Silkworm pupa is a nourishing food with high nutritional value,but its consumption has been greatly limited given its allergenicity.Enzyme hydrolytic technique is recognized as an effective method to reduce the allerg...Silkworm pupa is a nourishing food with high nutritional value,but its consumption has been greatly limited given its allergenicity.Enzyme hydrolytic technique is recognized as an effective method to reduce the allergenicity of protein.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effect of enzymolysis on the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.Crude silkworm pupa protein was extracted through alkali extraction and acid precipitation,which included 5 proteins with the molecular weights ranging from 34 kDa to 76 kDa,and silkworm pupa were then hydrolyzed by alkaline protease.The allergenicity of silkworm pupa protein and its enzymatic hydrolysates was evaluated by establishing BALB/c mice model,and the mice were immunized via intragastric gavage and intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The results indicated that the intraperitoneal inj ection immunization route induced more by detecting with antibodies,histamine and Th2-related cytokines.Moreover,mice treated with silkworm pupa protein peptide displayed no obvious allergic symptoms,indicating that enzyme hydrolytic technique could significantly reduce the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.展开更多
Fluorescent silk is fundamentally important for the development of future tissue engineering scaffolds.Despite great progress in the preparation of a variety of colored silks,fluorescent silk with enhanced mechanical ...Fluorescent silk is fundamentally important for the development of future tissue engineering scaffolds.Despite great progress in the preparation of a variety of colored silks,fluorescent silk with enhanced mechanical properties has yet to be explored.In this study,we report on the fabrication of intrinsically super-strong fluorescent silk by feeding Bombyx mori silkworm carbon nanodots(CNDs).The CNDs were incorporated into silk fibroin,hindering the conformation transformation,confining crystallization,and inducing orientation of mesophase.The resultant silk exhibited super-strong mechanical properties with breaking strength of 521.9±82.7 MPa and breaking elongation of 19.2±4.3%,improvements of 55.1%and 53.6%,respectively,in comparison with regular silk.The CNDs-reinforced silk displayed intrinsic blue fluorescence when exposed to 405 nm laser and exhibited no cytotoxic effect on cells,suggesting that multi-functional silks would be potentially useful in bioimaging and other applications.展开更多
Silkworm powder containing 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) has α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and is promising as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) agent in Japan. Silkworm powder produced in Korea was extra...Silkworm powder containing 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) has α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and is promising as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) agent in Japan. Silkworm powder produced in Korea was extracted with 75% ethanol. The extract was derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl), and DNJ-FMOC content was measured by HPLC. Then, alfa-glucosidase inhibition by silkworm and mulberry powder in pig liver crude enzyme was assayed using 4-nitrophenyl-alfa-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate. Silkworm powder DNJ content (0.39 to 0.58%) was higher than that in mulberry powder (0.08 to 0.12%). The alfa-glucosidase inhibitory activity of silkworm powder was more potent than that of mulberry leaves and green tea. Silkworm powder DNJ was stable upon heating to 121?C for up to 15 min.展开更多
Peptide hydrolysates of silkworm pupae protein with molecular weight of less than 5000 Da were prepared by ultrafiltration. The extracted peptide hydrolysates of silkworm pupae protein had inhibitory action on angiote...Peptide hydrolysates of silkworm pupae protein with molecular weight of less than 5000 Da were prepared by ultrafiltration. The extracted peptide hydrolysates of silkworm pupae protein had inhibitory action on angiotensin-I-converting enzyme activity in vitro. The hydrolysates were orally administered to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in one period and long-term (four weeks). The results showed that the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the treatment groups decreased in a dose-related manner. After one oral administration of silkworm protein hydrolysates with doses of 60, 20 and 5 mg/kg, the SBP of SHR decreased by 21.5, 13.8, and 9.0 mmHg in 1.5 h. After four weeks of the treatment in 80 mg/kg, the SBP decreased by 25 mmHg, with the antihypertensive activity close to 4 mg/kg of captopril;the SBP of the 40 mg/kg dose group also decreased by 17.5 mmHg. The peptide hydrolysate did not affect the SBP in normal, non-hypertensive rats in one period and long-term treatments. The acute toxicity research showed that the peptide hydrolysates were safe and without side effects. This research would be helpful in exploring the silkworm protein peptides as functional components for the antihypertension treatment.展开更多
The insect brain is the central part of the neurosecretory system,which controls morphology,physiology,and behavior during the insect’s lifecycle.Lepidoptera are holometabolous insects,and their brains develop during...The insect brain is the central part of the neurosecretory system,which controls morphology,physiology,and behavior during the insect’s lifecycle.Lepidoptera are holometabolous insects,and their brains develop during the larval period and metamorphosis into the adult form.As the only fully domesticated insect,the Lepidoptera silkworm Bombyx mori experienced changes in larval brain morphology and certain behaviors during the domestication process.Hormonal regulation in insects is a key factor in multiple processes.However,how juvenile hormone(JH)signals regulate brain development in Lepidoptera species,especially in the larval stage,remains elusive.We recently identified the JH receptor Methoprene tolerant 1(Met1)as a putative domestication gene.How artificial selection on Met1 impacts brain and behavioral domestication is another important issue addressing Darwin’s theory on domestication.Here,CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Bombyx Met1 caused developmental retardation in the brain,unlike precocious pupation of the cuticle.At the whole transcriptomelevel,theecdysteroid(20-hydroxyecdysone,20 E)signaling and downstream pathways were overactivated in the mutant cuticle but not in the brain.Pathways related to cell proliferation and specialization processes,such as extracellular matrix(ECM)-receptor interaction and tyrosine metabolism pathways,were suppressed in the brain.Molecular evolutionary analysis and in vitro assay identified an amino acid replacement located in a novel motif under positive selection in B.mori,which decreased transcriptional binding activity.The B.mori MET1 protein showed a changed structure and dynamic features,as well as a weakened co-expression gene network,compared with B.mandarina.Based on comparative transcriptomic analyses,we proposed a pathway downstream of JH signaling(i.e.,tyrosine metabolism pathway)that likely contributed to silkworm larval brain development and domestication and highlighted the importance of the biogenic amine system in larval evolution during silkworm domestication.展开更多
1.Estimates of genetic variance and covariance for individual characters showed that cocoon weight was controlled by both gene direct effect and maternal effect;Cocoon shell weight was controlled by gene direct effect...1.Estimates of genetic variance and covariance for individual characters showed that cocoon weight was controlled by both gene direct effect and maternal effect;Cocoon shell weight was controlled by gene direct effect mainly;Cocoon shell ratio was mainly due to maternal effect and se x-linked effect.2.Estimates of genetic covariance components of each pair of ch aracters indicated that there were high significant positive relationships among most of genetic effects except maternal additive effect in cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight.There was a high positive relationship idirect effect between cocoon weight and cocoon shell ratio,but in cytop lasm effect and maternal effect were high negative relationships between them.Also there were high positive relationships in direct effect and maternal dominance between cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell ratio.3.Predictions of gene effects pointed out that sex-chromosome effects （Σi8=1Lii） on cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight both were lar ger positive values,that means cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight of females are generally higher than those of males in Silkworm. Standardized donmiance directions of direct effects on cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight were high positive values,but standardized domiance directieon of maternal effects on both of them were high negative values,it showed the two characters had larger heterosis in F1 generation and depressed in F2 generation.Sex-chromosome effect （Σi8=1Lii） on cocoon she11 ratio was high negative value,explaining that females usually have lower cocoon shell ratio than males.Standardized domiance directions of direct effect and maternal effect on cocoon shell ratio were not significant,predicting that the heterosis of cocoon shell ratio in F1 generation is not obvious comparing to cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight.展开更多
The feasibility of distinguishing male and female silkworm chrysalis in cocoon by NIR with fiber optics was discussed. Altogether 187 samples were taken from which 100 samples were used for calibration and others for ...The feasibility of distinguishing male and female silkworm chrysalis in cocoon by NIR with fiber optics was discussed. Altogether 187 samples were taken from which 100 samples were used for calibration and others for prediction. "1"and"0"were designed as male and female silkworm chrysalis,respectively’,for regression. Statistical analysis results showed that MR was 0. 930 and SEC 0. 189. The prediction results of 87 samples indicated that R was 0. 937 and SEP 0. 175 respectively. The accuracy of distinguishing sex of silkworm chrysalis in cocoon reached 98. 9%. At the same time,it is possible to discriminate the dead silkworm pupa in cocoon immediately through the spectrum.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects of silkworm pupa(Bombyx mori) protein(SPP) on cell proliferation,apoptosis and energy metabolism in human colon cancer cells DLD-1.Methods:CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferati...Objective:To investigate the effects of silkworm pupa(Bombyx mori) protein(SPP) on cell proliferation,apoptosis and energy metabolism in human colon cancer cells DLD-1.Methods:CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation rate after 72 h of cell culture for the control group(normal cultured DLD-1 cells) and SPP dose groups;Annexin-V/PI was applied to observe cell apoptosis;XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer was used to detect cell mitochondrial respiratory function and glycolytic function.Results:Comparing with the control,SPP significantly inhibited the proliferation of DLD-1 cells with all the dosage tested(P <0.01);flow cytometry showed that SPP significantly promoted apoptosis(P<0.05).Additionally,SPP could significantly inhibited mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis of DLD-1 cells and decreased cell energy metabolism in all groups treated with different doses.Conclusion:SPP can cause oxidative damage,promote apoptosis,and reduce mitochondrial respiratory and glycolysis rate in colon cancer DLD-1 cells,which reveals that SPP has the potential to serve as the anti-cancer drugs in the future,but further experimental evidence is needed.展开更多
Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus is one of the major viral pathogens for the silkworm. The immune response of silkworm to the virus infection is obscure. A phosphotriesterase-related protein gene of silkworm...Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus is one of the major viral pathogens for the silkworm. The immune response of silkworm to the virus infection is obscure. A phosphotriesterase-related protein gene of silkworm, Bombyx mori (BmPTERP) was found in our previous microarry analysis of the midgut infected with the virus. In the present study, we cloned and analyzed the full-length cDNA of BmPTERP gene by means of rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (RACE) and bioinformatic analysis for exploring its functions in interaction between the silkworm and the virus. The nucleotide sequence of the gene is 1349-bp and contains a 131 bp 5’UTR and a 165 bp 3’UTR. The 1053 bp open reading frame encodes a 350 amino acid protein. The deduced protein contains specific hits of phosphotriesterase-related proteins and belongs to the amidohydrolase superfamily. RTPCR analysis revealed that BmPTERP gene was expressed in all the tissues tested, including midgut, hemocyte, gonad, fat body and silk gland. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the relative transcript of BmPTERP gene in the infected midgut was 19.32 fold lower than that in normal midgut at 72 hours post inoculation.展开更多
Melia azedarach L. extracts were studied in comparison with selected synthetic in-secticides against the mulberry whiteflies Pealiusma chili and P. mori under labora-tory conditions. Morus alba (cv. “Early Spring”) ...Melia azedarach L. extracts were studied in comparison with selected synthetic in-secticides against the mulberry whiteflies Pealiusma chili and P. mori under labora-tory conditions. Morus alba (cv. “Early Spring”) leaves infested by mulberry white-flies were exposed to Melia extracts of green fruits, l-cyhalothrin (10% a.i.) and con-trol. Also, white mulberry leaves after treatment with the same insecticides were provided to silkworms for consumption. Results have shown that there were signif-icant differences in the nymphal mortality of the whiteflies among treatments. Melia extracts and l-cyhalothrin were effective in increasing whitefly mortality 24 h after application. Furthermore, Melia extracts didn’t affect silkworm survivorship, which was severely affected by l-cyhalothrin treatment, since all the silkworms fed on treated leaves were found dead. Thus, these extracts might be considered a potential alternative in management of the mulberry whiteflies.展开更多
Through statistical analysis on questionnaire survey data from 136 silkworm eggs producing farms in China,it was concluded that most silkworm eggs producing farms had such problems as follows: old production facilitie...Through statistical analysis on questionnaire survey data from 136 silkworm eggs producing farms in China,it was concluded that most silkworm eggs producing farms had such problems as follows: old production facilities and poor production condition,heavy staff burden,weak scientific and technological support,small operation scale and heavy surplus production capacity; narrow silkworm eggs sale channels and stubborn regional segmentation,insufficient innovation and lack of technological support for diversified expansion. All these problems led to low labor productivity,low asset utilization rate and poor economic benefit in silkworm eggs producing farms in China. Except the provinces( regions) of Guangxi,Guangdong and Yunnan,the silkworm eggs producing farms in other provinces were generally at deficit condition. In the light of ownership,although silkworm eggs producing farms of different ownership systems were in the red,those of the private sector had the minimum deficit. Based on these findings,it is proposed to deepen system reformation of silkworm eggs producing farms,loosen control to price and circulation of silkworm eggs,implement large-scaled production and operation,speed up scientific and technological innovation,expand diversified development channels,and reinforce government support so as to increase production and operation benefits of silkworm eggs producing farms in China.展开更多
Heterosis is a common phenomenon in plants and animals with diverse underlying mechanisms.Here,we applied two widely used silkworm hybrid systems and performed multi-omics analysis to identify possible intrinsic assoc...Heterosis is a common phenomenon in plants and animals with diverse underlying mechanisms.Here,we applied two widely used silkworm hybrid systems and performed multi-omics analysis to identify possible intrinsic associations between different hybrid strategies and epigenetic mechanisms with silkworm heterosis.We found significant differences in the silk gland transcriptomic landscape between the two systems,including differentially expressed genes and expression patterns in the hybrid offspring compared to their parents.In the quaternary hybrid system,hybrid vigor was primarily due to upregulated genes and the parent-dominant upregulated expression pattern,involving multiple transport processes,cellular nitrogen compound catabolism,glucose metabolism,and tricarboxylic acid cycle.In the binary system,hybrid vigor was mainly due to the down-regulated genes and transgressively down-regulated expression pattern,mainly involving basic nitrogen synthesis metabolism and body function.We also demonstrated that DNA methylation may affect hybrid vigor by regulating the expression of several heterosis-related genes.Thus,this study revealed two alternative mechanisms that may contribute to silkworm heterosis,both of which facilitate the efficient utilization of energy and nitrogen for silk production.展开更多
MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction.Silkworm excrement acted as a carbon precursor,which was activated by ZnCl_(2) and FeCl_(3) combining chemical agents under Ar atm...MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction.Silkworm excrement acted as a carbon precursor,which was activated by ZnCl_(2) and FeCl_(3) combining chemical agents under Ar atmosphere.Thin and flower-like MnO_(2) nanowires were in-situ anchored on the surface of the biomass carbon.The biomass carbon not only offered high conductivity and good structural stability but also relieved the large volume expansion during the charge/discharge process.The obtained MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance(238 F·g^(-1) at 0.5 A·g^(-1))and a superior cycling stability with only 7% degradation after 2000 cycles.The observed good electrochemical performance is accredited to the materials’high specific surface area,multilevel hierarchical structure,and good conductivity.This study proposes a promising method that utilizes biological waste and broadens MnO_(2)-based electrode material application for next-generation energy storage and conversion devices.展开更多
Sericin silkworm is a kind of gene mutant silkworm that can only synthesis and secrete sericin protein instead of fibroin protein. In this study, according to the knowledge of physiology and heredity, the reasons of t...Sericin silkworm is a kind of gene mutant silkworm that can only synthesis and secrete sericin protein instead of fibroin protein. In this study, according to the knowledge of physiology and heredity, the reasons of this special phenomenon for the sericin silkworm were analyzed in order to explore the utilization clues in the production of natural sericin and product development.展开更多
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a species of agricultural importance, as well as a model organism for Lepidoptera insects. Proteomic method has been widely used in silkworm research, and a robust mass spectrometry-compatibl...Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a species of agricultural importance, as well as a model organism for Lepidoptera insects. Proteomic method has been widely used in silkworm research, and a robust mass spectrometry-compatible protein extraction method is urgently needed. In this study, we adapted phenol extraction method to extract silkworm midgut protein, and coupled this method with pH 5 - 8 gel strip for two dimensional electrophoresis. The phenol extraction method significantly increased the resolution, as well as greatly reduced the background of two dimensional electrophoresis gels. In addition, this method was well compatible with mass spectrometry analysis. This is the first report that phenol extraction method is used for silkworm midgut protein extraction, and may be applied in other researches.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of silkworm hemolymph-derived storage protein 2 (SP2) on the whitening process in mouse B16F1 melanoma cells. After the cells were treated with various concentrations of SP2 (0.1 - ...This study investigated the effects of silkworm hemolymph-derived storage protein 2 (SP2) on the whitening process in mouse B16F1 melanoma cells. After the cells were treated with various concentrations of SP2 (0.1 - 1.0 mg/mL), cytotoxicity, melanin contents, and differences in mRNA and protein expression associated with melanogenesis were observed. No cytotoxicity was observed when cells were treated with SP2, even with increased SP2 concentrations of up to 2.0 mg/mL. When treated with various SP2 concentrations in the cells, the protein and mRNA expression of tyrosinase were dose-dependently decreased, respectively, and inhibition of tyrosinase was further increased by 50.0% with increasing SP2 concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Expression mRNAs coding tyrosinase related protein-1 and protein-2 (TRP-1 and TRP-2) was also significantly decreased in a dose dependent manner. When measuring the melanin content in melanoma cells, SP2 at 1 mg/mL inhibited melanin synthesis by 73.5% compared with non-treated cells. The inhibitory effect was 2.8-fold higher than that obtained using arbutin as a positive control. This study demonstrates that SP2, as a whitening material, is capable of suppressing melanin synthesis through the downregulation of proteins and genes in the melanin biosynthesis pathway.展开更多
Sericin is a major silk protein, and recent studies have shown that sericin has numerous physiological activities against cultured cells. For example, it accelerates mammalian cell proliferation and protects insect ce...Sericin is a major silk protein, and recent studies have shown that sericin has numerous physiological activities against cultured cells. For example, it accelerates mammalian cell proliferation and protects insect cells against cell death. In this study, we examined the activities of sericin prepared from the wild silkworm, Cricula trifenestrata. The results presented here indicated that C. trifenestrata sericin has anti-proliferative activity against feline kidney cells, while sericin from Bombyx mori promoted cell proliferation. The components of the sericin preparation that played a role in inhibition of proliferation were analyzed by fractionation through partition chromatography (Folch method) and reversed-phase chromatography. Our analysis showed that at least two components in the C. trifenestrata sericin preparation promoted the anti-proliferative activity in an additive or even synergistic manner. Therefore, differences in components between insect species may contribute to different activities against cultured cells.展开更多
The silkworm Bombyx mori feeds exclusively on mulberry leaves and is highly sensitive to pesticides in general. Although mulberry plantations are free of agrochemicals, pesticide drift can occur. Chlorantraniliprole, ...The silkworm Bombyx mori feeds exclusively on mulberry leaves and is highly sensitive to pesticides in general. Although mulberry plantations are free of agrochemicals, pesticide drift can occur. Chlorantraniliprole, a novel insecticide of the anthranilic diamides class, has been used to control pests in field crops. In this study, we investigated the biological effects of different concentrations of chlorantraniliprole on B. mori silkworm commercial Brazilian hybrids. To evaluate the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole, bioassays were carried out and data on the lethal concentrations, symptomatology, morphology and variables of silk production were collected. Results indicated that B. mori is extremely sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, even in low concentrations. The highest silkworm mortality rates were observed in the two highest chlorantraniliprole concentrations, 0.2 and 0.1 ppm. Although lower chlorantraniliprole concentrations did not cause death of all the silkworm larvae, various symptoms of toxicity were observed: feeding cessation, regurgitation, late development and incomplete ecdysis. Such symptoms reflect the morphological changes we observed in the midgut epithelium, which affected nutrient uptake and metabolism, and even the production of cocoons. Exposed larvae also produced?thin-shelled cocoons, which constitutes a serious economic problem because this type of cocoon is not useful for the silk industry. The results provided herein confirm the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole in silkworm larvae. Therefore, we strongly suggest that, competent authorities of the National Health Surveillance Agency, in pesticide management should take measures to reduce or eliminate the use of chlorantraniliprole in areas nearest to silkworm cultivation.展开更多
基金supported by Special Project on the Integration of Industry,Education and Research of Guangdong Provine(2013B090600060)National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1604205)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760431)。
文摘Silkworm pupa is a nourishing food with high nutritional value,but its consumption has been greatly limited given its allergenicity.Enzyme hydrolytic technique is recognized as an effective method to reduce the allergenicity of protein.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effect of enzymolysis on the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.Crude silkworm pupa protein was extracted through alkali extraction and acid precipitation,which included 5 proteins with the molecular weights ranging from 34 kDa to 76 kDa,and silkworm pupa were then hydrolyzed by alkaline protease.The allergenicity of silkworm pupa protein and its enzymatic hydrolysates was evaluated by establishing BALB/c mice model,and the mice were immunized via intragastric gavage and intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The results indicated that the intraperitoneal inj ection immunization route induced more by detecting with antibodies,histamine and Th2-related cytokines.Moreover,mice treated with silkworm pupa protein peptide displayed no obvious allergic symptoms,indicating that enzyme hydrolytic technique could significantly reduce the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.
基金sponsored by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0201700,2016YFA0201702)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232019A3-06,2232019D3-02)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1105800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21674018,51903045)the Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials(18520750400).
文摘Fluorescent silk is fundamentally important for the development of future tissue engineering scaffolds.Despite great progress in the preparation of a variety of colored silks,fluorescent silk with enhanced mechanical properties has yet to be explored.In this study,we report on the fabrication of intrinsically super-strong fluorescent silk by feeding Bombyx mori silkworm carbon nanodots(CNDs).The CNDs were incorporated into silk fibroin,hindering the conformation transformation,confining crystallization,and inducing orientation of mesophase.The resultant silk exhibited super-strong mechanical properties with breaking strength of 521.9±82.7 MPa and breaking elongation of 19.2±4.3%,improvements of 55.1%and 53.6%,respectively,in comparison with regular silk.The CNDs-reinforced silk displayed intrinsic blue fluorescence when exposed to 405 nm laser and exhibited no cytotoxic effect on cells,suggesting that multi-functional silks would be potentially useful in bioimaging and other applications.
文摘Silkworm powder containing 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) has α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and is promising as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) agent in Japan. Silkworm powder produced in Korea was extracted with 75% ethanol. The extract was derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl), and DNJ-FMOC content was measured by HPLC. Then, alfa-glucosidase inhibition by silkworm and mulberry powder in pig liver crude enzyme was assayed using 4-nitrophenyl-alfa-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate. Silkworm powder DNJ content (0.39 to 0.58%) was higher than that in mulberry powder (0.08 to 0.12%). The alfa-glucosidase inhibitory activity of silkworm powder was more potent than that of mulberry leaves and green tea. Silkworm powder DNJ was stable upon heating to 121?C for up to 15 min.
文摘Peptide hydrolysates of silkworm pupae protein with molecular weight of less than 5000 Da were prepared by ultrafiltration. The extracted peptide hydrolysates of silkworm pupae protein had inhibitory action on angiotensin-I-converting enzyme activity in vitro. The hydrolysates were orally administered to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in one period and long-term (four weeks). The results showed that the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the treatment groups decreased in a dose-related manner. After one oral administration of silkworm protein hydrolysates with doses of 60, 20 and 5 mg/kg, the SBP of SHR decreased by 21.5, 13.8, and 9.0 mmHg in 1.5 h. After four weeks of the treatment in 80 mg/kg, the SBP decreased by 25 mmHg, with the antihypertensive activity close to 4 mg/kg of captopril;the SBP of the 40 mg/kg dose group also decreased by 17.5 mmHg. The peptide hydrolysate did not affect the SBP in normal, non-hypertensive rats in one period and long-term treatments. The acute toxicity research showed that the peptide hydrolysates were safe and without side effects. This research would be helpful in exploring the silkworm protein peptides as functional components for the antihypertension treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070411,31720103916,31330071,31672494)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515011012)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB11010600)。
文摘The insect brain is the central part of the neurosecretory system,which controls morphology,physiology,and behavior during the insect’s lifecycle.Lepidoptera are holometabolous insects,and their brains develop during the larval period and metamorphosis into the adult form.As the only fully domesticated insect,the Lepidoptera silkworm Bombyx mori experienced changes in larval brain morphology and certain behaviors during the domestication process.Hormonal regulation in insects is a key factor in multiple processes.However,how juvenile hormone(JH)signals regulate brain development in Lepidoptera species,especially in the larval stage,remains elusive.We recently identified the JH receptor Methoprene tolerant 1(Met1)as a putative domestication gene.How artificial selection on Met1 impacts brain and behavioral domestication is another important issue addressing Darwin’s theory on domestication.Here,CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Bombyx Met1 caused developmental retardation in the brain,unlike precocious pupation of the cuticle.At the whole transcriptomelevel,theecdysteroid(20-hydroxyecdysone,20 E)signaling and downstream pathways were overactivated in the mutant cuticle but not in the brain.Pathways related to cell proliferation and specialization processes,such as extracellular matrix(ECM)-receptor interaction and tyrosine metabolism pathways,were suppressed in the brain.Molecular evolutionary analysis and in vitro assay identified an amino acid replacement located in a novel motif under positive selection in B.mori,which decreased transcriptional binding activity.The B.mori MET1 protein showed a changed structure and dynamic features,as well as a weakened co-expression gene network,compared with B.mandarina.Based on comparative transcriptomic analyses,we proposed a pathway downstream of JH signaling(i.e.,tyrosine metabolism pathway)that likely contributed to silkworm larval brain development and domestication and highlighted the importance of the biogenic amine system in larval evolution during silkworm domestication.
文摘1.Estimates of genetic variance and covariance for individual characters showed that cocoon weight was controlled by both gene direct effect and maternal effect;Cocoon shell weight was controlled by gene direct effect mainly;Cocoon shell ratio was mainly due to maternal effect and se x-linked effect.2.Estimates of genetic covariance components of each pair of ch aracters indicated that there were high significant positive relationships among most of genetic effects except maternal additive effect in cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight.There was a high positive relationship idirect effect between cocoon weight and cocoon shell ratio,but in cytop lasm effect and maternal effect were high negative relationships between them.Also there were high positive relationships in direct effect and maternal dominance between cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell ratio.3.Predictions of gene effects pointed out that sex-chromosome effects （Σi8=1Lii） on cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight both were lar ger positive values,that means cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight of females are generally higher than those of males in Silkworm. Standardized donmiance directions of direct effects on cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight were high positive values,but standardized domiance directieon of maternal effects on both of them were high negative values,it showed the two characters had larger heterosis in F1 generation and depressed in F2 generation.Sex-chromosome effect （Σi8=1Lii） on cocoon she11 ratio was high negative value,explaining that females usually have lower cocoon shell ratio than males.Standardized domiance directions of direct effect and maternal effect on cocoon shell ratio were not significant,predicting that the heterosis of cocoon shell ratio in F1 generation is not obvious comparing to cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight.
文摘The feasibility of distinguishing male and female silkworm chrysalis in cocoon by NIR with fiber optics was discussed. Altogether 187 samples were taken from which 100 samples were used for calibration and others for prediction. "1"and"0"were designed as male and female silkworm chrysalis,respectively’,for regression. Statistical analysis results showed that MR was 0. 930 and SEC 0. 189. The prediction results of 87 samples indicated that R was 0. 937 and SEP 0. 175 respectively. The accuracy of distinguishing sex of silkworm chrysalis in cocoon reached 98. 9%. At the same time,it is possible to discriminate the dead silkworm pupa in cocoon immediately through the spectrum.
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects of silkworm pupa(Bombyx mori) protein(SPP) on cell proliferation,apoptosis and energy metabolism in human colon cancer cells DLD-1.Methods:CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation rate after 72 h of cell culture for the control group(normal cultured DLD-1 cells) and SPP dose groups;Annexin-V/PI was applied to observe cell apoptosis;XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer was used to detect cell mitochondrial respiratory function and glycolytic function.Results:Comparing with the control,SPP significantly inhibited the proliferation of DLD-1 cells with all the dosage tested(P <0.01);flow cytometry showed that SPP significantly promoted apoptosis(P<0.05).Additionally,SPP could significantly inhibited mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis of DLD-1 cells and decreased cell energy metabolism in all groups treated with different doses.Conclusion:SPP can cause oxidative damage,promote apoptosis,and reduce mitochondrial respiratory and glycolysis rate in colon cancer DLD-1 cells,which reveals that SPP has the potential to serve as the anti-cancer drugs in the future,but further experimental evidence is needed.
文摘Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus is one of the major viral pathogens for the silkworm. The immune response of silkworm to the virus infection is obscure. A phosphotriesterase-related protein gene of silkworm, Bombyx mori (BmPTERP) was found in our previous microarry analysis of the midgut infected with the virus. In the present study, we cloned and analyzed the full-length cDNA of BmPTERP gene by means of rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (RACE) and bioinformatic analysis for exploring its functions in interaction between the silkworm and the virus. The nucleotide sequence of the gene is 1349-bp and contains a 131 bp 5’UTR and a 165 bp 3’UTR. The 1053 bp open reading frame encodes a 350 amino acid protein. The deduced protein contains specific hits of phosphotriesterase-related proteins and belongs to the amidohydrolase superfamily. RTPCR analysis revealed that BmPTERP gene was expressed in all the tissues tested, including midgut, hemocyte, gonad, fat body and silk gland. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the relative transcript of BmPTERP gene in the infected midgut was 19.32 fold lower than that in normal midgut at 72 hours post inoculation.
文摘Melia azedarach L. extracts were studied in comparison with selected synthetic in-secticides against the mulberry whiteflies Pealiusma chili and P. mori under labora-tory conditions. Morus alba (cv. “Early Spring”) leaves infested by mulberry white-flies were exposed to Melia extracts of green fruits, l-cyhalothrin (10% a.i.) and con-trol. Also, white mulberry leaves after treatment with the same insecticides were provided to silkworms for consumption. Results have shown that there were signif-icant differences in the nymphal mortality of the whiteflies among treatments. Melia extracts and l-cyhalothrin were effective in increasing whitefly mortality 24 h after application. Furthermore, Melia extracts didn’t affect silkworm survivorship, which was severely affected by l-cyhalothrin treatment, since all the silkworms fed on treated leaves were found dead. Thus, these extracts might be considered a potential alternative in management of the mulberry whiteflies.
基金Supported by Specific Project of China Agricultural Industry Research System(NO.CARS-22)Special Project of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2011(No.NBN[2012]44)
文摘Through statistical analysis on questionnaire survey data from 136 silkworm eggs producing farms in China,it was concluded that most silkworm eggs producing farms had such problems as follows: old production facilities and poor production condition,heavy staff burden,weak scientific and technological support,small operation scale and heavy surplus production capacity; narrow silkworm eggs sale channels and stubborn regional segmentation,insufficient innovation and lack of technological support for diversified expansion. All these problems led to low labor productivity,low asset utilization rate and poor economic benefit in silkworm eggs producing farms in China. Except the provinces( regions) of Guangxi,Guangdong and Yunnan,the silkworm eggs producing farms in other provinces were generally at deficit condition. In the light of ownership,although silkworm eggs producing farms of different ownership systems were in the red,those of the private sector had the minimum deficit. Based on these findings,it is proposed to deepen system reformation of silkworm eggs producing farms,loosen control to price and circulation of silkworm eggs,implement large-scaled production and operation,speed up scientific and technological innovation,expand diversified development channels,and reinforce government support so as to increase production and operation benefits of silkworm eggs producing farms in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371286,32070411,81872299,31830094,U20A2058)Guangzhou Science Technology Project(201904010007)+1 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20190807160011600,JCYJ20210324124808023)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology(GDKCFY2101)。
文摘Heterosis is a common phenomenon in plants and animals with diverse underlying mechanisms.Here,we applied two widely used silkworm hybrid systems and performed multi-omics analysis to identify possible intrinsic associations between different hybrid strategies and epigenetic mechanisms with silkworm heterosis.We found significant differences in the silk gland transcriptomic landscape between the two systems,including differentially expressed genes and expression patterns in the hybrid offspring compared to their parents.In the quaternary hybrid system,hybrid vigor was primarily due to upregulated genes and the parent-dominant upregulated expression pattern,involving multiple transport processes,cellular nitrogen compound catabolism,glucose metabolism,and tricarboxylic acid cycle.In the binary system,hybrid vigor was mainly due to the down-regulated genes and transgressively down-regulated expression pattern,mainly involving basic nitrogen synthesis metabolism and body function.We also demonstrated that DNA methylation may affect hybrid vigor by regulating the expression of several heterosis-related genes.Thus,this study revealed two alternative mechanisms that may contribute to silkworm heterosis,both of which facilitate the efficient utilization of energy and nitrogen for silk production.
基金financially supported by the project“National College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program”,China under grant No.190170009.
文摘MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction.Silkworm excrement acted as a carbon precursor,which was activated by ZnCl_(2) and FeCl_(3) combining chemical agents under Ar atmosphere.Thin and flower-like MnO_(2) nanowires were in-situ anchored on the surface of the biomass carbon.The biomass carbon not only offered high conductivity and good structural stability but also relieved the large volume expansion during the charge/discharge process.The obtained MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance(238 F·g^(-1) at 0.5 A·g^(-1))and a superior cycling stability with only 7% degradation after 2000 cycles.The observed good electrochemical performance is accredited to the materials’high specific surface area,multilevel hierarchical structure,and good conductivity.This study proposes a promising method that utilizes biological waste and broadens MnO_(2)-based electrode material application for next-generation energy storage and conversion devices.
文摘Sericin silkworm is a kind of gene mutant silkworm that can only synthesis and secrete sericin protein instead of fibroin protein. In this study, according to the knowledge of physiology and heredity, the reasons of this special phenomenon for the sericin silkworm were analyzed in order to explore the utilization clues in the production of natural sericin and product development.
文摘Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a species of agricultural importance, as well as a model organism for Lepidoptera insects. Proteomic method has been widely used in silkworm research, and a robust mass spectrometry-compatible protein extraction method is urgently needed. In this study, we adapted phenol extraction method to extract silkworm midgut protein, and coupled this method with pH 5 - 8 gel strip for two dimensional electrophoresis. The phenol extraction method significantly increased the resolution, as well as greatly reduced the background of two dimensional electrophoresis gels. In addition, this method was well compatible with mass spectrometry analysis. This is the first report that phenol extraction method is used for silkworm midgut protein extraction, and may be applied in other researches.
文摘This study investigated the effects of silkworm hemolymph-derived storage protein 2 (SP2) on the whitening process in mouse B16F1 melanoma cells. After the cells were treated with various concentrations of SP2 (0.1 - 1.0 mg/mL), cytotoxicity, melanin contents, and differences in mRNA and protein expression associated with melanogenesis were observed. No cytotoxicity was observed when cells were treated with SP2, even with increased SP2 concentrations of up to 2.0 mg/mL. When treated with various SP2 concentrations in the cells, the protein and mRNA expression of tyrosinase were dose-dependently decreased, respectively, and inhibition of tyrosinase was further increased by 50.0% with increasing SP2 concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Expression mRNAs coding tyrosinase related protein-1 and protein-2 (TRP-1 and TRP-2) was also significantly decreased in a dose dependent manner. When measuring the melanin content in melanoma cells, SP2 at 1 mg/mL inhibited melanin synthesis by 73.5% compared with non-treated cells. The inhibitory effect was 2.8-fold higher than that obtained using arbutin as a positive control. This study demonstrates that SP2, as a whitening material, is capable of suppressing melanin synthesis through the downregulation of proteins and genes in the melanin biosynthesis pathway.
文摘Sericin is a major silk protein, and recent studies have shown that sericin has numerous physiological activities against cultured cells. For example, it accelerates mammalian cell proliferation and protects insect cells against cell death. In this study, we examined the activities of sericin prepared from the wild silkworm, Cricula trifenestrata. The results presented here indicated that C. trifenestrata sericin has anti-proliferative activity against feline kidney cells, while sericin from Bombyx mori promoted cell proliferation. The components of the sericin preparation that played a role in inhibition of proliferation were analyzed by fractionation through partition chromatography (Folch method) and reversed-phase chromatography. Our analysis showed that at least two components in the C. trifenestrata sericin preparation promoted the anti-proliferative activity in an additive or even synergistic manner. Therefore, differences in components between insect species may contribute to different activities against cultured cells.
基金supported by CAPES,CNPq,FINEP/Fundacao Arau-caria and Secretaria de Estado da Ciencia,Tecnologia e Ensino Superior-FUNDO PARANA.
文摘The silkworm Bombyx mori feeds exclusively on mulberry leaves and is highly sensitive to pesticides in general. Although mulberry plantations are free of agrochemicals, pesticide drift can occur. Chlorantraniliprole, a novel insecticide of the anthranilic diamides class, has been used to control pests in field crops. In this study, we investigated the biological effects of different concentrations of chlorantraniliprole on B. mori silkworm commercial Brazilian hybrids. To evaluate the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole, bioassays were carried out and data on the lethal concentrations, symptomatology, morphology and variables of silk production were collected. Results indicated that B. mori is extremely sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, even in low concentrations. The highest silkworm mortality rates were observed in the two highest chlorantraniliprole concentrations, 0.2 and 0.1 ppm. Although lower chlorantraniliprole concentrations did not cause death of all the silkworm larvae, various symptoms of toxicity were observed: feeding cessation, regurgitation, late development and incomplete ecdysis. Such symptoms reflect the morphological changes we observed in the midgut epithelium, which affected nutrient uptake and metabolism, and even the production of cocoons. Exposed larvae also produced?thin-shelled cocoons, which constitutes a serious economic problem because this type of cocoon is not useful for the silk industry. The results provided herein confirm the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole in silkworm larvae. Therefore, we strongly suggest that, competent authorities of the National Health Surveillance Agency, in pesticide management should take measures to reduce or eliminate the use of chlorantraniliprole in areas nearest to silkworm cultivation.
