Boscia aqueous extract. senegalensis on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress induced in rats. The aqueous extract was prepared from B. senegalensis seed powders under the extraction conditions: time (10 ...Boscia aqueous extract. senegalensis on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress induced in rats. The aqueous extract was prepared from B. senegalensis seed powders under the extraction conditions: time (10 min), temperature (55˚C) and the ratio of mass of flour/volume of water (3/10 g/mL). Male wistar rats aged 6 to 8 weeks were acclimated and divided into 8 groups of 5 rats each: two normal control groups which received a normal standard diet (3810 kcal/kg), and six test groups which were subjected to a hyperlipidemic diet (5310 Kcal/kg). All groups of animals were fed in this manner for 8 weeks to induce hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. After induction the animals were treated either with distilled water for the normal and negative control groups or with atorvastatin for the positive control group or with the extract of B. senegalensis. (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) for the test groups. Fasting blood glucose was taken every 7 days during induction. After sacrifice, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters were measured. The aqueous extract of B. senegalensis significantly decreased (p B. senegalensis at a dose of 500 mg/kg has the capacity to reduce blood sugar, improve the quality of the lipid profile and reduce oxidative stress. Thus, the results reveal that the aqueous extract of B. senegalensis has powerful hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties.展开更多
The physicochemical characteristics of Khaya senegalensis seed oil were investigated. Iodine value, saponification value, percentage free fatty acid (FFA), acid value, and peroxide value were the chemical parameters e...The physicochemical characteristics of Khaya senegalensis seed oil were investigated. Iodine value, saponification value, percentage free fatty acid (FFA), acid value, and peroxide value were the chemical parameters examined in the oil analysis, while specific gravity and refractive index were examined as physical parameters. The results showed that the acid value was 1.18 ± 0.01, the saponification value was 191.76 ± 0.01 mgKOH/gm, and the iodine value was 102.79 ± 0.01. It contained 0.59 ± 0.01 percent free fatty acid. The value of peroxide was 6.83 ± 0.01 meq/kg. The results showed that the refractive index was 1.462 ± 0.02 and the specific gravity was 0.9194 ± 0.04. The established parameters fell within the worldwide and Nigerian vegetable oil industry standards.展开更多
A field experiment was carried out at Ismailia Research Station, Ismailia Governorate from 2020-2022 to improve the growth of Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni by using a combination of mineral fertilizer (NPK...A field experiment was carried out at Ismailia Research Station, Ismailia Governorate from 2020-2022 to improve the growth of Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni by using a combination of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and biological fertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megatherium, and Bacillus circulant) as recommended dose under new sandy soils conditions. Split plot designed with four treatments (Control, (50% Mineral fertilizer (M.) + 50% Biological fertilizer (Bio.)), 100% M. and 100% Bio.) of each species. Vegetative growth, leaf area, tree biomass, stored carbon, basal area, tree volume, and in the soil both of microbial account and mineral content were determined. The experimental results showed no significant differences between studied species among the most studied parameters except for Khaya senegalensis which gave the highest significant difference in root biomass and below-stored carbon than Swietenia mahagoni. Evidently, the highest significant growth parameters were 100% mineral fertilizer followed by (50% M. + 50% Bio.) as compared with control. No significant difference between 100% M. and (50% M. + 50% Bio.) of shoot dry biomass (15.19 and 12.02 kg, respectively) and above-stored carbon (0.28 and 0.22 Mt, respectively). Microbial account and mineral content in soil were improved after cultivation of tree species compared to before planting and control, especially with 50% mineral fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer treatment. In conclusion, a treatment containing 50% mineral fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer has led to the ideal Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni growth in sandy soil for cheaper and sustainable.展开更多
Adsorption on activated carbon is one of the most widely used methods for the removal of dyes. The objective of this study is to valorize the shells of Saba senegalensis from local product in Senegal in the form of ac...Adsorption on activated carbon is one of the most widely used methods for the removal of dyes. The objective of this study is to valorize the shells of Saba senegalensis from local product in Senegal in the form of activated carbon and to test its effectiveness for the removal of methyl violet. The study was carried out in batch mode for a maximum duration of one hour with 100 mL of solution treated at 600 rpm. The results reveal that the granulometry 500 μm gives the best yield with an adsorption rate of 95%, a mass of adsorbent of 0.2 g gives an adsorption capacity of 20 mg/g, the contact time of one hour with a capacity of 5 mg/g. The study also showed that the adsorption process of methyl violet is described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model with correlation coefficient of 0.99. Two adsorption isotherms were studied, and the results revealed that the Freundlich model better describes the adsorption of methyl violet on Saba senegalensis shell residue-based activated carbon (SSSRAC). The results indicate that SSSRAC could be used as a low-cost alternative for the removal of textile dyes such as methyl violet.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Guiera senegalensis(G.senegalensis)on gastric mucosal damage using different ulcer models.Methods:Considering the above claims,the present study was undertak...Objective:To evaluate the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Guiera senegalensis(G.senegalensis)on gastric mucosal damage using different ulcer models.Methods:Considering the above claims,the present study was undertaken to validate the gastroprotective potential of the aqueous leaf extract of this plant against ethanol,water immersion and Aspirin induced ulcer models.Results:The leaf extract(50,100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o.)significantly(P<0.05)decreased the ulcer index in all assays used.Conclusions:The results obtained,provide strong evidence of antiulcer activity of the leaf extract of G.senegalensis and support the traditional uses of the plant for the treatment of ulcer.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the safety profile of Annona senegalensis（A.senegalensis）.Methods: Dried powdered root-bark of A.senegalensis was prepared by Sohxlet extraction using methanolmethylene chloride（1:1） solut...Objective:To investigate the safety profile of Annona senegalensis（A.senegalensis）.Methods: Dried powdered root-bark of A.senegalensis was prepared by Sohxlet extraction using methanolmethylene chloride（1:1） solution and concentrated to obtain the methanol-methylene chloride extract（MME）.MME was fractionated to obtain the n-hexane（HF）,ethylacetate（EF） and methanol（MF） fractions.Acute toxicity(LD<sub>50</sub>) test was performed with MME,HF,EF and MF in mice by oral route.The sub acute toxicity studies were performed in rats after 14 days of MME administration while haemalological and biochemical parameters were monitored.Results: Medium lethal（LD-（50）） values of 1 296.3 808.1 265 and 2 154 mg/kg were obtained for the MME.MF, HF and EF,respectively.The sub-acute toxicity studies indicated a significant（P【0.05） increase in the body weight of both the treated rats and the control.The haematological tests indicated no change in the packed cell volume values but a significant（P【0.05） increase in the total WBC count at 100 and 400 mg/kg doses.The differential analysis showed a decrease in the nutrophils and a non-significant increase in the lymphocyte counts.The liver transaminase enzymes, alanin transaminase and aspartate transaminase showed no significant increase compared to the control.Histopathological examination of the liver sections also indicted no obvious signs of hepatotoxicity except with the 400 mg/kg dose that showed degeneration and necrosis of the hepatocytes.Conclusions:These results indicated that the root bark extracts of A.Senegalensis are safe at the lower doses tested,and calls for caution in use at higher doses in treatment.展开更多
The by-catch fauna of the shrimp fishery includes a number of marine invertebrates that are discarded because they do not have commercial value.In order to try to add some value to these materials,we analyzed the chem...The by-catch fauna of the shrimp fishery includes a number of marine invertebrates that are discarded because they do not have commercial value.In order to try to add some value to these materials,we analyzed the chemical composition of the starfish Luidia senegalensis collected in the Brazilian coast as a consequence of the trawling fishery method.In order to access their chemical composition,we used a combination of solid phase extraction(SPE)followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-IT-MSn).Luidia sene-galensis contains asterosaponins,which are sulphated glycosilated steroids,containing five and six sugar moieties,in addition to polyhydroxysteroids.This study helped us to support the presence of important and potentially bioactive compounds in invertebrates associated to the by-catch fauna of the shrimp fishery,using a fast and efficient method.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the potentials of the root bark of Annona（A.） senegalensis in the control of seizure and related hypnotic and motor incoordination effects in mice using experimental models.Methods:The metha...Objective:To investigate the potentials of the root bark of Annona（A.） senegalensis in the control of seizure and related hypnotic and motor incoordination effects in mice using experimental models.Methods:The methanol extract（ME） of the root bark of A.senegalensis was studied in mice using pentylenetetrazole（PTZ） induced convulsions,phenobarbitone induced sleeping time and motor coordination test on rota-rod performance.Acute toxicity and lethality（LD50） lest as well as phytochemical analysis were also carried out.Results:The extract（200,400,800 mg/ kg） exhibited a non- dose dependent significant（P【0.05） delay in the onset of both tonic and clonic phases of seizure induced by PTZ（60 mg/kg,s.c.） as well as offered a 100%protection （200 mg/kg） in mice from PTZ induced seizures.The extract significantly（P【0.05） decreased the latency and increased the duration of phenobarbitone induced sleeping time.At 200 mg/kg, the extract exhibited a significant（P【0.05） motor incoordination.The acute toxicity test revealed an oral LD<sub>50</sub> of 1 2%mg/kg,while the phytochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, resins,glycosides,carbohydrate,reducing sugar,flavonoids,terpenoids,saponins and tannins. Conclusion:The extract of A senegalensis possessed anticonvulsant activity with pronounced hypnotic and muscle relaxant effects.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the anthelmintic property of Saba senegalensis(A.DC) Pichon(Apocynaceae)(S. senegalensis) on Haemonchus contortus that is traditionally used in Burkina Faso for its gastrointestinal parasites tr...Objective: To evaluate the anthelmintic property of Saba senegalensis(A.DC) Pichon(Apocynaceae)(S. senegalensis) on Haemonchus contortus that is traditionally used in Burkina Faso for its gastrointestinal parasites treatment.Methods: The lyophilized aqueous decoction of leaves of S. senegalensis at concentrations of 0.10, 1.00, 3.00, 10.00 and 15.00 mg/m L was used on eggs and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus collected from gastrointestinal tract of small ruminant.Results: The LC_(50) on adult worms was 6.79 mg/m L and 3.25 mg/m L for the leaves of S. senegalensis and the levamisole(reference drug), respectively. Inhibition of hatching assay showed a concentration-dependent manner with an inhibition of 93.63% at the concentration of 15.00 mg/m L of S. senegalensis.Conclusions: These results indicate that the aqueous extract of S. senegalensis possesses an anthelmintic property and may justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites.展开更多
Native of West Africa, Saba senegalensis belongs to the family of Apocynaceae, and is a wild plant that is mainly exploited in the diet. It grows mainly along riverbanks, in wooded savannah areas in humid areas, in ga...Native of West Africa, Saba senegalensis belongs to the family of Apocynaceae, and is a wild plant that is mainly exploited in the diet. It grows mainly along riverbanks, in wooded savannah areas in humid areas, in gallery forests and in rocky ravines and hills. Saba senegalensis is a large woody liana with white latex, dark gray bark, can reach more than 40 m high and a trunk that can measure up to 47 cm in diameter. The fruit is a globose shell, 7 to 10 cm long, 6 to 8 cm wide. The leaves are opposite, elliptical, dark green in color, about 8 to 15 cm long and 4 to 6 cm wide. This fruit is characterized by its richness in antioxidant molecules especially vitamin C (480 mg/100 g) and total polyphenols (945.83 mg/100 g). The fruit contents 41.43 until 80% water with a low pH (2.24). In Senegal, the fruit is eaten as it or transformed into puree, nectar, syrup, canned etc. It is a plant that has enormous therapeutic virtues, from the fruit to the roots through the leaves, bark, and latex. Despite its high nutritional potential, its many therapeutic virtues and its economic potential, Saba senegalensis remains under-exploited. Further researches on the nutritional and therapeutic properties deserve to be conducted.展开更多
The effect of the ethanolic extract Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters was tested in rabbits with normal glucose and glucose overload. Phytochemical screening after three batches of 6 rabbits race (TBD)...The effect of the ethanolic extract Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters was tested in rabbits with normal glucose and glucose overload. Phytochemical screening after three batches of 6 rabbits race (TBD) were treated with the extract in oral doses of respectively 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight for 30 days;three other groups receiving respectively these doses of the extract were placed under a priori temporary overload of glucose;a control group received instead distilled water treatment. Blood glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol were measured by spectrophotometry and weight gain of the animals was performed at the beginning of the experiment and every 2 weeks during the study period. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds (majority) of saponins of anthracene derivatives and steroids in the extract. The test results indicate that under the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in blood glucose after 24 hours. The extract had no effect on the lipid profile or body weight of rabbits.展开更多
The objective of this study is to analyze the dendrochronological potential of two Sahelian species (<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B. senegalensis</span></i><span style=&qu...The objective of this study is to analyze the dendrochronological potential of two Sahelian species (<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B. senegalensis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. birrea</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and to evaluate the rela</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tionships between their growth rings and the climate. The study was con</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ducted in 2016 in the Ferlo area of Senegal. The biological material consists of wood slices, taken from the trunks of these adult woody species at 0.30 m and 1.30 m from the ground after they have been felled. The technique used to examine the slices consists in identifying their rings, establishing their structures, inter-dating them and studying the relationship between the identified rings and climatic factors. The results showed that the species had thin, clear, highly visible and sharp rings. The limit of growth is marked by a line of parenchyma. Intradatation series carried out on the chronologies made it possible to estimate the ages of the individuals, which vary from 10 to 38 years for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B. senegalensis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and from 29 to 50 years for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. birrea</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Their average growth </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rates are estimated at 0.906 mm/year and 0.89 mm/year respectively. The </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">chronological sequences are 29 years (1987-2016) for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B. senegalensis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 38 years (1964-2012) for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. birrea</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The results revealed that there is no significant correlation between the growth chronologies of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B. senegalensis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">climatic regressors (temperature and precipitation). In contrast, the ring-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">climate relationship shows that in </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. birrea</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> winter precipitation positively influences ring growth while temperature has no effect on ring growth in this species. This study provides a better understanding of the response of forest ecosystems to possible climate change, particularly in the current context of sustainable forest management.</span>展开更多
Saba senegalensis is a popular wild fruit;which is consumed as such or transformed into various products. Despite its economic potential, its nutritional potential is unknown. The objective of this study is to charact...Saba senegalensis is a popular wild fruit;which is consumed as such or transformed into various products. Despite its economic potential, its nutritional potential is unknown. The objective of this study is to characterize its fruits according to Senegal’s main production areas. The study included five samples from five geographical areas of Senegal. Parameters measured include pH, protein, lipids, ash, moisture, vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols, minerals, and sugars. The results showed that for moisture, proteins, lipids, pH and reducing sugars did not differ significantly (p 0.05%) for all accessions. Vitamin C content varies between 32.86 and 198.22 mg·100g<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>, carotenoids with a content of between 5.05 and 9.12 mg·100g<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>;polyphenol contents are between 1.17 and 2.56 g·100g<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>. The nutritional value of Saba fruits appears to be homogeneous in Senegal. A thorough study of the functional molecules seems necessary for a better appreciation of the potential of this fruit.展开更多
This study describes a glucocapparin determination method. Based on rapeseed determination of glucosinolate (GSL), the equation of the average straight regression line is Y = 100.42X – 0.03 (R2 = 0.9998). Enzymatic h...This study describes a glucocapparin determination method. Based on rapeseed determination of glucosinolate (GSL), the equation of the average straight regression line is Y = 100.42X – 0.03 (R2 = 0.9998). Enzymatic hydrolysis of glucocapparin extracted from leaves and fruits of B. senegalensis, analyzed by SPME-GC-MS confirmed the presence of methylisothiocyanate as the main hydrolysis glucocapparin product. Monitoring glucocapparin contents in B. senegalensis leaves and fruits collected in 4 localities in Senegal showed differences between organs according localities and periods of harvest. Glucocapparin content was very high in dry season particularly in January and the lowest rates were recorded during the rainy period between August and November.展开更多
Introduction: Obesity is defined as excessive and abnormal accumulation of fatty tissue with significant somatic, psychological and social consequences on quality of life. Obesity has long been considered a simple aes...Introduction: Obesity is defined as excessive and abnormal accumulation of fatty tissue with significant somatic, psychological and social consequences on quality of life. Obesity has long been considered a simple aesthetic problem linked to excessive gluttony. It is however recognized today as a real pathology, so much so that the WHO has declared it as “the first non-infectious epidemic in history and a major problem of the century”. In addition, many studies have been carried out aimed at the production of less fatty foods and, scientifically, at the development of anti-obesity drugs. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of the extract of Boscia senegalensis (Capparaceae) used in Chad to fight against type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Methodology: A bromatological study of Boscia senegalensis extract was carried out at the Food Quality Control Centre (CECOQDA) in Ndjamena (Chad), followed by an in vivo study of rabbits carried out at the IRED Biotechnopôle laboratory (Chad). Results: The results obtained from the 100 g bromatological study of the dry extract of Boscia senegalensis are as follows: protein content (20.24% ± 0.007%), fat content (5.92% ± 0.21%), carbohydrate content (35.16% ± 1.05%), fibre content (2.11% ± 0.26%), moisture content (5.7% ± 0.14%) and ash content (2.90% ± 0.03%). No aflatoxin was detected in the dry extract of Boscia senegalensis. A significant decrease (p = 0.04) in body weight was observed in rabbits treated with Boscia senegalensis extract compared to controls. In addition, histological sections of the various organs (liver, spleen, kidneys) of treated rabbits showed no lesions following the incorporation of the extract of Boscia senegalensis. Conclusion: This study showed the anti-obesity effect of Boscia senegalensis. It also made it possible to verify the harmlessness of the product with regard to the results on chronic toxicity.展开更多
Erythrina senegalensis is utilized in the treatment of liver diseases in folklore medicine in most of northern Nigeria, but sufficient pharmacological-based and peer-reviewed scientific literature is not available to ...Erythrina senegalensis is utilized in the treatment of liver diseases in folklore medicine in most of northern Nigeria, but sufficient pharmacological-based and peer-reviewed scientific literature is not available to authenticate its use in the treatment of liver ailments. This research is aimed at assessing the hepatoprotective effects of Erythrina senegalensis against paracetamol-induced (PCM-induced) hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats. This was evaluated by estimating the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as compared with the control group. The extract was concentrated and then desired concentrations of extracts were made by dissolving in normal saline. Four different doses of aqueous extracts Erythrina senegalensis (200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg) were administered orally for 6 consecutive days after the 72 hrs administration of paracetamol (1500 mg/kg) per body weight. Paracetamol significantly induced oxidative stress in the liver, ultimately leading to increased serum levels of liver enzyme markers like alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Administration of the extracts showed significant (p 0.05) and dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity resulting in decrease in the activity of ALT, AST and ALP. These data revealed that Erythrina senegalensis aqueous extracts possess significant hepatoprotective activity against PCM-induced toxicity attributable to its constituent phytochemicals. The mechanism of hepatoprotection seems to be through the modulation of antioxidant enzyme systems.展开更多
Annona senegalensis is a savannah species present in the wild in tropical and sub-tropical African regions. It is used by the local populations for its many economic, pharmacological, nutritional and ecological intere...Annona senegalensis is a savannah species present in the wild in tropical and sub-tropical African regions. It is used by the local populations for its many economic, pharmacological, nutritional and ecological interests. However, the strong pressure exerted on this species as well as the increasing degradation of the ecosystems, in which it evolves, seriously compromise its sustainability and development. Conventional methods of vegetative propagation are not sufficient to ensure its durable regeneration and the renewal of endemic populations in Senegal. In this context, it was undertaken in vitro propagation, from 30 days old juvenile seedlings. Thus, axillary, cotyledonary and apical nodes were in vitro cultured in Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium (MS), with different concentrations of cytokinins and/or auxins. BAP used alone at 2 mg•L<sup>−1</sup> proved to be more beneficial for micropropagation of different types of explants compared to Kinetin used alone or in combination with BAP, especially for axillary and cotyledonary nodes. The BAP-NAA combination allowed to have a better elongation of newly formed shoots. For shoots of apical and cotyledonary nodes origin, a rhizogenic induction of 5 days, with IBA at 25 mg•L<sup>−1</sup>, resulted in a better rooting rate with, respectively, 75% (for 2.22 roots) and 66.67% (for 4.17 roots). For newly formed shoots of axillary origin, a 24-hour rooting induction with IBA at 50 mg•L<sup>−1</sup> gave a rooting rate of 58.33% (for 2.4 roots). After 30 days of acclimatization, the survival rate was 75% for the young plants from the apices and 83.33% for those originating from the cotyledonary and axillary nodes. This protocol can therefore be adopted for the in vitro clonal propagation of A. senegalensis juvenile material.展开更多
Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the anaesthetic agents 2-phenoxyethanol, MS-222, clove oil and metomidate in attenuating acute handling stress in juvenile specimens of Solea senegalensis subjected to two ...Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the anaesthetic agents 2-phenoxyethanol, MS-222, clove oil and metomidate in attenuating acute handling stress in juvenile specimens of Solea senegalensis subjected to two routine stressful events specific to aquaculture and/or fish research. Methods: The stress-preventing effects of four anaesthetic agents (2-phenoxyethanol, 600 mg/L;metomidate, 5 mg/L;clove oil, 30 mg/L and MS-222, 75 mg/L) were evaluated in juvenile specimens of Senegalase sole (Solea senegalensis) subjected to two different types of acute (handling-related) stress: air exposure and net handling (chasing). To assess the stress-preventing effects of the four anaesthetic agents, diverse blood and plasma parameters (haematocrit, haemoglobin, glucose, lactate and cortisol levels) were determined as stress indicators. Fish were treated with the anaesthetic agents before being subjected to the different types of acute stress, and they were sacrificed 30 min, 2 and 24 h later. Control fish were processed in the same way without pretreatment with the anaesthetic agents. Results: The net handling stress was of sufficient intensity to cause a significant increase in the levels of most of the stress indicators considered. By contrast, air exposure stress only induced significant increases in cortisol and haemoglobin levels. Conclusions: The stress-preventing effects of the anaesthetic agents tested were ranked on the basis of their capacity to prevent increases in the haematocrit, haemoglobin, glucose, lactate and cortisol levels, as follows: metomidate (5 mg/L) > clove oil (30 mg/L) > MS-222 (75 mg/L)> 2-phenoxyethanol (600 mg/L).展开更多
This report describes in vitro micropropagation of Boscia senegalensis,so-called famine foods,that helped the people in Darfur and Kordofan,Sudan survive during the 1984-1985 famine.Four types of explants prepared fro...This report describes in vitro micropropagation of Boscia senegalensis,so-called famine foods,that helped the people in Darfur and Kordofan,Sudan survive during the 1984-1985 famine.Four types of explants prepared from green mature zygotic embryos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 1-5 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA).The highest number of shoots per explant (14.3±0.9) was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L BA,while the highest shoot length [(3.5±0.4) cm] was obtained with 1 mg/L BA.The shoot cluster,when subcultured to its same medium,significantly increased the rate of shoot multiplication by the end of the third subculture.The maximum mean number of shoots per explant (86.5±3.6) was produced after three multiplication cycles on 3 mg/L BA-supplemented medium.In vitro induced shoots were excised and rooted on half strength MS medium fortified with 0.25 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to obtain complete plantlets.B.senegalensis-regenerated plantlets obtained in vitro for the first time,were hardened and 95% survived under greenhouse conditions.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the possibility of increased antimalarial activity of Icacina senegalensis A.Juss(Icacinaceae)upon a combination of its leaves and tubers against Plasmodium berghei malaria in mice.Methods:Chl...Objective:To investigate the possibility of increased antimalarial activity of Icacina senegalensis A.Juss(Icacinaceae)upon a combination of its leaves and tubers against Plasmodium berghei malaria in mice.Methods:Chloroquine sensitive ANKA clones of Plasmodium berghei were used to develop experimental models based on intraperitoneal injection of 10^(7)parasitized erythrocytes in phosphate buffer saline(pH 7.2)and subsequent development of parasitemia.The models were employed to investigate prophylactic and curative anti-malarial activities of tuber and tuberleaf methanol extracts of the plant at selected dosages(25,50 and 100 mg/kg body weight).Chloroquine with a curative dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight was used as positive control in both studies.Results:Tuber and tuber-leaf extracts produced a dose-dependent chemosuppression of the parasites,with higher activity and mean survival time exhibited by the combined extract.Conclusions:Anti-plasmodia activity has been discovered in methanol extract of Icacina senegalensis tuber extract.The observed optimization of the antimalarial actions of the plant upon a combination of its leaf and tuber opens a new area of medicinal plant research.展开更多
文摘Boscia aqueous extract. senegalensis on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress induced in rats. The aqueous extract was prepared from B. senegalensis seed powders under the extraction conditions: time (10 min), temperature (55˚C) and the ratio of mass of flour/volume of water (3/10 g/mL). Male wistar rats aged 6 to 8 weeks were acclimated and divided into 8 groups of 5 rats each: two normal control groups which received a normal standard diet (3810 kcal/kg), and six test groups which were subjected to a hyperlipidemic diet (5310 Kcal/kg). All groups of animals were fed in this manner for 8 weeks to induce hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. After induction the animals were treated either with distilled water for the normal and negative control groups or with atorvastatin for the positive control group or with the extract of B. senegalensis. (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) for the test groups. Fasting blood glucose was taken every 7 days during induction. After sacrifice, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters were measured. The aqueous extract of B. senegalensis significantly decreased (p B. senegalensis at a dose of 500 mg/kg has the capacity to reduce blood sugar, improve the quality of the lipid profile and reduce oxidative stress. Thus, the results reveal that the aqueous extract of B. senegalensis has powerful hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties.
文摘The physicochemical characteristics of Khaya senegalensis seed oil were investigated. Iodine value, saponification value, percentage free fatty acid (FFA), acid value, and peroxide value were the chemical parameters examined in the oil analysis, while specific gravity and refractive index were examined as physical parameters. The results showed that the acid value was 1.18 ± 0.01, the saponification value was 191.76 ± 0.01 mgKOH/gm, and the iodine value was 102.79 ± 0.01. It contained 0.59 ± 0.01 percent free fatty acid. The value of peroxide was 6.83 ± 0.01 meq/kg. The results showed that the refractive index was 1.462 ± 0.02 and the specific gravity was 0.9194 ± 0.04. The established parameters fell within the worldwide and Nigerian vegetable oil industry standards.
文摘A field experiment was carried out at Ismailia Research Station, Ismailia Governorate from 2020-2022 to improve the growth of Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni by using a combination of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and biological fertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megatherium, and Bacillus circulant) as recommended dose under new sandy soils conditions. Split plot designed with four treatments (Control, (50% Mineral fertilizer (M.) + 50% Biological fertilizer (Bio.)), 100% M. and 100% Bio.) of each species. Vegetative growth, leaf area, tree biomass, stored carbon, basal area, tree volume, and in the soil both of microbial account and mineral content were determined. The experimental results showed no significant differences between studied species among the most studied parameters except for Khaya senegalensis which gave the highest significant difference in root biomass and below-stored carbon than Swietenia mahagoni. Evidently, the highest significant growth parameters were 100% mineral fertilizer followed by (50% M. + 50% Bio.) as compared with control. No significant difference between 100% M. and (50% M. + 50% Bio.) of shoot dry biomass (15.19 and 12.02 kg, respectively) and above-stored carbon (0.28 and 0.22 Mt, respectively). Microbial account and mineral content in soil were improved after cultivation of tree species compared to before planting and control, especially with 50% mineral fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer treatment. In conclusion, a treatment containing 50% mineral fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer has led to the ideal Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni growth in sandy soil for cheaper and sustainable.
文摘Adsorption on activated carbon is one of the most widely used methods for the removal of dyes. The objective of this study is to valorize the shells of Saba senegalensis from local product in Senegal in the form of activated carbon and to test its effectiveness for the removal of methyl violet. The study was carried out in batch mode for a maximum duration of one hour with 100 mL of solution treated at 600 rpm. The results reveal that the granulometry 500 μm gives the best yield with an adsorption rate of 95%, a mass of adsorbent of 0.2 g gives an adsorption capacity of 20 mg/g, the contact time of one hour with a capacity of 5 mg/g. The study also showed that the adsorption process of methyl violet is described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model with correlation coefficient of 0.99. Two adsorption isotherms were studied, and the results revealed that the Freundlich model better describes the adsorption of methyl violet on Saba senegalensis shell residue-based activated carbon (SSSRAC). The results indicate that SSSRAC could be used as a low-cost alternative for the removal of textile dyes such as methyl violet.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Guiera senegalensis(G.senegalensis)on gastric mucosal damage using different ulcer models.Methods:Considering the above claims,the present study was undertaken to validate the gastroprotective potential of the aqueous leaf extract of this plant against ethanol,water immersion and Aspirin induced ulcer models.Results:The leaf extract(50,100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o.)significantly(P<0.05)decreased the ulcer index in all assays used.Conclusions:The results obtained,provide strong evidence of antiulcer activity of the leaf extract of G.senegalensis and support the traditional uses of the plant for the treatment of ulcer.
基金Step-B World Bank Assisted project of the Federal Government of Nigeria Ministry of Education,for the Innovators of Tomorrow Award grant that facilitated this research
文摘Objective:To investigate the safety profile of Annona senegalensis（A.senegalensis）.Methods: Dried powdered root-bark of A.senegalensis was prepared by Sohxlet extraction using methanolmethylene chloride（1:1） solution and concentrated to obtain the methanol-methylene chloride extract（MME）.MME was fractionated to obtain the n-hexane（HF）,ethylacetate（EF） and methanol（MF） fractions.Acute toxicity(LD<sub>50</sub>) test was performed with MME,HF,EF and MF in mice by oral route.The sub acute toxicity studies were performed in rats after 14 days of MME administration while haemalological and biochemical parameters were monitored.Results: Medium lethal（LD-（50）） values of 1 296.3 808.1 265 and 2 154 mg/kg were obtained for the MME.MF, HF and EF,respectively.The sub-acute toxicity studies indicated a significant（P【0.05） increase in the body weight of both the treated rats and the control.The haematological tests indicated no change in the packed cell volume values but a significant（P【0.05） increase in the total WBC count at 100 and 400 mg/kg doses.The differential analysis showed a decrease in the nutrophils and a non-significant increase in the lymphocyte counts.The liver transaminase enzymes, alanin transaminase and aspartate transaminase showed no significant increase compared to the control.Histopathological examination of the liver sections also indicted no obvious signs of hepatotoxicity except with the 400 mg/kg dose that showed degeneration and necrosis of the hepatocytes.Conclusions:These results indicated that the root bark extracts of A.Senegalensis are safe at the lower doses tested,and calls for caution in use at higher doses in treatment.
基金supported by Funda-cao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo(FAPESP Grant 2012/19419-9 to W.V.and Grant 2011/23159-0 to M.M.P.T.)。
文摘The by-catch fauna of the shrimp fishery includes a number of marine invertebrates that are discarded because they do not have commercial value.In order to try to add some value to these materials,we analyzed the chemical composition of the starfish Luidia senegalensis collected in the Brazilian coast as a consequence of the trawling fishery method.In order to access their chemical composition,we used a combination of solid phase extraction(SPE)followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-IT-MSn).Luidia sene-galensis contains asterosaponins,which are sulphated glycosilated steroids,containing five and six sugar moieties,in addition to polyhydroxysteroids.This study helped us to support the presence of important and potentially bioactive compounds in invertebrates associated to the by-catch fauna of the shrimp fishery,using a fast and efficient method.
文摘Objective:To investigate the potentials of the root bark of Annona（A.） senegalensis in the control of seizure and related hypnotic and motor incoordination effects in mice using experimental models.Methods:The methanol extract（ME） of the root bark of A.senegalensis was studied in mice using pentylenetetrazole（PTZ） induced convulsions,phenobarbitone induced sleeping time and motor coordination test on rota-rod performance.Acute toxicity and lethality（LD50） lest as well as phytochemical analysis were also carried out.Results:The extract（200,400,800 mg/ kg） exhibited a non- dose dependent significant（P【0.05） delay in the onset of both tonic and clonic phases of seizure induced by PTZ（60 mg/kg,s.c.） as well as offered a 100%protection （200 mg/kg） in mice from PTZ induced seizures.The extract significantly（P【0.05） decreased the latency and increased the duration of phenobarbitone induced sleeping time.At 200 mg/kg, the extract exhibited a significant（P【0.05） motor incoordination.The acute toxicity test revealed an oral LD<sub>50</sub> of 1 2%mg/kg,while the phytochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, resins,glycosides,carbohydrate,reducing sugar,flavonoids,terpenoids,saponins and tannins. Conclusion:The extract of A senegalensis possessed anticonvulsant activity with pronounced hypnotic and muscle relaxant effects.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Health through FARES project(P1/FARES 2013)
文摘Objective: To evaluate the anthelmintic property of Saba senegalensis(A.DC) Pichon(Apocynaceae)(S. senegalensis) on Haemonchus contortus that is traditionally used in Burkina Faso for its gastrointestinal parasites treatment.Methods: The lyophilized aqueous decoction of leaves of S. senegalensis at concentrations of 0.10, 1.00, 3.00, 10.00 and 15.00 mg/m L was used on eggs and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus collected from gastrointestinal tract of small ruminant.Results: The LC_(50) on adult worms was 6.79 mg/m L and 3.25 mg/m L for the leaves of S. senegalensis and the levamisole(reference drug), respectively. Inhibition of hatching assay showed a concentration-dependent manner with an inhibition of 93.63% at the concentration of 15.00 mg/m L of S. senegalensis.Conclusions: These results indicate that the aqueous extract of S. senegalensis possesses an anthelmintic property and may justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites.
文摘Native of West Africa, Saba senegalensis belongs to the family of Apocynaceae, and is a wild plant that is mainly exploited in the diet. It grows mainly along riverbanks, in wooded savannah areas in humid areas, in gallery forests and in rocky ravines and hills. Saba senegalensis is a large woody liana with white latex, dark gray bark, can reach more than 40 m high and a trunk that can measure up to 47 cm in diameter. The fruit is a globose shell, 7 to 10 cm long, 6 to 8 cm wide. The leaves are opposite, elliptical, dark green in color, about 8 to 15 cm long and 4 to 6 cm wide. This fruit is characterized by its richness in antioxidant molecules especially vitamin C (480 mg/100 g) and total polyphenols (945.83 mg/100 g). The fruit contents 41.43 until 80% water with a low pH (2.24). In Senegal, the fruit is eaten as it or transformed into puree, nectar, syrup, canned etc. It is a plant that has enormous therapeutic virtues, from the fruit to the roots through the leaves, bark, and latex. Despite its high nutritional potential, its many therapeutic virtues and its economic potential, Saba senegalensis remains under-exploited. Further researches on the nutritional and therapeutic properties deserve to be conducted.
文摘The effect of the ethanolic extract Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters was tested in rabbits with normal glucose and glucose overload. Phytochemical screening after three batches of 6 rabbits race (TBD) were treated with the extract in oral doses of respectively 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight for 30 days;three other groups receiving respectively these doses of the extract were placed under a priori temporary overload of glucose;a control group received instead distilled water treatment. Blood glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol were measured by spectrophotometry and weight gain of the animals was performed at the beginning of the experiment and every 2 weeks during the study period. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds (majority) of saponins of anthracene derivatives and steroids in the extract. The test results indicate that under the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in blood glucose after 24 hours. The extract had no effect on the lipid profile or body weight of rabbits.
文摘The objective of this study is to analyze the dendrochronological potential of two Sahelian species (<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B. senegalensis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. birrea</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and to evaluate the rela</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tionships between their growth rings and the climate. The study was con</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ducted in 2016 in the Ferlo area of Senegal. The biological material consists of wood slices, taken from the trunks of these adult woody species at 0.30 m and 1.30 m from the ground after they have been felled. The technique used to examine the slices consists in identifying their rings, establishing their structures, inter-dating them and studying the relationship between the identified rings and climatic factors. The results showed that the species had thin, clear, highly visible and sharp rings. The limit of growth is marked by a line of parenchyma. Intradatation series carried out on the chronologies made it possible to estimate the ages of the individuals, which vary from 10 to 38 years for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B. senegalensis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and from 29 to 50 years for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. birrea</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Their average growth </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rates are estimated at 0.906 mm/year and 0.89 mm/year respectively. The </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">chronological sequences are 29 years (1987-2016) for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B. senegalensis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 38 years (1964-2012) for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. birrea</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The results revealed that there is no significant correlation between the growth chronologies of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B. senegalensis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">climatic regressors (temperature and precipitation). In contrast, the ring-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">climate relationship shows that in </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. birrea</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> winter precipitation positively influences ring growth while temperature has no effect on ring growth in this species. This study provides a better understanding of the response of forest ecosystems to possible climate change, particularly in the current context of sustainable forest management.</span>
文摘Saba senegalensis is a popular wild fruit;which is consumed as such or transformed into various products. Despite its economic potential, its nutritional potential is unknown. The objective of this study is to characterize its fruits according to Senegal’s main production areas. The study included five samples from five geographical areas of Senegal. Parameters measured include pH, protein, lipids, ash, moisture, vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols, minerals, and sugars. The results showed that for moisture, proteins, lipids, pH and reducing sugars did not differ significantly (p 0.05%) for all accessions. Vitamin C content varies between 32.86 and 198.22 mg·100g<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>, carotenoids with a content of between 5.05 and 9.12 mg·100g<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>;polyphenol contents are between 1.17 and 2.56 g·100g<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>. The nutritional value of Saba fruits appears to be homogeneous in Senegal. A thorough study of the functional molecules seems necessary for a better appreciation of the potential of this fruit.
文摘This study describes a glucocapparin determination method. Based on rapeseed determination of glucosinolate (GSL), the equation of the average straight regression line is Y = 100.42X – 0.03 (R2 = 0.9998). Enzymatic hydrolysis of glucocapparin extracted from leaves and fruits of B. senegalensis, analyzed by SPME-GC-MS confirmed the presence of methylisothiocyanate as the main hydrolysis glucocapparin product. Monitoring glucocapparin contents in B. senegalensis leaves and fruits collected in 4 localities in Senegal showed differences between organs according localities and periods of harvest. Glucocapparin content was very high in dry season particularly in January and the lowest rates were recorded during the rainy period between August and November.
文摘Introduction: Obesity is defined as excessive and abnormal accumulation of fatty tissue with significant somatic, psychological and social consequences on quality of life. Obesity has long been considered a simple aesthetic problem linked to excessive gluttony. It is however recognized today as a real pathology, so much so that the WHO has declared it as “the first non-infectious epidemic in history and a major problem of the century”. In addition, many studies have been carried out aimed at the production of less fatty foods and, scientifically, at the development of anti-obesity drugs. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of the extract of Boscia senegalensis (Capparaceae) used in Chad to fight against type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Methodology: A bromatological study of Boscia senegalensis extract was carried out at the Food Quality Control Centre (CECOQDA) in Ndjamena (Chad), followed by an in vivo study of rabbits carried out at the IRED Biotechnopôle laboratory (Chad). Results: The results obtained from the 100 g bromatological study of the dry extract of Boscia senegalensis are as follows: protein content (20.24% ± 0.007%), fat content (5.92% ± 0.21%), carbohydrate content (35.16% ± 1.05%), fibre content (2.11% ± 0.26%), moisture content (5.7% ± 0.14%) and ash content (2.90% ± 0.03%). No aflatoxin was detected in the dry extract of Boscia senegalensis. A significant decrease (p = 0.04) in body weight was observed in rabbits treated with Boscia senegalensis extract compared to controls. In addition, histological sections of the various organs (liver, spleen, kidneys) of treated rabbits showed no lesions following the incorporation of the extract of Boscia senegalensis. Conclusion: This study showed the anti-obesity effect of Boscia senegalensis. It also made it possible to verify the harmlessness of the product with regard to the results on chronic toxicity.
文摘Erythrina senegalensis is utilized in the treatment of liver diseases in folklore medicine in most of northern Nigeria, but sufficient pharmacological-based and peer-reviewed scientific literature is not available to authenticate its use in the treatment of liver ailments. This research is aimed at assessing the hepatoprotective effects of Erythrina senegalensis against paracetamol-induced (PCM-induced) hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats. This was evaluated by estimating the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as compared with the control group. The extract was concentrated and then desired concentrations of extracts were made by dissolving in normal saline. Four different doses of aqueous extracts Erythrina senegalensis (200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg) were administered orally for 6 consecutive days after the 72 hrs administration of paracetamol (1500 mg/kg) per body weight. Paracetamol significantly induced oxidative stress in the liver, ultimately leading to increased serum levels of liver enzyme markers like alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Administration of the extracts showed significant (p 0.05) and dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity resulting in decrease in the activity of ALT, AST and ALP. These data revealed that Erythrina senegalensis aqueous extracts possess significant hepatoprotective activity against PCM-induced toxicity attributable to its constituent phytochemicals. The mechanism of hepatoprotection seems to be through the modulation of antioxidant enzyme systems.
文摘Annona senegalensis is a savannah species present in the wild in tropical and sub-tropical African regions. It is used by the local populations for its many economic, pharmacological, nutritional and ecological interests. However, the strong pressure exerted on this species as well as the increasing degradation of the ecosystems, in which it evolves, seriously compromise its sustainability and development. Conventional methods of vegetative propagation are not sufficient to ensure its durable regeneration and the renewal of endemic populations in Senegal. In this context, it was undertaken in vitro propagation, from 30 days old juvenile seedlings. Thus, axillary, cotyledonary and apical nodes were in vitro cultured in Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium (MS), with different concentrations of cytokinins and/or auxins. BAP used alone at 2 mg•L<sup>−1</sup> proved to be more beneficial for micropropagation of different types of explants compared to Kinetin used alone or in combination with BAP, especially for axillary and cotyledonary nodes. The BAP-NAA combination allowed to have a better elongation of newly formed shoots. For shoots of apical and cotyledonary nodes origin, a rhizogenic induction of 5 days, with IBA at 25 mg•L<sup>−1</sup>, resulted in a better rooting rate with, respectively, 75% (for 2.22 roots) and 66.67% (for 4.17 roots). For newly formed shoots of axillary origin, a 24-hour rooting induction with IBA at 50 mg•L<sup>−1</sup> gave a rooting rate of 58.33% (for 2.4 roots). After 30 days of acclimatization, the survival rate was 75% for the young plants from the apices and 83.33% for those originating from the cotyledonary and axillary nodes. This protocol can therefore be adopted for the in vitro clonal propagation of A. senegalensis juvenile material.
文摘Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the anaesthetic agents 2-phenoxyethanol, MS-222, clove oil and metomidate in attenuating acute handling stress in juvenile specimens of Solea senegalensis subjected to two routine stressful events specific to aquaculture and/or fish research. Methods: The stress-preventing effects of four anaesthetic agents (2-phenoxyethanol, 600 mg/L;metomidate, 5 mg/L;clove oil, 30 mg/L and MS-222, 75 mg/L) were evaluated in juvenile specimens of Senegalase sole (Solea senegalensis) subjected to two different types of acute (handling-related) stress: air exposure and net handling (chasing). To assess the stress-preventing effects of the four anaesthetic agents, diverse blood and plasma parameters (haematocrit, haemoglobin, glucose, lactate and cortisol levels) were determined as stress indicators. Fish were treated with the anaesthetic agents before being subjected to the different types of acute stress, and they were sacrificed 30 min, 2 and 24 h later. Control fish were processed in the same way without pretreatment with the anaesthetic agents. Results: The net handling stress was of sufficient intensity to cause a significant increase in the levels of most of the stress indicators considered. By contrast, air exposure stress only induced significant increases in cortisol and haemoglobin levels. Conclusions: The stress-preventing effects of the anaesthetic agents tested were ranked on the basis of their capacity to prevent increases in the haematocrit, haemoglobin, glucose, lactate and cortisol levels, as follows: metomidate (5 mg/L) > clove oil (30 mg/L) > MS-222 (75 mg/L)> 2-phenoxyethanol (600 mg/L).
文摘This report describes in vitro micropropagation of Boscia senegalensis,so-called famine foods,that helped the people in Darfur and Kordofan,Sudan survive during the 1984-1985 famine.Four types of explants prepared from green mature zygotic embryos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 1-5 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA).The highest number of shoots per explant (14.3±0.9) was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L BA,while the highest shoot length [(3.5±0.4) cm] was obtained with 1 mg/L BA.The shoot cluster,when subcultured to its same medium,significantly increased the rate of shoot multiplication by the end of the third subculture.The maximum mean number of shoots per explant (86.5±3.6) was produced after three multiplication cycles on 3 mg/L BA-supplemented medium.In vitro induced shoots were excised and rooted on half strength MS medium fortified with 0.25 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to obtain complete plantlets.B.senegalensis-regenerated plantlets obtained in vitro for the first time,were hardened and 95% survived under greenhouse conditions.
文摘Objective:To investigate the possibility of increased antimalarial activity of Icacina senegalensis A.Juss(Icacinaceae)upon a combination of its leaves and tubers against Plasmodium berghei malaria in mice.Methods:Chloroquine sensitive ANKA clones of Plasmodium berghei were used to develop experimental models based on intraperitoneal injection of 10^(7)parasitized erythrocytes in phosphate buffer saline(pH 7.2)and subsequent development of parasitemia.The models were employed to investigate prophylactic and curative anti-malarial activities of tuber and tuberleaf methanol extracts of the plant at selected dosages(25,50 and 100 mg/kg body weight).Chloroquine with a curative dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight was used as positive control in both studies.Results:Tuber and tuber-leaf extracts produced a dose-dependent chemosuppression of the parasites,with higher activity and mean survival time exhibited by the combined extract.Conclusions:Anti-plasmodia activity has been discovered in methanol extract of Icacina senegalensis tuber extract.The observed optimization of the antimalarial actions of the plant upon a combination of its leaf and tuber opens a new area of medicinal plant research.
