[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of cultivation and seed reservation methods on quality and disease/insect damages of maca seed in cold highland areas,providing scientific references for cultivation and ...[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of cultivation and seed reservation methods on quality and disease/insect damages of maca seed in cold highland areas,providing scientific references for cultivation and seed reservation and planning of maca vareity.[Method] Yellow,purple and black maca were selected and cultivated in the region with an elevation of 3 000 m to be experimental materials and cultivation and seed reservation methods were as follows：maca seed reservation in situ,seed reservation in original soils maca grown after selection of maca balls,and seed reservation in the region with an elevation of 2 700 m after selection of maca ball,seed reservation in greenhouses in the region with an elevation of 2 400 m after selection of maca ball,and growing selected balls in greenhouses and transplanting to the farmlands with an elevation of 2 400 m.[Result] The cultivation and seed reservation methods had significant or extremely significant effects on maca phenological phase;maca in different colors were treated by different cultivation and seed reservation methods,showing insignificant effects on disease and insect damages.[Conclusion] It can be concluded that the selected maca balls stored for 15 d as per the method grown in the region with an elevation of 2 700 m will improve seed quality and reduce disease or insect damages.展开更多
Stem implants of acephate were tentatively used to contfol cone and seed insects in Northeastern China in 1993. Experiments considered in a Siberian larch seed orchard and mother-tree stands of Korean pine and Korean ...Stem implants of acephate were tentatively used to contfol cone and seed insects in Northeastern China in 1993. Experiments considered in a Siberian larch seed orchard and mother-tree stands of Korean pine and Korean spruce that promising control of major cone pests, including cone tlies, cone-worms and seed-worms, was obtained in all of the conifer species but treatment did not reduce significantly damage due to seed chalcids. Acephate implants did not seem to affect seed germination.展开更多
Insect herbivory decreases plant fitness by constraining plant growth,survival and reproductive output.Most studies on the effects of herbivory in trees rely on correlational inter-individual comparisons and could,thu...Insect herbivory decreases plant fitness by constraining plant growth,survival and reproductive output.Most studies on the effects of herbivory in trees rely on correlational inter-individual comparisons and could,thus,be affected by confounding factors linked to both herbivory and plant performance.Using the Mediterranean Holm oak(Quercus ilex)as a study model,we followed an experimental approach in which leaf-feeding insects(mainly Lepidoptera caterpillars)were excluded from some shoots in all study trees.Shoots subjected to herbivore exclusion exhibited lower defoliation rates and produced more acorns than control shoots.Defoliation constrained shoot growth throughout the study period,but had no effect on the number of female flowers produced per shoot.Acorn production was,however,lower in control shoots due to their higher abortion rates,and also to their greater mortality risk during summer drought,as shoots with fewer leaves were less likely to survive.Plant reaction to herbivory inhibits certain physiological pathways involved in plant growth,which,together with the effects of physical damage,reduces the amount and efficiency of the photosynthetic tissue.This increases their vulnerability to environmental stresses,such as water deficit,which limit resource assimilation.Defoliation is likely a key factor affecting oak regeneration,as it may be a significant source of seed loss prior to pre-dispersal acorn predation.Further experimental studies could help to elucidate its effects in contrasting environments.In Mediterranean regions,the harsher droughts predicted by climate change models could worsen the effects of insect herbivory on oak reproductive output.展开更多
A test for the seed of pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp grain impunity from insects was conducted by the two wrapping methods in which pigeon peas seed grain were wrapped in ventilative and sealed industrial ste...A test for the seed of pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp grain impunity from insects was conducted by the two wrapping methods in which pigeon peas seed grain were wrapped in ventilative and sealed industrial steaming cooking plastic bags respectively. Treating wrapped grains with Co 60 with radiation dosages of 0 KGY, 0 1 KGY, 1 0 KGY, 3 0 KGY and 7 0 KGY, the result shows: a) wrapped by ventilative wrappings and treated by Co 60 with dosage of 3 0 KGY, the grains have the best impunity from insect. On an average, only 0.87 grains was susceptive to insects; b) wrapped by ventilative bags and not treated by Co 60 , average 46.87 grains were susceptive to insects; c) wrapped by sealed plastic bags and not treated by Co 60 , average 1 13 grains were susceptive to insects. Meanwhile, the nutritional content in grains did not change after radiation treat. Therefore, considering economic factor, the purpose to prevent from grain insect can be reached by non radiation and sealed wrapping treat.展开更多
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of cultivation and seed reservation methods on quality and disease/insect damages of maca seed in cold highland areas,providing scientific references for cultivation and seed reservation and planning of maca vareity.[Method] Yellow,purple and black maca were selected and cultivated in the region with an elevation of 3 000 m to be experimental materials and cultivation and seed reservation methods were as follows：maca seed reservation in situ,seed reservation in original soils maca grown after selection of maca balls,and seed reservation in the region with an elevation of 2 700 m after selection of maca ball,seed reservation in greenhouses in the region with an elevation of 2 400 m after selection of maca ball,and growing selected balls in greenhouses and transplanting to the farmlands with an elevation of 2 400 m.[Result] The cultivation and seed reservation methods had significant or extremely significant effects on maca phenological phase;maca in different colors were treated by different cultivation and seed reservation methods,showing insignificant effects on disease and insect damages.[Conclusion] It can be concluded that the selected maca balls stored for 15 d as per the method grown in the region with an elevation of 2 700 m will improve seed quality and reduce disease or insect damages.
文摘Stem implants of acephate were tentatively used to contfol cone and seed insects in Northeastern China in 1993. Experiments considered in a Siberian larch seed orchard and mother-tree stands of Korean pine and Korean spruce that promising control of major cone pests, including cone tlies, cone-worms and seed-worms, was obtained in all of the conifer species but treatment did not reduce significantly damage due to seed chalcids. Acephate implants did not seem to affect seed germination.
基金This work was financed by the project AGL2014-54739-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund(FEDER,European Union)RB was funded by a contract of the Atracción de Talento Investigador Programme(Gobierno de Extremadura TA13032)TC was funded by a FPI fellowship(Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness BES-2015-071382)。
文摘Insect herbivory decreases plant fitness by constraining plant growth,survival and reproductive output.Most studies on the effects of herbivory in trees rely on correlational inter-individual comparisons and could,thus,be affected by confounding factors linked to both herbivory and plant performance.Using the Mediterranean Holm oak(Quercus ilex)as a study model,we followed an experimental approach in which leaf-feeding insects(mainly Lepidoptera caterpillars)were excluded from some shoots in all study trees.Shoots subjected to herbivore exclusion exhibited lower defoliation rates and produced more acorns than control shoots.Defoliation constrained shoot growth throughout the study period,but had no effect on the number of female flowers produced per shoot.Acorn production was,however,lower in control shoots due to their higher abortion rates,and also to their greater mortality risk during summer drought,as shoots with fewer leaves were less likely to survive.Plant reaction to herbivory inhibits certain physiological pathways involved in plant growth,which,together with the effects of physical damage,reduces the amount and efficiency of the photosynthetic tissue.This increases their vulnerability to environmental stresses,such as water deficit,which limit resource assimilation.Defoliation is likely a key factor affecting oak regeneration,as it may be a significant source of seed loss prior to pre-dispersal acorn predation.Further experimental studies could help to elucidate its effects in contrasting environments.In Mediterranean regions,the harsher droughts predicted by climate change models could worsen the effects of insect herbivory on oak reproductive output.
文摘A test for the seed of pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp grain impunity from insects was conducted by the two wrapping methods in which pigeon peas seed grain were wrapped in ventilative and sealed industrial steaming cooking plastic bags respectively. Treating wrapped grains with Co 60 with radiation dosages of 0 KGY, 0 1 KGY, 1 0 KGY, 3 0 KGY and 7 0 KGY, the result shows: a) wrapped by ventilative wrappings and treated by Co 60 with dosage of 3 0 KGY, the grains have the best impunity from insect. On an average, only 0.87 grains was susceptive to insects; b) wrapped by ventilative bags and not treated by Co 60 , average 46.87 grains were susceptive to insects; c) wrapped by sealed plastic bags and not treated by Co 60 , average 1 13 grains were susceptive to insects. Meanwhile, the nutritional content in grains did not change after radiation treat. Therefore, considering economic factor, the purpose to prevent from grain insect can be reached by non radiation and sealed wrapping treat.
