The objectives of this study were to estimate sodium intake and to identify the main dietary sources of this nutrient in young people. Cross-sectional study performed in 2685 students from 64 schools and high-schools ...The objectives of this study were to estimate sodium intake and to identify the main dietary sources of this nutrient in young people. Cross-sectional study performed in 2685 students from 64 schools and high-schools of Costa Rica. A food frequency survey was applied to study the food and beverage intake habits of the participants. The average daily sodium intake for children and adolescents 7 to 18 years of age was 3214 mg. Around 97% of the students had sodium intakes > 2300 mg per day with significant differences by age subgroup, sex and nutritional status due to excess body weight (p < 0.001). The average sodium density of the diet was 1698 mg sodium/1000kcal, and the average addition of salt to the food was 445 mg of sodium (1.1 grams of salt). Including the amount added to the served food, the average sodium intake for children and adolescents from 7 to 18 years of age increased to 3434 mg and the overall average sodium density increased to 1821 mg of sodium/1000kcal, maintaining significant differences by age subgroups (p < 0.001). These results justify carrying out social marketing campaigns that include educational processes with sense and meaning for children, adolescents and families, in such a way that these groups of the population become motivated to modify gradually their eating habits, such as reducing the use of sauces, seasonings and salt in food preparation and at the table. If the habit of adding salt to the served food is gradually reduced or avoided, the children and adolescents in Costa Rica could decrease the intake of salt per day from 1 to 2 grams. This decrease could be even more effective if youngsters additionally would remove the intake of sauces, contributing in this way to achieve the maximum salt intake recommendation (5 g per day).展开更多
Background:The association between dietary sodium intake and blood pressure variability(BPV)in hypertensive patients remains unclear.The objective of this study was to demonstrate whether dietary sodium intake is a pr...Background:The association between dietary sodium intake and blood pressure variability(BPV)in hypertensive patients remains unclear.The objective of this study was to demonstrate whether dietary sodium intake is a predictor of elevated BPV in Chinese patients with hypertension.Methods:A total of 235 patients with essential hypertension were enrolled in the Department of Cardiology,Chinese People’s Liberation Army(PLA)General Hospital in 2018 to 2019,all of whom underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.BPV was calculated as the standard deviation(SD),coefficient of variation(CV),variation independent of mean(VIM)of blood pressure measurements,respectively,and divided into diurnal systolic BPV(SBPV),diurnal diastolic BPV(DBPV),nocturnal SBPV,and nocturnal DBPV.24-h urine samples were collected to measure 24-h urine sodium excretion,which represents dietary sodium intake.The relationship between dietary sodium intake and BPV was analyzed by using Spearman correlations and multiple linear regression analysis.Results:Nocturnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM,and nocturnal DBPV-SD in the high urine sodium excretion group were significantly higher than those in the medium and low urine sodium excretion groups,whereas diurnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM,diurnal DBPV-SD,CV,VIM,and nocturnal DBPV-CV,VIM were not.Using the Spearman correlation analysis,we found a linear correlation between 24-h urine sodium excretion and nocturnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM(SD,r=0.22,P=0.001;CV,r=0.17,P=0.009;VIM,r=0.16,P=0.020),nocturnal DBPV-SD(r=0.21,P=0.001),respectively.After further adjusting for confounding factors by multiple linear regression,the positive correlations remained between 24-h urine sodium excretion and nocturnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM(SD,β=0.224,P<0.001;CV,β=0.211,P=0.001;VIM,β=0.213,P=0.001),nocturnal DBPV(SD,β=0.215,P=0.001),respectively.Conclusions:Dietary sodium intake is associated with nocturnal SBPV in Chinese patients with hypertension.展开更多
Objective The relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular(CV)events remains unconfirmed.Therefore,we carried out a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for evaluating the potential impact of 24-...Objective The relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular(CV)events remains unconfirmed.Therefore,we carried out a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for evaluating the potential impact of 24-hour sodium excretion on CV risk.Besides,24-hour sodium excretion was used to replace daily sodium diet intake.Methods We searched ISI Web of Science,Embase,Pub Med,and the Cochrane Library.Our study included cohort studies reporting hazard ratio(HR).The random-effects model was used for summarizing the total relative risks(RRs)between the included studies.In addition,the generalized least-squares regression was employed to fit the study model.Results A total of 9 studies involving 645,006 participants were included in this study.A significant non-linear relationship was observed between sodium excretion and CV events(P^(non-linearity)<0.001).In studies collecting 24-h urine samples,the sodium excretion and CV events risk were associated linearly(RR:1.04;95%CI:1.01,1.07).Conclusion In a linear dose-response manner,every 1 g increase in sodium intake was associated with an increased risk of CV events up to 4%.Further studies are required to validate our conclusions further.展开更多
Background:An increasing number of valid and well-designed trials have demonstrated a positive correlation between visit-to-visit variability(VVV)in systolic blood pressure(SBP)and increased risk of stroke and coronar...Background:An increasing number of valid and well-designed trials have demonstrated a positive correlation between visit-to-visit variability(VVV)in systolic blood pressure(SBP)and increased risk of stroke and coronary heart disease among hypertensive patients.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted that involved 74 patients who visited the outpatient clinic at the Tabanan III Primary Health Care Service during April to May 2017.Blood pressure was retrospectively obtained from medical records.VVV was classified as low or high on the basis of the standard deviation of SBP.Antihypertensive medication adherence was expressed as the percentage of days covered,and sodium intake was measured with 24-hour food recall.Bi-variate analysis was performed,followed by multivariate analysis for significant variables.Results:Among the participants,67.6%were female,with a mean(standard deviation[SD])age of 62.70(10.00)years.Blood pressure was measured 4.82±0.78 times during the period,and the mean(SD)SBP was 139.65(10.57)mm Hg.Nonadherence and sodium intake were signifi-cantly higher in the high-VVV group than in the low-VVV group(nonadherence 13.5%vs.37.8%,P=0.033;sodium intake 1278.44±43.02 mg vs.1495.85±45.26 mg,P=0.038).After adjustment for other covariates,the differences remained significant only for nonadherence(model I exp β=3.89[95.0%confidence interval 1.23-12.34,P<0.05],model II expβ=3.9[95.0%confidence interval 1.12-14.15,P<0.05]).The area under the curve was 0.636(P<0.05),with sensitivity of 67.6%and specificity of 51.4%.Conclusion:Nonadherence to antihypertensive medication was significantly associated with higher VVV of SBP.Further study is needed to assess whether improving adherence could reduce VVV and improve cardiovascular outcomes.展开更多
文摘The objectives of this study were to estimate sodium intake and to identify the main dietary sources of this nutrient in young people. Cross-sectional study performed in 2685 students from 64 schools and high-schools of Costa Rica. A food frequency survey was applied to study the food and beverage intake habits of the participants. The average daily sodium intake for children and adolescents 7 to 18 years of age was 3214 mg. Around 97% of the students had sodium intakes > 2300 mg per day with significant differences by age subgroup, sex and nutritional status due to excess body weight (p < 0.001). The average sodium density of the diet was 1698 mg sodium/1000kcal, and the average addition of salt to the food was 445 mg of sodium (1.1 grams of salt). Including the amount added to the served food, the average sodium intake for children and adolescents from 7 to 18 years of age increased to 3434 mg and the overall average sodium density increased to 1821 mg of sodium/1000kcal, maintaining significant differences by age subgroups (p < 0.001). These results justify carrying out social marketing campaigns that include educational processes with sense and meaning for children, adolescents and families, in such a way that these groups of the population become motivated to modify gradually their eating habits, such as reducing the use of sauces, seasonings and salt in food preparation and at the table. If the habit of adding salt to the served food is gradually reduced or avoided, the children and adolescents in Costa Rica could decrease the intake of salt per day from 1 to 2 grams. This decrease could be even more effective if youngsters additionally would remove the intake of sauces, contributing in this way to achieve the maximum salt intake recommendation (5 g per day).
基金This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81570383)the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z141100002114029)
文摘Background:The association between dietary sodium intake and blood pressure variability(BPV)in hypertensive patients remains unclear.The objective of this study was to demonstrate whether dietary sodium intake is a predictor of elevated BPV in Chinese patients with hypertension.Methods:A total of 235 patients with essential hypertension were enrolled in the Department of Cardiology,Chinese People’s Liberation Army(PLA)General Hospital in 2018 to 2019,all of whom underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.BPV was calculated as the standard deviation(SD),coefficient of variation(CV),variation independent of mean(VIM)of blood pressure measurements,respectively,and divided into diurnal systolic BPV(SBPV),diurnal diastolic BPV(DBPV),nocturnal SBPV,and nocturnal DBPV.24-h urine samples were collected to measure 24-h urine sodium excretion,which represents dietary sodium intake.The relationship between dietary sodium intake and BPV was analyzed by using Spearman correlations and multiple linear regression analysis.Results:Nocturnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM,and nocturnal DBPV-SD in the high urine sodium excretion group were significantly higher than those in the medium and low urine sodium excretion groups,whereas diurnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM,diurnal DBPV-SD,CV,VIM,and nocturnal DBPV-CV,VIM were not.Using the Spearman correlation analysis,we found a linear correlation between 24-h urine sodium excretion and nocturnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM(SD,r=0.22,P=0.001;CV,r=0.17,P=0.009;VIM,r=0.16,P=0.020),nocturnal DBPV-SD(r=0.21,P=0.001),respectively.After further adjusting for confounding factors by multiple linear regression,the positive correlations remained between 24-h urine sodium excretion and nocturnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM(SD,β=0.224,P<0.001;CV,β=0.211,P=0.001;VIM,β=0.213,P=0.001),nocturnal DBPV(SD,β=0.215,P=0.001),respectively.Conclusions:Dietary sodium intake is associated with nocturnal SBPV in Chinese patients with hypertension.
文摘Objective The relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular(CV)events remains unconfirmed.Therefore,we carried out a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for evaluating the potential impact of 24-hour sodium excretion on CV risk.Besides,24-hour sodium excretion was used to replace daily sodium diet intake.Methods We searched ISI Web of Science,Embase,Pub Med,and the Cochrane Library.Our study included cohort studies reporting hazard ratio(HR).The random-effects model was used for summarizing the total relative risks(RRs)between the included studies.In addition,the generalized least-squares regression was employed to fit the study model.Results A total of 9 studies involving 645,006 participants were included in this study.A significant non-linear relationship was observed between sodium excretion and CV events(P^(non-linearity)<0.001).In studies collecting 24-h urine samples,the sodium excretion and CV events risk were associated linearly(RR:1.04;95%CI:1.01,1.07).Conclusion In a linear dose-response manner,every 1 g increase in sodium intake was associated with an increased risk of CV events up to 4%.Further studies are required to validate our conclusions further.
文摘Background:An increasing number of valid and well-designed trials have demonstrated a positive correlation between visit-to-visit variability(VVV)in systolic blood pressure(SBP)and increased risk of stroke and coronary heart disease among hypertensive patients.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted that involved 74 patients who visited the outpatient clinic at the Tabanan III Primary Health Care Service during April to May 2017.Blood pressure was retrospectively obtained from medical records.VVV was classified as low or high on the basis of the standard deviation of SBP.Antihypertensive medication adherence was expressed as the percentage of days covered,and sodium intake was measured with 24-hour food recall.Bi-variate analysis was performed,followed by multivariate analysis for significant variables.Results:Among the participants,67.6%were female,with a mean(standard deviation[SD])age of 62.70(10.00)years.Blood pressure was measured 4.82±0.78 times during the period,and the mean(SD)SBP was 139.65(10.57)mm Hg.Nonadherence and sodium intake were signifi-cantly higher in the high-VVV group than in the low-VVV group(nonadherence 13.5%vs.37.8%,P=0.033;sodium intake 1278.44±43.02 mg vs.1495.85±45.26 mg,P=0.038).After adjustment for other covariates,the differences remained significant only for nonadherence(model I exp β=3.89[95.0%confidence interval 1.23-12.34,P<0.05],model II expβ=3.9[95.0%confidence interval 1.12-14.15,P<0.05]).The area under the curve was 0.636(P<0.05),with sensitivity of 67.6%and specificity of 51.4%.Conclusion:Nonadherence to antihypertensive medication was significantly associated with higher VVV of SBP.Further study is needed to assess whether improving adherence could reduce VVV and improve cardiovascular outcomes.
