkongensis by regulating Cl^(-)transport.This study provided data for the analysis of molecular mechanism against oyster salinity stress.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52120105007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019Y FA0708700)are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Polymerflooding is an effective method widely applied for enhancing oil recovery(EOR)by reducing the mobility ratio between theinjected water and crude oil.However,traditional polymers encounter challenges in high salinity reservoirs due to their salt sensitivity.Toovercome this challenge,we synthesized a zwitterion polymer(PAMNS)with salt-induced tackifying property through copolymerization ofacrylamide and a zwitterion monomer,methylacrylamide propyl-N,N-dimethylbutylsulfonate(NS).NS monomer is obtained from thereaction between 1,4-butanesultone and dimethylamino propyl methylacrylamide.In this study,the rheological properties,salt responsiveness,and EOR efficiency of PAMNS were evaluated.Results demonstrate that PAMNS exhibits desirable salt-induced tackifyingcharacteristics,with viscosity increasing up to 2.4 times as the NaCl concentration reaches a salinity of 30×10^(4)mg L^(-1).Furthermore,highvalence ions possess a much stronger effect on enhancing viscosity,manifested as Mg^(2+)>Ca^(2+)>Na^(+).Molecular dynamics simulations(MD)andfluid dynamics experiment results demonstrate that PAMNS molecules exhibit a more stretched state and enhanced intermolecularassociations in high-salinity environments.It is because of the salt-induced tackifying,PAMNS demonstrates superior performance inpolymerflooding experiments under salinity ranges from 5×10^(4)mg L^(-1)to 20×10^(4)mg L^(-1),leading to 10.38–19.83%higher EOR thantraditional polymers.
基金supported by the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62175105,61875086)Fundamental Research Funds for the Cen-tral Universities of China(No.ILB240041A24)。
文摘A novel temperature and salinity discriminative sensing method based on forward Brillouin scattering(FBS)in 1060-XP single-mode fiber(SMF)is proposed.The measured frequency shifts corresponding to different radial acoustic modes in 1060-XP SMF show different sensitivities to temperature and salinity.Based on the new phenomenon that different radial acoustic modes have different frequency shift-temperature and frequency shift-salinity coefficients,we propose a novel method for simultaneously measuring temperature and salinity by measuring the frequency shift changes of two FBS scattering peaks.In a proof-of-concept experiment,the temperature and salinity measurement errors are 0.12℃and 0.29%,respectively.The proposed method for simultaneously measuring temperature and salinity has the potential applications such as ocean surveying,food manufacturing and pharmaceutical engineering.
基金partially supported by the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development(SATREPS)in collaboration with the Japan Science and Technology Agency(JPMJSA2001)the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(122042700044-6).
文摘Rising atmospheric CO_(2)(carbon dioxide)concentrations and salinization are manifestations of climate change that affect plant growth and productivity.Species with an intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)type of photosynthesis live in a wide range of precipitation,temperature,and soil quality,but are more often found in warm and dry habitats.One of the intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)photosynthetic type is C_(2)photosynthesis with a carbon concentration mechanism(CCM)that reassimilates CO_(2)released via photorespiration.However,the ecological significance under which C_(2)photosynthesis has advantages over C_(3)and C_(4)plants remains largely unexplored.Salt tolerance and functioning of CCM were studied in plants from two populations(P1 and P2)of Sedobassia sedoides(Pall.)Freitag&G.Kadereit Asch.species with C_(2)photosynthesis exposed to 4 d and 10 d salinity(200 mM NaCl)at ambient(785.7 mg/m^(3),aCO_(2)and elevated(1571.4 mg/m^(3),eCO_(2))CO_(2).On the fourth day of salinity,an increase in Na+content,activity catalase,and superoxide dismutase was observed in both populations.P2 plants showed an increase in proline content and a decrease in photosynthetic enzyme content:rubisco,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),and glycine decarboxylase(GDC),which indicated a weakening of C_(2)and C_(4)characteristics under salinity.Treatment under 10 d salinity led to an increased Na^(+)content and activity of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I(PSI CEF),a decreased content of K^(+)and GDC in both populations.P1 plants showed greater salt tolerance,which was assessed by the degree of reduction in photosynthetic enzyme content,PSI CEF activity,and changes in relative growth rate(RGR).Differences between populations were evident under the combination of eCO_(2)and salinity.Under long-term salinity and eCO_(2),more salt-tolerant P1 plants had a higher dry biomass(DW),which was positively correlated with PSI CEF activity.In less salt-tolerant P2 plants,DW correlated with transpiration and dark respiration.Thus,S.sedoides showed a high degree of photosynthetic plasticity under the influence of salinity and eCO_(2)through strengthening(P1 plants)and weakening C_(4)characteristics(P2 plants).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42030410)the Laoshan Laboratory(No.LSKJ 202202403)supported by the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST。
文摘A 110-year ensemble simulation of an ocean general circulation model(OGCM)was analyzed to identify the modulation of salinity interdecadal variability on El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)amplitude in the tropical Pacific during 1901-2010.The simulating results show that sea surface salinity(SSS)variation in the region exhibits notable and coherent interdecadal variability signal,which is closely associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation(IPO).As salinity increases or reduces,the SSS modulations on ENSO amplitude during its warm/cold events vary asymmetrically with positive/negative IPO phases.Physically,salinity interdecadal variability can enhance or reduce ENSO-related conditions in upper-ocean stratification,contributing noticeably to ENSO variability.Salinity anomalies associated with the mixed layer depth and barrier layer thickness can modulate ENSO amplitude during positive and negative IPO phases,resulting in the asymmetry of sea surface temperature(SST)anomaly in the tropical Pacific.During positive IPO phases,SSS interdecadal variability contributes positively to El Niño amplitude but negatively to La Niña amplitude by enhancing or reducing SSS interannual variability,and vice versa during negative IPO phases.Quantitatively,the results indicate that the modulation of the ENSO amplitude by the SSS interdecadal variability is 15%-28%during negative IPO phases and 30%-20%during positive IPO phases,respectively.Evidently,the SSS interdecadal variability associated with IPO and its modulation on ENSO amplitude in the tropical Pacific are among factors essentially contributing ENSO diversity.
文摘Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream in the oil and gas industry. Water remains trapped for millions of years in the reservoir with oil and gas. When a hydrocarbon reservoir is infiltrated by a production well, the produced fluids commonly contain water. The understanding of this water’s constituents and volumes is vital for the sustainable continuity of production operations, as PW has a number of negative impacts on the infrastructure integrity of the operation. On the other hand, PW can be an alternative source of irrigation water as well as of industrial salt. Interestingly, both the quantity as well as the quality of PW do not remain constant but can vary, both progressively and erratically, even over short periods of time. This paper discusses such a situation of variable PW in an oil and gas operation in the State of Kuwait.
文摘Soil salinity and alkalinity adversely affects the productivity and grain quality of rice. The grain quality of 19 rice genotypes characterized as salt tolerant （T）, semi-tolerant （ST） and sensitive （S） was assessed in lysimeters containing saline and highly alkaline soils. Head rice recovery was reduced by salinity stress whereas it was not affected by alkalinity stress. The ratio of length to width （grain dimensions） was significantly reduced in the T genotype even at low electrical conductivity （EC, 4 mS/cm） and alkalinity （pH 9.5）, whereas in the ST genotype, it was significantly reduced at high salinity （EC 8 mS/cm）. There was no significant effect of any levels of salinity or alkalinity on grain dimensions in the S genotype. Amylose content was significantly reduced in T and ST groups even at low EC （4 mS/cm） and alkalinity （pH 9.5） and the effect in the S genotype was only at high salinity. Starch content showed significant reduction at high salinity and alkalinity （EC 8 mS/cm and pH 9.8） in the T and ST genotypes and no significant effect was observed in the S genotype. The effect of both levels of salinity （EC 4 and 8 mS/cm） and high alkalinity （pH 9.8） on gel consistency was observed only in the S genotype. The tolerant genotypes IR36 under high salinity, and CSIR10 and CSR11 under alkali stress showed less reduction in amylose content. The T genotype BR4-10, and ST genotypes CSR30, CSR29 and CSR13 showed better gel consistency under saline and alkali stress. Amylose content was affected even at low salinity stress and thus important to be considered in breeding rice for salt tolerance. Overall, the grain quality of T and ST genotypes was less affected by saline and alkali stress compared to S ones.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-06)
文摘Sorghum is an important source of food, feed and raw material for brewing, and is expected to be a promising bioenergy crop. Sorghum is well known for its strong resistance to abiotic stress and wide adaptability, and salt tolerance is one of its main characteristics. Increasing sorghum planting acreage on saline-alkalien land is one way to effectively use this kind of marginal soil. In this paper, domestic and overseas research on plant tolerance to soil salinity and alkalinity in sorghum, including salt-tolerant genetics and breeding, physiology, cultivation, and identification of tolerant germplasms, are reviewed. Suggestions for further studies on salinity and alkalinity tolerance in sorghum are given, and the prospects for sorghum production in saline-alkalien land are discussed.
基金This research was supported by King Khalid University(KKU),Award No.R.G.P.1/114/40,Abha,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Avicenna marina(Forssk.)Vierh is a halophytic mangrove.The reproductive unit is green and has photosynthetic propagules.Mangroves are naturally exposed to fluctuations in some abiotic factors at the soil surface,including salinity and alkalinity.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two salts including NaCl and NaHCO_(3)on germination processes and discuss the relationships between cotyledon photosynthesis and embryo axis growth in A.marina propagules.These propagules came from Al Birk,located on the shoreline of the Saudi Red Sea.The results showed that the studied salts did not affect neither the final germination percentage nor the embryo axis growth.However,rooting and root growth were delayed by both salts at 300 mM and were strongly inhibited by 600 mM NaHCO_(3).Both NaCl and NaHCO_(3)reduced the photosynthetic activity.These two salts did not affect the other photosynthetic parameters,including stomatal conductance,net transpiration,and intercellular CO_(2).Thereafter,the reduction in net photosynthesis was not related to any limitation of stomatal conductance.The early germination phase was independent of cotyledon photosynthesis,whereas rooting and root growth may be limited by reduced photosynthesis under NaCl and NaHCO_(3).
