This paper summarized the pressure control methods used in 16 large-scale production facilities in China for vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.We presented the p...This paper summarized the pressure control methods used in 16 large-scale production facilities in China for vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.We presented the pressure control modes,with their characteristics,of the"constant supply"mode-variable exhaust air volume system and the"constant supply"mode-constant exhaust air volume system.This paper analyzed the influence of common problems(e.g.,pressure reference zero drift,positive pressure reversal and failure to restore the original normal working conditions after working condition conversion)on system stability during pressure control in BSL-3 large-scale production facilities and their solutions,providing references for the design and implementation of similar construction projects under the new situation.展开更多
In order to ensure overall optimization of the underground metal mine production scale, multidisciplinary design optimization model of production scale which covers the subsystem objective function of income of produc...In order to ensure overall optimization of the underground metal mine production scale, multidisciplinary design optimization model of production scale which covers the subsystem objective function of income of production, safety and environmental impact in the underground metal mine was established by using multidisciplinary design optimization method. The coupling effects from various disciplines were fully considered, and adaptive mutative scale chaos immunization optimization algorithm was adopted to solve multidisciplinary design optimization model of underground metal mine production scale. Practical results show that multidisciplinary design optimization on production scale of an underground lead and zinc mine reflect the actual operating conditions more realistically, the production scale is about 1.25 Mt/a (Lead and zinc metal content of 160 000 t/a), the economic life is approximately 14 a, corresponding coefficient of production profits can be increased to 15.13%, safety factor can be increased to 5.4% and environmental impact coefficient can be reduced by 9.52%.展开更多
The enlarged production scale of underground non-ferrous metal mines is affected by many uncertain factors difficult to describe mathematically with any level of accuracy.The problem can be solved by a synthesis of ar...The enlarged production scale of underground non-ferrous metal mines is affected by many uncertain factors difficult to describe mathematically with any level of accuracy.The problem can be solved by a synthesis of artificial intelligence.Based on the analysis of the major factors affecting the scale of enlarged production,we first interpreted in detail the design principles and structure of the intelligent system.Secondly,we introduced an ANN subsystem.In order to ensure technological and scale efficien- cies of the training samples for ANN,we filtrated the samples with a DEA method.Finally,we trained the intelligent system,which was proved to be very efficient.展开更多
History of hybrid pepper seed production, the status of annually balanced production, and innovative techniques for the large-scale seed production in China are reviewed. Helped by the technological breakthroughs in t...History of hybrid pepper seed production, the status of annually balanced production, and innovative techniques for the large-scale seed production in China are reviewed. Helped by the technological breakthroughs in these fields, China has been the largest base for hybrid pepper seed production in the world.展开更多
To investigate the correlation between structure characteristics and wear resistance of CO2 corrosion product scales at high temperature and high pressure, an autoclave was used to prepare CO2 corrosion product scales...To investigate the correlation between structure characteristics and wear resistance of CO2 corrosion product scales at high temperature and high pressure, an autoclave was used to prepare CO2 corrosion product scales on N80 steel in carbon dioxide corrosion environment. The correlation between wear resistance of the scales and many other factors, such as temperature, pressure, morphology, structure, velocity of fluid medium, sand grain size, and so on, was comparatively analyzed by a self assembled wear device, and the scale morphologies before or after being worn were observed by scanning electron microscope （SEM）. And then the surface grain size and thickness of scale were measured. The results showed that the cross-section of the corrosion scale was of a double-layer structure, the outer layer of which was composed of regular crystals, whereas the inner layer was a thin scale of fine grains. The outer grain size and thickness of scale varied with temperature, and the initial wear loss was consistent with the surface grain size; at the same time, the total wear loss corresponded to the thickness of scale. Compared to wear resist- ance in different depths of the scale, it was found that the structure of scale was a double-layer structure in cross-section, and the wear resistance of inner layer was better than that of the outer layer; the closer the scale to the matrix, the greater was the wear resistance of scale; and the larger the size or the higher the rotary speed of solid grain in multiphase flowing medium, the more was the wear loss of scale.展开更多
China＇s hog production is undergoing a great transformation due to the soaring demand and changing raising system. Regarding the essential role of pork in Chinese diet, a systematic analysis on the productivity and e...China＇s hog production is undergoing a great transformation due to the soaring demand and changing raising system. Regarding the essential role of pork in Chinese diet, a systematic analysis on the productivity and efficiency of hog production can provide significant implications for policy makers. This paper investigates the productivity and efficiency of hog production and the determinants of technical efficiency in China using a household level panel data（2004–2010）. A stochastic frontier translog production function with scaling property in inefficiency term is adopted for hog production analysis, and the determinants of technical efficiency are incorporated in a one-step estimation using maximum likelihood estimation. Our results show that the average technical efficiency of hog production in China is 0.5914. More importantly, we find that specialized farmers have higher technical efficiency than others, and technical efficiency in the eastern region is higher than that in Central and West China.展开更多
Spam emails pose a threat to individuals. The proliferation of spam emails daily has rendered traditional machine learning and deep learning methods for screening them ineffective and inefficient. In our research, we ...Spam emails pose a threat to individuals. The proliferation of spam emails daily has rendered traditional machine learning and deep learning methods for screening them ineffective and inefficient. In our research, we employ deep neural networks like RNN, LSTM, and GRU, incorporating attention mechanisms such as Bahdanua, scaled dot product (SDP), and Luong scaled dot product self-attention for spam email filtering. We evaluate our approach on various datasets, including Trec spam, Enron spam emails, SMS spam collections, and the Ling spam dataset, which constitutes a substantial custom dataset. All these datasets are publicly available. For the Enron dataset, we attain an accuracy of 99.97% using LSTM with SDP self-attention. Our custom dataset exhibits the highest accuracy of 99.01% when employing GRU with SDP self-attention. The SMS spam collection dataset yields a peak accuracy of 99.61% with LSTM and SDP attention. Using the GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) alongside Luong and SDP (Structured Self-Attention) attention mechanisms, the peak accuracy of 99.89% in the Ling spam dataset. For the Trec spam dataset, the most accurate results are achieved using Luong attention LSTM, with an accuracy rate of 99.01%. Our performance analyses consistently indicate that employing the scaled dot product attention mechanism in conjunction with gated recurrent neural networks (GRU) delivers the most effective results. In summary, our research underscores the efficacy of employing advanced deep learning techniques and attention mechanisms for spam email filtering, with remarkable accuracy across multiple datasets. This approach presents a promising solution to the ever-growing problem of spam emails.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was to develop a simple and effective method for the polysaccharide extraction from Spirulina. [Method] The polysaccha- rides were directly extracted from the fresh algae mat or dry p...[Objective] The aim of this study was to develop a simple and effective method for the polysaccharide extraction from Spirulina. [Method] The polysaccha- rides were directly extracted from the fresh algae mat or dry powder of Spirulina in boiling water. The contents and quality of the extracted polysaccharides were measured. [Result] On average, 236.06 g of polysaccharide was extracted from 25 kg of fresh Spirulina mat, with a yield rate of 0.94%, while 191.95 g of polysac- charide was extracted from 2.5 kg of dry powder of Spirulina with a yield rate of 0.77%. The polysaccharide content in the extract of fresh Spirulina mat was 12.56% （according to glucose content）, while that of the dry powder was 12.38% （according to glucose content）; the glucose was produced during the hydrolysis of Spirulina polysaccharide. [Conclusion] Extraction polysaccharide from Spirulina with boiling wa- ter greatly reduces the use of ethanol, and the possibility of pollution from the ex- ogenous non-food chemical reagents, so that the extracted polysaccharides can be used as food materials. This method makes it possible to establish the production line for Spirulina polysaccharide.展开更多
It was in flask optimization tests proved that 2% serum, pH 7.0, 5:10 000 inoculation concentration of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and 108 hours cultivation for IBDV harvest after its inoculation were the o...It was in flask optimization tests proved that 2% serum, pH 7.0, 5:10 000 inoculation concentration of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and 108 hours cultivation for IBDV harvest after its inoculation were the optimal conditions when IBDV was propagated on Vero cells. 250 ml self-made spinner bottle and 5 L stirring fermentor tests proved that IBDV could maintain higher liters for a long time and the highest liters of IBDV in a spinner bottle and a fermentor were 8.875 and 8.58 ( - lgTCID50/0.1 ml) respectively when IBDV was proliferated on Vero cells using 2 g/L microcarriers in a spinner bottle and a fermentor and was cultivated under the optimum conditions obtained from flask tests after Vero cells had developed a confluent monolayer on microcarriers, which were at least one titer higher than the highest titer in the traditional rolling bottle. All these results suggested that this technology could be applied to large scale production for IBDV.展开更多
Electrochemical techniques, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were applied to study the corrosion behaviors of X65 steel in static solution with carbon dioxide （CO2） at 65℃. The re...Electrochemical techniques, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were applied to study the corrosion behaviors of X65 steel in static solution with carbon dioxide （CO2） at 65℃. The results show that iron carbonate （FeCO3） deposits on the steel surface as a corrosion product scale. This iron carbonate scale acts as a barrier to CO2 corrosion, and can reduce the general corrosion rate. The protection ability of the scale is closely related to the scale morphological characteristics.展开更多
Scale pig production is an effective approach to improve farmers＇ income. Many pig feeding villages and intensive pig farms has presented rapidly in Center China in recent years, the focus of large quantity of manure...Scale pig production is an effective approach to improve farmers＇ income. Many pig feeding villages and intensive pig farms has presented rapidly in Center China in recent years, the focus of large quantity of manure and sewage discharged by pig farms has become the leading source of pollution in vast rural areas. How to dissolve the contravention between the development of scale pig production and the serious pollution caused by swine excreta in rural area is a complex systematic problem. An approach named Systems Dynamic Digraph Analysis Approach is presented in this paper. And the approach is applied to analyze the scale pig breeding system in small hill watershed area systematically. A case of Pingxiang Taihua pig farm in the west region of Jinggang Mountain, which is a typical intensive pig farm in small hill watershed area in Center China, was studied, after the systematical analyses with its system dynamic digraph, three common management policies are presented at the end of the paper.展开更多
In order to investigate the anticorrosion performance of the organic coating/metal system, electrochemical impedance spectra （EIS） were measured in the 3.5wt% NaCl solution, the chemical component and the formation ...In order to investigate the anticorrosion performance of the organic coating/metal system, electrochemical impedance spectra （EIS） were measured in the 3.5wt% NaCl solution, the chemical component and the formation of corrosion products scale were analyzed by laser Raman microspectroscopy, and the pattern of the organic coating/metal system was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The characteristics and the delamination process of the organic coating/metal system were investigated systematically, and the emphases were on the transportation of the corrosive medium and the changes of the coating/metal interface. The results show that the impedance decreases at the initial immersion, then increases at the middle-immersion, and again decreases at last, which is related to the corrosion products scale. The concentration of Cl in the coating, which destroys the corrosion products scale, increases with the immersion time.展开更多
Models about four aspects according to the balance principle and practice in China were established, which involve the minimum production scale, alert production scale, safe running scale, and the goal production scal...Models about four aspects according to the balance principle and practice in China were established, which involve the minimum production scale, alert production scale, safe running scale, and the goal production scale for specified profit level. It provides an effective quantitative analyzing method for the investors of coal bed gas exploitation project.展开更多
The photo bioreaction combined with flow and mass transfer is simulated with pore-scale lattice Boltzmann （LB） method, which is the scenario of a bioreactor filled with a porous granule immobilized photosynthetic ba...The photo bioreaction combined with flow and mass transfer is simulated with pore-scale lattice Boltzmann （LB） method, which is the scenario of a bioreactor filled with a porous granule immobilized photosynthetic bacteria cells for hydrogen production. The quartet structure generation set （QSGS） is used to generate porous structure of the immobilized granule. The effects of porosity of the immobilized granule on flow and concentration fields as well as the hydrogen production performance are investi- gated. Higher porosity facilitates the substrate solution smoothly flowing through the porous granule with increasing velocity, and thus results in higher product concentration inside the immobilized gran- ule. Additionally, the substrate consumption efficiency increases, while hydrogen yield slightly decreases with increasing porosity, and they tend to stable for the porosity larger than 0.5. Furthermore, the LB numerical results have a good agreement with the experimental results. It is demonstrated that the pore-scale LB simulation method coupling with QSGS is available to simulate the photo hydrogen produc- tion in the hioreactor with porous immobilized granules.展开更多
Textile-based electronic devices have attracted increasing interest in recent years due to their wearability,breathability,comfort.Among them,textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators(T-TENGs)exhibit remarkable advan...Textile-based electronic devices have attracted increasing interest in recent years due to their wearability,breathability,comfort.Among them,textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators(T-TENGs)exhibit remarkable advantages in mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing.However,there are still some key challenges to the development and application of triboelectric fibers(the basic unit of T-TENG).Scalable production and large-scale integration are still significant factors hindering its application.At the same time,there are some difficulties to overcome in the manufacturing process,such as achieving good stretchability and a quick production,overcoming incompatibility between conductive and triboelectric materials.In this study,triboelectric fibers are produced continuously by one-step coaxial wet spinning.They are only 0.18 mm in diameter and consist of liquid metal(LM)core and polyurethane(PU)sheath.Due to the good mechanical properties between them,there is no interface incompatibility of the triboelectric fibers.In addition,triboelectric fibers can be made into large areas of T-TENG by means of digital embroidery and plain weave.The T-TENGs can be used for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing.When they are fixed on the forearm can monitor various strokes in badminton.This work provides a promising strategy for the large-scale fabrication and large-area integration of triboelectric fibers,promotes the development of wearable T-TENGs.展开更多
基金supported and financially funded by the National Key R&D Program of China:Source identification,monitoring and integrated control of indoor microbial contamination(No.2017YFC0702800).
文摘This paper summarized the pressure control methods used in 16 large-scale production facilities in China for vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.We presented the pressure control modes,with their characteristics,of the"constant supply"mode-variable exhaust air volume system and the"constant supply"mode-constant exhaust air volume system.This paper analyzed the influence of common problems(e.g.,pressure reference zero drift,positive pressure reversal and failure to restore the original normal working conditions after working condition conversion)on system stability during pressure control in BSL-3 large-scale production facilities and their solutions,providing references for the design and implementation of similar construction projects under the new situation.
基金Project(2012BAK09B02-05) supported by the National "Twelfth Five-year" Science & Technology Support Plan of China
文摘In order to ensure overall optimization of the underground metal mine production scale, multidisciplinary design optimization model of production scale which covers the subsystem objective function of income of production, safety and environmental impact in the underground metal mine was established by using multidisciplinary design optimization method. The coupling effects from various disciplines were fully considered, and adaptive mutative scale chaos immunization optimization algorithm was adopted to solve multidisciplinary design optimization model of underground metal mine production scale. Practical results show that multidisciplinary design optimization on production scale of an underground lead and zinc mine reflect the actual operating conditions more realistically, the production scale is about 1.25 Mt/a (Lead and zinc metal content of 160 000 t/a), the economic life is approximately 14 a, corresponding coefficient of production profits can be increased to 15.13%, safety factor can be increased to 5.4% and environmental impact coefficient can be reduced by 9.52%.
基金Project 50374005 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The enlarged production scale of underground non-ferrous metal mines is affected by many uncertain factors difficult to describe mathematically with any level of accuracy.The problem can be solved by a synthesis of artificial intelligence.Based on the analysis of the major factors affecting the scale of enlarged production,we first interpreted in detail the design principles and structure of the intelligent system.Secondly,we introduced an ANN subsystem.In order to ensure technological and scale efficien- cies of the training samples for ANN,we filtrated the samples with a DEA method.Finally,we trained the intelligent system,which was proved to be very efficient.
文摘History of hybrid pepper seed production, the status of annually balanced production, and innovative techniques for the large-scale seed production in China are reviewed. Helped by the technological breakthroughs in these fields, China has been the largest base for hybrid pepper seed production in the world.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50231020) , National Basic Research Programof China(G1999065004) ,2001'Key Laboratory Opening Fund of Corrosion and Protection of Tabular Goods Research Center of ChinaNational Petroleum Corporation (ZYT-01070)
文摘To investigate the correlation between structure characteristics and wear resistance of CO2 corrosion product scales at high temperature and high pressure, an autoclave was used to prepare CO2 corrosion product scales on N80 steel in carbon dioxide corrosion environment. The correlation between wear resistance of the scales and many other factors, such as temperature, pressure, morphology, structure, velocity of fluid medium, sand grain size, and so on, was comparatively analyzed by a self assembled wear device, and the scale morphologies before or after being worn were observed by scanning electron microscope （SEM）. And then the surface grain size and thickness of scale were measured. The results showed that the cross-section of the corrosion scale was of a double-layer structure, the outer layer of which was composed of regular crystals, whereas the inner layer was a thin scale of fine grains. The outer grain size and thickness of scale varied with temperature, and the initial wear loss was consistent with the surface grain size; at the same time, the total wear loss corresponded to the thickness of scale. Compared to wear resist- ance in different depths of the scale, it was found that the structure of scale was a double-layer structure in cross-section, and the wear resistance of inner layer was better than that of the outer layer; the closer the scale to the matrix, the greater was the wear resistance of scale; and the larger the size or the higher the rotary speed of solid grain in multiphase flowing medium, the more was the wear loss of scale.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71473123,71333008)A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),ChinaChina Center for Food Security Studies,Nanjing Agricultural University,China
文摘China＇s hog production is undergoing a great transformation due to the soaring demand and changing raising system. Regarding the essential role of pork in Chinese diet, a systematic analysis on the productivity and efficiency of hog production can provide significant implications for policy makers. This paper investigates the productivity and efficiency of hog production and the determinants of technical efficiency in China using a household level panel data（2004–2010）. A stochastic frontier translog production function with scaling property in inefficiency term is adopted for hog production analysis, and the determinants of technical efficiency are incorporated in a one-step estimation using maximum likelihood estimation. Our results show that the average technical efficiency of hog production in China is 0.5914. More importantly, we find that specialized farmers have higher technical efficiency than others, and technical efficiency in the eastern region is higher than that in Central and West China.
文摘Spam emails pose a threat to individuals. The proliferation of spam emails daily has rendered traditional machine learning and deep learning methods for screening them ineffective and inefficient. In our research, we employ deep neural networks like RNN, LSTM, and GRU, incorporating attention mechanisms such as Bahdanua, scaled dot product (SDP), and Luong scaled dot product self-attention for spam email filtering. We evaluate our approach on various datasets, including Trec spam, Enron spam emails, SMS spam collections, and the Ling spam dataset, which constitutes a substantial custom dataset. All these datasets are publicly available. For the Enron dataset, we attain an accuracy of 99.97% using LSTM with SDP self-attention. Our custom dataset exhibits the highest accuracy of 99.01% when employing GRU with SDP self-attention. The SMS spam collection dataset yields a peak accuracy of 99.61% with LSTM and SDP attention. Using the GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) alongside Luong and SDP (Structured Self-Attention) attention mechanisms, the peak accuracy of 99.89% in the Ling spam dataset. For the Trec spam dataset, the most accurate results are achieved using Luong attention LSTM, with an accuracy rate of 99.01%. Our performance analyses consistently indicate that employing the scaled dot product attention mechanism in conjunction with gated recurrent neural networks (GRU) delivers the most effective results. In summary, our research underscores the efficacy of employing advanced deep learning techniques and attention mechanisms for spam email filtering, with remarkable accuracy across multiple datasets. This approach presents a promising solution to the ever-growing problem of spam emails.
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to develop a simple and effective method for the polysaccharide extraction from Spirulina. [Method] The polysaccha- rides were directly extracted from the fresh algae mat or dry powder of Spirulina in boiling water. The contents and quality of the extracted polysaccharides were measured. [Result] On average, 236.06 g of polysaccharide was extracted from 25 kg of fresh Spirulina mat, with a yield rate of 0.94%, while 191.95 g of polysac- charide was extracted from 2.5 kg of dry powder of Spirulina with a yield rate of 0.77%. The polysaccharide content in the extract of fresh Spirulina mat was 12.56% （according to glucose content）, while that of the dry powder was 12.38% （according to glucose content）; the glucose was produced during the hydrolysis of Spirulina polysaccharide. [Conclusion] Extraction polysaccharide from Spirulina with boiling wa- ter greatly reduces the use of ethanol, and the possibility of pollution from the ex- ogenous non-food chemical reagents, so that the extracted polysaccharides can be used as food materials. This method makes it possible to establish the production line for Spirulina polysaccharide.
文摘It was in flask optimization tests proved that 2% serum, pH 7.0, 5:10 000 inoculation concentration of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and 108 hours cultivation for IBDV harvest after its inoculation were the optimal conditions when IBDV was propagated on Vero cells. 250 ml self-made spinner bottle and 5 L stirring fermentor tests proved that IBDV could maintain higher liters for a long time and the highest liters of IBDV in a spinner bottle and a fermentor were 8.875 and 8.58 ( - lgTCID50/0.1 ml) respectively when IBDV was proliferated on Vero cells using 2 g/L microcarriers in a spinner bottle and a fermentor and was cultivated under the optimum conditions obtained from flask tests after Vero cells had developed a confluent monolayer on microcarriers, which were at least one titer higher than the highest titer in the traditional rolling bottle. All these results suggested that this technology could be applied to large scale production for IBDV.
文摘Electrochemical techniques, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were applied to study the corrosion behaviors of X65 steel in static solution with carbon dioxide （CO2） at 65℃. The results show that iron carbonate （FeCO3） deposits on the steel surface as a corrosion product scale. This iron carbonate scale acts as a barrier to CO2 corrosion, and can reduce the general corrosion rate. The protection ability of the scale is closely related to the scale morphological characteristics.
基金The research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China（70361002）.
文摘Scale pig production is an effective approach to improve farmers＇ income. Many pig feeding villages and intensive pig farms has presented rapidly in Center China in recent years, the focus of large quantity of manure and sewage discharged by pig farms has become the leading source of pollution in vast rural areas. How to dissolve the contravention between the development of scale pig production and the serious pollution caused by swine excreta in rural area is a complex systematic problem. An approach named Systems Dynamic Digraph Analysis Approach is presented in this paper. And the approach is applied to analyze the scale pig breeding system in small hill watershed area systematically. A case of Pingxiang Taihua pig farm in the west region of Jinggang Mountain, which is a typical intensive pig farm in small hill watershed area in Center China, was studied, after the systematical analyses with its system dynamic digraph, three common management policies are presented at the end of the paper.
文摘In order to investigate the anticorrosion performance of the organic coating/metal system, electrochemical impedance spectra （EIS） were measured in the 3.5wt% NaCl solution, the chemical component and the formation of corrosion products scale were analyzed by laser Raman microspectroscopy, and the pattern of the organic coating/metal system was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The characteristics and the delamination process of the organic coating/metal system were investigated systematically, and the emphases were on the transportation of the corrosive medium and the changes of the coating/metal interface. The results show that the impedance decreases at the initial immersion, then increases at the middle-immersion, and again decreases at last, which is related to the corrosion products scale. The concentration of Cl in the coating, which destroys the corrosion products scale, increases with the immersion time.
文摘Models about four aspects according to the balance principle and practice in China were established, which involve the minimum production scale, alert production scale, safe running scale, and the goal production scale for specified profit level. It provides an effective quantitative analyzing method for the investors of coal bed gas exploitation project.
基金financial support provided by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China (51136007)National Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars (50825602)
文摘The photo bioreaction combined with flow and mass transfer is simulated with pore-scale lattice Boltzmann （LB） method, which is the scenario of a bioreactor filled with a porous granule immobilized photosynthetic bacteria cells for hydrogen production. The quartet structure generation set （QSGS） is used to generate porous structure of the immobilized granule. The effects of porosity of the immobilized granule on flow and concentration fields as well as the hydrogen production performance are investi- gated. Higher porosity facilitates the substrate solution smoothly flowing through the porous granule with increasing velocity, and thus results in higher product concentration inside the immobilized gran- ule. Additionally, the substrate consumption efficiency increases, while hydrogen yield slightly decreases with increasing porosity, and they tend to stable for the porosity larger than 0.5. Furthermore, the LB numerical results have a good agreement with the experimental results. It is demonstrated that the pore-scale LB simulation method coupling with QSGS is available to simulate the photo hydrogen produc- tion in the hioreactor with porous immobilized granules.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22109012)Natural Science Foundation of the Beijing Municipality(Nos.L222037 and 2212052)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.E1E46805).
文摘Textile-based electronic devices have attracted increasing interest in recent years due to their wearability,breathability,comfort.Among them,textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators(T-TENGs)exhibit remarkable advantages in mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing.However,there are still some key challenges to the development and application of triboelectric fibers(the basic unit of T-TENG).Scalable production and large-scale integration are still significant factors hindering its application.At the same time,there are some difficulties to overcome in the manufacturing process,such as achieving good stretchability and a quick production,overcoming incompatibility between conductive and triboelectric materials.In this study,triboelectric fibers are produced continuously by one-step coaxial wet spinning.They are only 0.18 mm in diameter and consist of liquid metal(LM)core and polyurethane(PU)sheath.Due to the good mechanical properties between them,there is no interface incompatibility of the triboelectric fibers.In addition,triboelectric fibers can be made into large areas of T-TENG by means of digital embroidery and plain weave.The T-TENGs can be used for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing.When they are fixed on the forearm can monitor various strokes in badminton.This work provides a promising strategy for the large-scale fabrication and large-area integration of triboelectric fibers,promotes the development of wearable T-TENGs.
