Plants produce secondary chemicals that may vary along with latitude due to changing abiotic and biotic stress gradients and local environmental conditions.Teasing apart the individual and combined effects of these di...Plants produce secondary chemicals that may vary along with latitude due to changing abiotic and biotic stress gradients and local environmental conditions.Teasing apart the individual and combined effects of these different abiotic,such as soil nutrients,and biotic factors,such as soil biota and herbivores,on secondary chemicals is critical for understanding plant responses to changing environments.We conducted an experiment at different latitudes in China,using tallow tree(Triadica sebifera)seedlings sourced from a population at 31°N.These seedlings were cultivated in gardens located at low,middle and high latitudes,with either local soil or soil from the original seed collection site(origin soil).The seedlings were exposed to natural levels of aboveground herbivores or had them excluded.Plant secondary chemicals(both foliar and root),aboveground herbivores and soil characteristics were measured.Results showed that most leaf and root secondary metabolites depended on the interaction of the experimental site and soil type.Leaf and root phenolic and tannin concentrations were higher at the middle latitude site,especially in the origin soil.Root and foliar flavonoid concentrations increased when aboveground herbivores were excluded.Microbial communities depended strongly on soil treatment.The different responses of tannins versus flavonoids suggest that these two chemical classes differ in their responses to the varying abiotic and biotic factors in these sites along latitudes.Taken together,our results emphasize the importance of considering the interactive effects of local environmental conditions,soil properties and herbivory in regulating plant chemical defenses.展开更多
Aims Elevated ozone and CO_(2) can differentially affect the performance of plant species.Variation among native,exotic and invader spe-cies in their growth and defense responses to CO_(2) and ozone may shape CO_(2) a...Aims Elevated ozone and CO_(2) can differentially affect the performance of plant species.Variation among native,exotic and invader spe-cies in their growth and defense responses to CO_(2) and ozone may shape CO_(2) and ozone effects on invasions,perhaps in part also due to variation between native and invasive populations of invaders.Methods We manipulated ozone(control or 100 ppb)and CO_(2)(ambient or 800 ppm)in a factorial greenhouse experiment in replicated cham-bers.We investigated growth and defense(tannins)of seedlings of Triadica sebifera from invasive(USA)and native(China)populations and pairs of US and China tree species within three genera(Celtis,Liquidambar and Platanus).Important Findings Overall,ozone reduced growth in ambient CO_(2) but elevated CO_(2) limited this effect.T.sebifera plants from invasive populations had higher growth than those from native populations in control con-ditions or the combination of elevated CO_(2) and ozone in which invasive populations had greater increases in growth.Their perfor-mances were similar in elevated CO_(2) because native populations were more responsive and their performances were similar with elevated ozone because invasive populations were more suscep-tible.Compared to other species,T.sebifera had high growth rates but low levels of tannin production that were insensitive to vari-ation in CO_(2) or ozone.Both China and US Platanus plants reduced tannins with increased CO_(2) and/or ozone and US Liquidambar plants increased tannins with the combination of elevated CO_(2) and ozone.The growth results suggest that intraspecific variation in T.sebifera will reduce the effects of CO_(2) or ozone alone on inva-sions but increase their combined effects.The tannin results suggest that defense responses to CO_(2) and ozone will be variable across native and exotic species.The effects of CO_(2) and ozone on growth and defense of native and exotic species indicate that the benefit or harm to species from these global change drivers is an idiosyncratic combination of species origin and genus.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101351)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2022JJ40867)the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province(21B0265)to Li Xiao.
文摘Plants produce secondary chemicals that may vary along with latitude due to changing abiotic and biotic stress gradients and local environmental conditions.Teasing apart the individual and combined effects of these different abiotic,such as soil nutrients,and biotic factors,such as soil biota and herbivores,on secondary chemicals is critical for understanding plant responses to changing environments.We conducted an experiment at different latitudes in China,using tallow tree(Triadica sebifera)seedlings sourced from a population at 31°N.These seedlings were cultivated in gardens located at low,middle and high latitudes,with either local soil or soil from the original seed collection site(origin soil).The seedlings were exposed to natural levels of aboveground herbivores or had them excluded.Plant secondary chemicals(both foliar and root),aboveground herbivores and soil characteristics were measured.Results showed that most leaf and root secondary metabolites depended on the interaction of the experimental site and soil type.Leaf and root phenolic and tannin concentrations were higher at the middle latitude site,especially in the origin soil.Root and foliar flavonoid concentrations increased when aboveground herbivores were excluded.Microbial communities depended strongly on soil treatment.The different responses of tannins versus flavonoids suggest that these two chemical classes differ in their responses to the varying abiotic and biotic factors in these sites along latitudes.Taken together,our results emphasize the importance of considering the interactive effects of local environmental conditions,soil properties and herbivory in regulating plant chemical defenses.
基金The Ministry of Education 111 project(B12009)China Scholarship CouncilUS-NSF(DEB 0820560).
文摘Aims Elevated ozone and CO_(2) can differentially affect the performance of plant species.Variation among native,exotic and invader spe-cies in their growth and defense responses to CO_(2) and ozone may shape CO_(2) and ozone effects on invasions,perhaps in part also due to variation between native and invasive populations of invaders.Methods We manipulated ozone(control or 100 ppb)and CO_(2)(ambient or 800 ppm)in a factorial greenhouse experiment in replicated cham-bers.We investigated growth and defense(tannins)of seedlings of Triadica sebifera from invasive(USA)and native(China)populations and pairs of US and China tree species within three genera(Celtis,Liquidambar and Platanus).Important Findings Overall,ozone reduced growth in ambient CO_(2) but elevated CO_(2) limited this effect.T.sebifera plants from invasive populations had higher growth than those from native populations in control con-ditions or the combination of elevated CO_(2) and ozone in which invasive populations had greater increases in growth.Their perfor-mances were similar in elevated CO_(2) because native populations were more responsive and their performances were similar with elevated ozone because invasive populations were more suscep-tible.Compared to other species,T.sebifera had high growth rates but low levels of tannin production that were insensitive to vari-ation in CO_(2) or ozone.Both China and US Platanus plants reduced tannins with increased CO_(2) and/or ozone and US Liquidambar plants increased tannins with the combination of elevated CO_(2) and ozone.The growth results suggest that intraspecific variation in T.sebifera will reduce the effects of CO_(2) or ozone alone on inva-sions but increase their combined effects.The tannin results suggest that defense responses to CO_(2) and ozone will be variable across native and exotic species.The effects of CO_(2) and ozone on growth and defense of native and exotic species indicate that the benefit or harm to species from these global change drivers is an idiosyncratic combination of species origin and genus.
