Social hierarchy greatly influences behavior and health.Both human and animal studies have signaled the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)as specifically related to social hierarchy.Dopamine D1 receptors(D1Rs)and D2 recep...Social hierarchy greatly influences behavior and health.Both human and animal studies have signaled the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)as specifically related to social hierarchy.Dopamine D1 receptors(D1Rs)and D2 receptors(D2Rs)are abundantly expressed in the mPFC,modulat-ing its functions.However,it is unclear how DR-expressing neurons in the mPFC regulate social hierarchy.Here,using a confrontation tube test,we found that most adult C57BL/6J male mice could establish a linear social rank after 1 week of cohabitation.Lower rank individuals showed social anxiety together with decreased serum testosterone levels.D2R expression was significantly downregulated in the dorsal part of mPFC(dmPFC)in lower rank individuals,whereas D1R expression showed no significant difference among the rank groups in the whole mPFC.Virus knockdown of D2Rs in the dmPFC led to mice being particularly prone to lose the contests in the confrontation tube test.Finally,simultaneous D2R activation in the subordinates and D2R inhibition in the dominants in a pair switched their dominant-subordinate relationship.The above results indicate that D2Rs in the dmPFC play an important role in social dominance.Our findings provide novel insights into the divergent func-tions of prefrontal D1Rs and D2Rs in social dominance,which may contribute to ameliorating social dysfunctions along with abnormal social hierarchy.展开更多
The comparison study of economic development levels and social structures reveals that the development of China's middle stratum is apparently lagging. Currently, China's GDP per capita is almost equivalent to...The comparison study of economic development levels and social structures reveals that the development of China's middle stratum is apparently lagging. Currently, China's GDP per capita is almost equivalent to that of developed economies like Europe and the USA in the middle and late 1970 s, when they became middle-stratum-dominated societies. However, China's middle stratum is still underdeveloped in scale and proportion. Reasons for this are the Chinese household share of wealth distribution is low and wealth polarization is sharp. The solution to this problem is to build a fair environment for wealth creation, let enterprises and government give away part of their income to residents, and increase residents' income. In the short run, China should make plans to increase incomes and develop plans aimed at key groups in a bid to increase the Chinese middle stratum in scale and proportion. Education resources must also be equally distributed, and the under-stratum must be helped to move up the social ladder.展开更多
Dominance relationships between males and their associated traits are usually heritable and have implications for sexual selection in animals.In particular,social dominance and its related male pheromones are heritabl...Dominance relationships between males and their associated traits are usually heritable and have implications for sexual selection in animals.In particular,social dominance and its related male pheromones are heritable in inbred mice;thus,we wondered whether epigenetic changes due to altered levels of DNA methylation determine inheritance.Here,we used C57BL/6 male mice to establish a social dominance-subordination relationship through chronic dyadic encounters,and this relationship and pheromone covariation occurred in their offspring,indicative of heritability.Through transcriptome sequencing and whole-genome DNA methylation profiling of the sperm of both generations,we found that differential methylation of many genes was induced by social dominance-subordination in sires and could be passed on to the offspring.These methylated genes were mainly related to growth and development processes,neurodevelopment,and cellular transportation.The expression of the genes with similar functions in whole-genome methylation/bisulfite sequencing was also differentiated by social dominance-subordination,as revealed by RNA-seq.In particular,the gene Dennd1a,which regulates neural signaling,was differentially methylated and expressed in the sperm and medial prefrontal cortex in paired males before and after dominance-subordination establishment,suggesting the potential epigenetic control and inheritance of social dominance-related aggression.We suggest that social dominance might be passed on to male offspring through sperm DNA methylation and that the differences could potentially affect male competition in offspring by affecting the development of thenervous system.展开更多
A children’s book as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland,it is incredibly popular among adults.Finding out why the book arouses adults’interest will enhance people’s understanding of it.This paper draws on the elemen...A children’s book as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland,it is incredibly popular among adults.Finding out why the book arouses adults’interest will enhance people’s understanding of it.This paper draws on the elements in the book which only adults could appreciate,and finds out that it requires A Priori knowledge,from mathematical analogies to logic,as well as A Posteriori knowledge,including the awareness of social hierarchy,to understand them,which leads to the book’s popularity among adults.展开更多
基金This study protocol was reviewed and approved by Animal Care and Use Committee of Nanyang Normal University(approved number:20201202005).
文摘Social hierarchy greatly influences behavior and health.Both human and animal studies have signaled the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)as specifically related to social hierarchy.Dopamine D1 receptors(D1Rs)and D2 receptors(D2Rs)are abundantly expressed in the mPFC,modulat-ing its functions.However,it is unclear how DR-expressing neurons in the mPFC regulate social hierarchy.Here,using a confrontation tube test,we found that most adult C57BL/6J male mice could establish a linear social rank after 1 week of cohabitation.Lower rank individuals showed social anxiety together with decreased serum testosterone levels.D2R expression was significantly downregulated in the dorsal part of mPFC(dmPFC)in lower rank individuals,whereas D1R expression showed no significant difference among the rank groups in the whole mPFC.Virus knockdown of D2Rs in the dmPFC led to mice being particularly prone to lose the contests in the confrontation tube test.Finally,simultaneous D2R activation in the subordinates and D2R inhibition in the dominants in a pair switched their dominant-subordinate relationship.The above results indicate that D2Rs in the dmPFC play an important role in social dominance.Our findings provide novel insights into the divergent func-tions of prefrontal D1Rs and D2Rs in social dominance,which may contribute to ameliorating social dysfunctions along with abnormal social hierarchy.
基金the result of the"Study of Social Structure and Social Stratum Change"(2015MZD054)a major program of the Marxism Research and Construction Project and the National Social Science Fund
文摘The comparison study of economic development levels and social structures reveals that the development of China's middle stratum is apparently lagging. Currently, China's GDP per capita is almost equivalent to that of developed economies like Europe and the USA in the middle and late 1970 s, when they became middle-stratum-dominated societies. However, China's middle stratum is still underdeveloped in scale and proportion. Reasons for this are the Chinese household share of wealth distribution is low and wealth polarization is sharp. The solution to this problem is to build a fair environment for wealth creation, let enterprises and government give away part of their income to residents, and increase residents' income. In the short run, China should make plans to increase incomes and develop plans aimed at key groups in a bid to increase the Chinese middle stratum in scale and proportion. Education resources must also be equally distributed, and the under-stratum must be helped to move up the social ladder.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 31872227 and 32070451)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant no.XDPB16).
文摘Dominance relationships between males and their associated traits are usually heritable and have implications for sexual selection in animals.In particular,social dominance and its related male pheromones are heritable in inbred mice;thus,we wondered whether epigenetic changes due to altered levels of DNA methylation determine inheritance.Here,we used C57BL/6 male mice to establish a social dominance-subordination relationship through chronic dyadic encounters,and this relationship and pheromone covariation occurred in their offspring,indicative of heritability.Through transcriptome sequencing and whole-genome DNA methylation profiling of the sperm of both generations,we found that differential methylation of many genes was induced by social dominance-subordination in sires and could be passed on to the offspring.These methylated genes were mainly related to growth and development processes,neurodevelopment,and cellular transportation.The expression of the genes with similar functions in whole-genome methylation/bisulfite sequencing was also differentiated by social dominance-subordination,as revealed by RNA-seq.In particular,the gene Dennd1a,which regulates neural signaling,was differentially methylated and expressed in the sperm and medial prefrontal cortex in paired males before and after dominance-subordination establishment,suggesting the potential epigenetic control and inheritance of social dominance-related aggression.We suggest that social dominance might be passed on to male offspring through sperm DNA methylation and that the differences could potentially affect male competition in offspring by affecting the development of thenervous system.
文摘A children’s book as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland,it is incredibly popular among adults.Finding out why the book arouses adults’interest will enhance people’s understanding of it.This paper draws on the elements in the book which only adults could appreciate,and finds out that it requires A Priori knowledge,from mathematical analogies to logic,as well as A Posteriori knowledge,including the awareness of social hierarchy,to understand them,which leads to the book’s popularity among adults.
