Four testing methods using cation exchange membrane (CEM),ammonium acetate,ASI(0.25mol L^-1 NaHCO3+0.01mol L^-1 EDTA +0.01 molL^-1 NH4F) and 1.0molL^-1 boiling nitric acid,respectively,were used to evaluate soil avail...Four testing methods using cation exchange membrane (CEM),ammonium acetate,ASI(0.25mol L^-1 NaHCO3+0.01mol L^-1 EDTA +0.01 molL^-1 NH4F) and 1.0molL^-1 boiling nitric acid,respectively,were used to evaluate soil available K.The soil K tested by CEM was significantly correlated with that by the other (conventional)methods(r^2=0.43^**-0.95^***).The soil K tested by CEM saturated with NH4HCO3(15min extraction)was most closely correlated with that by the other methods(r^2=0.60^**-0.95^***),Potassium availability,as predicted by soil test,was comparable to actual K uptake by canola and wheat grown on the soils in growth chamber.Regression analyses showed that plant K uptake was more closely correlated wiht K extracted by CEM(r^2=0.56^**-0.81^***)than that by the conventional methods(r^2=0.46^***-0.81^***),most colsely correlated with that by NH4HCO3-saturated CEM for 15 min (r^2=0.81^***).and worst correlated with that by HNO3(r^2=0.45^**-0.72^***)展开更多
Background Potassium(K)is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development.However,plant fertilization ignoring the soil K level is very likely to cause excessive fertilizer use,and further arouse a series of si...Background Potassium(K)is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development.However,plant fertilization ignoring the soil K level is very likely to cause excessive fertilizer use,and further arouse a series of side effects.This study investigated the response of cotton growth to different soil K levels and the uptake of major nutrients,aiming to evaluate the appropriate K supply level for cotton growth.Using a random block design with 6 soil K levels,we conducted 18 micro-zones field experiments over two continuous years.The soil available K concentration of each treatment was K1(99.77-100.90 mg·kg^(-1)),K2(110.90-111.26 mg·kg^(-1)),K3(123.48-128.88 mg·kg^(-1)),K4(140.13-145.10 mg·kg^(-1)),K5(154.43-155.38 mg·kg^(-1)),and K6(165.77-168.75 mg·kg^(-1)).Cotton nutrient contents,soil nutrient contents,accumulation and distribution of dry matter in cotton were determined,and the relationships between K content in soil and plants and dry matter accumulation were analyzed.Results The soil K content had a significantly positive relationship with dry matter and K accumulation in cotton plants.There were significant differences in dry matter accumulation,single-plant seed cotton yield,mineral nutrient uptake and the proportion of K accumulation in reproductive organs among different soil K levels.The results showed that there was significant difference between K4 and lower K level treatments(K1 and K2),but no significant difference between K4 and higher K level treatments(K5 and K6)in dry matter,single-plant seed cotton yield,or accumulation,distribution and seed cotton production efficiency of N,P and K.Conclusion The soil K level of K4 was able to provide sufficient K for cotton growth in our experiment.Therefore,when the soil K level reached 140.13 mg·kg^(-1),further increasing the soil K concentration no longer had a significant positive effect on cotton growth.展开更多
In order to find out the effects of long-term no-tillage operation on soil available phosphorus and available potassium in the loess plateau, a suitable high-yield and high-efficiency tillage technology system was est...In order to find out the effects of long-term no-tillage operation on soil available phosphorus and available potassium in the loess plateau, a suitable high-yield and high-efficiency tillage technology system was established. In the Changwu loess plateau agri-ecological experiment station of the Northwest A&F University of Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, the no-tillage experimental field for three consecutive years was selected. In September 2015, no-tillage, tillage, and rotary tillage were carried out before winter wheat was sowed. After the harvest of winter wheat in 2016, the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium in 0-30 cm soil layer under three tillage methods were analyzed. The results showed that in the 0-30 cm soil layer, the soil available phosphorus and available potassium decreased with the increase of the soil depth in the three tillage methods. The content of available phosphorus and available potassium in 10-20 cm soil layer and 20-30 cm soil layer decreased by 16.07%, 32.74%, 15.54% and 27.08%, respectively, and there were significant differences ( P <0.05). Under different tillage methods, the soil available phosphorus content in the 0-10 cm soil layer significantly reduced by 11.31% compared with no-tillage. The soil available potassium content under tillage and rotary tillage significantly reduced by 6.16% and 4.97%, respectively ( P <0.05). Compared with no-tillage, the soil available phosphorus content in the 20-30 cm soil layer significantly reduced by 18.12%. The soil available potassium content under tillage and rotary tillage methods significantly reduced by 17.17% and 9.22%, respectively ( P <0.05). Therefore, in the long-term no-tillage dry loess plateau, it is necessary to conduct proper tillage or rotary tillage.展开更多
Elucidating the factors that determine the effects of temporal and spatial variation of nutrients is important for analyzing the characteristics of an ecosystem. The goal of this paper was to estimate how values obtai...Elucidating the factors that determine the effects of temporal and spatial variation of nutrients is important for analyzing the characteristics of an ecosystem. The goal of this paper was to estimate how values obtained using a particular sampling approach correlated with the actual data for an entire plot. The mesh partition method was employed to divide an integrated observing field (IOF) located at the Haibei National Field Research Station of an alpine grassland ecosystem, China, into 25 subplots. Five of the 25 subplots were randomly selected for soil sampling and to determine the source of variations in soil nutrient content from 2001 to 2012. The results showed that, contributions of temporal and spatial variation in available nitrogen in the 0 - 10 cm soil layer accounted for 47.3% and 52.7%, respectively. The contribution of spatial variance was higher than that of temporal variance especially in the surface soil layers. The available soil nitrogen content in the alpine meadow was not obviously affected by fluctuations in rainfall and temperature. Increasing the number of samples could reduce calculation errors in measuring available soil nitrogen content, while collecting a reasonable number of samples can save time and labor.展开更多
The available soil water capacity (ASWC) is important for studying crop production, agro-ecological zoning, irrigation planning, and land cover changes. Laboratory determined data of ASWC are often not available for m...The available soil water capacity (ASWC) is important for studying crop production, agro-ecological zoning, irrigation planning, and land cover changes. Laboratory determined data of ASWC are often not available for most of soil profiles and the nationwide ASWC largely remains lacking in relevant soil data in China. This work was to estimate ASWC based on physical and chemical properties and analyze the spatial distribution of ASWC in China. The pedo-transfer functions (PTFs), derived from 220 survey data of ASWC, and the empirical data of ASWC based on soil texture were applied to quantify the ASWC. GIS technology was used to develop a spatial file of ASWC in China and the spatial distribution of ASWC was also analyzed. The results showed the value of ASWC ranges from 15×10^-2 cm^3·cm^-3 to 22×10^-2 cm^3·cm^-3 for most soil types, and few soil types are lower than 15×10^-2 cm^3·cm^-3 or higher than 22×10^-2 cm^3·cm^-3, The ASWC is different according to the complex soil types and their distribution, It is higher in the east than that in the west, and the values reduce from south to north except the northeastern part of China. The “high” values of ASWC appear in southeast, northeastern mountain regions and Northeast China Plain. The relatively “high” values of ASWC appear in Sichuan basin, Huang-Huai-Hai plain and the east of Inner Mongolia. The relatively “low” values are distributed in the west and the Loess Plateau of China. The “very low” value regions are the northern Tibetan Plateau and the desertified areas in northern China. In some regions, the ASWC changes according to the complex topography and different types of soils. Though there remains precision limitation, the spatial data of ASWC derived from this study are improved on current data files of soil water retention properties for Chinese soils. This study presents basic data and analysis methods for estimation and evaluation of ASWC in China.展开更多
Increasing K+ adsorption can be an effective alternative in building an available K pool in soils to optimize crop recovery and minimize losses into the environment. We hypothesized that long-term fertilization might ...Increasing K+ adsorption can be an effective alternative in building an available K pool in soils to optimize crop recovery and minimize losses into the environment. We hypothesized that long-term fertilization might change K+ adsorption because of changes in the chemical and mineralogical properties of a rice (Oryza sativa L.). The aims of this study were (i) to determine clay minerals in paddy soil clay size fractions using X-ray diffraction methods and a numerical diagram-decomposition method; (ii) to measure K+ adsorption isotherms before and after H 2 O 2 oxidation of organic matter, and (iii) to investigate whether K+ adsorption is correlated with changes in soil chemical and mineral properties. The 30-yr long-term fertilization treatments caused little change in soil organic C (SOC) but a large variation in soil mineral composition. The whole-clay fraction (<5 μm) corresponded more to the fertilization treatment than the fine-clay fraction (<1 μm) in terms of percentage of illite peak area. The total percentage of vermiculite-chlorite peak area was significantly negatively correlated with the total percentage of illite peak area in the <5 μm soil particles (R=-0.946, P<0.0006). Different fertilization treatments gave significantly different results in K+ adsorption. The SOC oxidation test showed positive effects of SOC on K+ adsorption at lower K+ concentration ( 120 mg L-1) and negative effects at higher K+ concentration (240 mg L-1). The K+ adsorption by soil clay minerals after SOC oxidization accounted for 60-158% of that by unoxidized soils, suggesting a more important role of soil minerals than SOC on K+ adsorption. The K+ adsorption potential was significantly correlated to the amount of poorly crystallized illite present (R=0.879, P=0.012). The availability of adsorbed K+ for plant growth needs further study.展开更多
The soil potassium (K) test methodology is under increased evaluation due to the soil sample drying effect, temporal variations of test results and inconsistent crop response to applied K fertilizers. Ten on-farm tria...The soil potassium (K) test methodology is under increased evaluation due to the soil sample drying effect, temporal variations of test results and inconsistent crop response to applied K fertilizers. Ten on-farm trials were conducted in 2014 in eastern North Dakota to determine the corn response to different K-fertilizer rates and to assess the variation of soil K test levels between air-dried (KDry) and field moist (KMoist) soil samples during the corn growing season. Significant differences were observed between KDry and KMoist soil K test results. The ratio of KDry/KMoist showed high correlation with cation exchange capacity (r = 0.63, p < 0.10), Organic matter (r = 0.61, p < 0.10) and (Ca + Mg)/K ratio (r = 0.64, p < 0.10) from the 1 M ammonium acetate extractant, while pH, electrical conductivity, clay (%), and soil moisture showed non-significant correlation. On average, KDry resulted in higher soil K test levels than KMoist and pattern of deviation was different for surface and sub-surface soil samples. Soil K analysis of samples collected during the fall and spring showed large enough variations to affect the soil test interpretation category which was used to make fertilizer recommendations. Corn yield increased significantly with applied K fertilizer at only three out of 8 sites with beginning K levels below the current critical level of 150 ppm, and one response was at a site with K level above the critical level. Therefore, use of either the KDry or KMoist method alone may not be adequate to predict K response in some North Dakota soils.展开更多
In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate (NO3--N) and potassium (K) leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results ...In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate (NO3--N) and potassium (K) leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) or urea could reduce NO3--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium (NH4+-N) leaching increased slightly. In case of total N (NO3--N+NH4+-N), losses by leaching during the experimental period (40 d) were 37.93 mg (urea), 31.61 mg (urea+DMPP), 108.10 mg (ASN), 60.70 mg (ASN+DMPP) in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg (urea), 21.05 mg (urea+DMPP), 37.86 mg (ASN), 31.09 mg (ASN+DMPP) in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4+-N and low levels of NO3--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in less potassium leached, but the difference was not significant except the treatment of ASN and ASN+DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the effciency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.展开更多
Adsorption of potassium and sodium ions by four typical variable charge soils of South China was studied.The results indicated that the variable charge soils saturated with H and Al showed a much higher preference for...Adsorption of potassium and sodium ions by four typical variable charge soils of South China was studied.The results indicated that the variable charge soils saturated with H and Al showed a much higher preference for potassium ions relative to sodium ions,and this tendence could not be changed by such factors as the pH,the concentration of the cations,the dielectric constant of solvent,the accompanying anions and the iron oxide content etc.,suggesting that this difference in affinity is caused by the difference in the nature of the two cations.It was observed that a negative adsorption of sodium ions by latosol and lateritic red soil in a mixed system containing equal amount of potassium and sodium ions at low pH,which is caused by a competitive adsorption of potassium and sodium ions and repulsion of positive charge on the surfaces of soil particles for cations.The adsorption of potassium and sodium ions increased with the decreases in the dielectric constant of solvent and the iron oxide content.Sulfate affected the adsorption of potassium and sodium ions through changing the surface properties of the soils.展开更多
Forty-eight soil profiles were sampled from different ecological and pedogeochemical areas of China and their available selenium (Av-Se) contents were determined. Results showed that the content of Av-Se in the profil...Forty-eight soil profiles were sampled from different ecological and pedogeochemical areas of China and their available selenium (Av-Se) contents were determined. Results showed that the content of Av-Se in the profiles of soils in China ranged within 2.49-18.10 μg kg--1 ) with a mean value of 10.01 μg kg--1，and was in the sequence of Ferralisols > Luvisols > Isohumisols > Aridisols. The correlation analysis between Av-Se and the soil physical-chemical properties revealed that the correlations between Av-Se and O.M., CEC, Fe2O3,Al2O3, ignition loss, Co and Zn were positive at a highly significant level, but those between Av-Se and pH,base saturation, CaO, Ba and Sr were all negative at a highly significant level. The reason of some diseases related to the Se deficiency might be the leaching loss of selenium in some soils.展开更多
The objectives of this study were to explore the spatial distribution of soil available microelements and to provide a firm foundation for scientifically formulated fertilizer. 1 076 soil samples were collected from P...The objectives of this study were to explore the spatial distribution of soil available microelements and to provide a firm foundation for scientifically formulated fertilizer. 1 076 soil samples were collected from Pinggu County of Beijing, China, and the contents of available Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm) were analyzed respectively. Descriptive statistics and geostatistics were used to analyze the data. The mean values of topsoil available Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn were 1.96, 2.51, 17.32, and 10.91 mg kg-1, respectively, which were at medium or at slightly above medium level. The topsoil content of the soil available microelements was more than that of subsoil. The result of semivariance analysis showed that the topsoil available Fe and Mn were spatially correlated at a larger distance of 21.6 and 45.3 km, and the available Cu and Zn were at a shorter distance of 3.1 and 2.9 km, respectively. The subsoil spatial correlation distances were obviously different from the topsoil, which were in the order of available Mn > Cu > Zn = Fe. The Kriging method was applied to calculate the unobserved points and was used to generate the contour map. The results showed that the structural factors, such as topology, soil types, and soil properties, were the main factors influencing the spatial distribution of topsoil available Fe and Mn. Topsoil available Cu and Zn contents were mainly affected by land use, and their contents in orchard and in vegetable land were greatly higher than in field. The spatial distribution of subsoil microelements was similar to that of the topsoil, which exhibited vertical distribution patterns. Fertilizer and pesticide application resulted in the higher contents of available Cu and Zn in Pinggu County. The higher content of available Zn is potentially harmful to soil environmental quality, which should be inspected.展开更多
Interactions of potassium and calcium ions with four typical variable charge soils in South China were examined by measuring pK-0.5pCa value with a potassium ion-selective electrode and a calcium ion-selective electro...Interactions of potassium and calcium ions with four typical variable charge soils in South China were examined by measuring pK-0.5pCa value with a potassium ion-selective electrode and a calcium ion-selective electrode,and pK value with a potassium ion-selective electrode.The results showed that adsorption of potassium and calcium ions increased with soil suspension pH,and the tendency of the pK-0.5pCa value changing with pH differed with respect to pH range and potassium to calcium ratio.Adsorption of equal amount of calcium and potassium ions led to release of an identical number of protons,suggesting similar adsorption characteristics of these two ions when adsorbed by variable charge soils.Compared with red soil,latosol and lateritic red soil had higher adsorption selectivities for calcium ion.The red soil had a greater affinity for potassium ion than that for calcium ion at low concentration,which seems to result from its possession of 2:1 type minerals,such as vermiculite and mica with a high affinity for potassium ion.The results indicated that adsorption of potassium and calcium ions by the variable charge soils was chiefly caused by the electrostatic attraction between the cations and the soil surfaces.Moreover,it was found that sulfate could affect the adsorption by changing soil surface properties and by forming ion-pair.展开更多
Elovich,two-constant,parabolic diffusion,exponential,second-order,first-order and zero-order equations were used to describe the kinetic characteristics of potassium desorption from six paddy soils of Zhejiang Provinc...Elovich,two-constant,parabolic diffusion,exponential,second-order,first-order and zero-order equations were used to describe the kinetic characteristics of potassium desorption from six paddy soils of Zhejiang Province in a constant electric field (44.4V/cm) of EUF.Results showed that the second-order and Elovich equations could describe the potassium desorption kinetics best,as evidenced by the highest correlation coefficients (r) and the lowest standard errors (SE).The first-order,two-constant and parabolic diffusion equations also described the K desorption kinetics well,as showed by the relatively high correlation coefficients and relatively low standard errors.The zero-order equation did not describe the K desorption satisfactorily with a relatively low correlation coefficient and relatively high standard error.However,the exponential equation could not be used to describe the K desorption kinetics,due to the lowest correlation coefficient and the highest standarderror.展开更多
Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium(K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or l...Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium(K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or long-term period. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was performed in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007 to study the effect of K and several crop rotations on yield, water productivity, carbon sequestration, grain quality, soil K status and economic benefits derived in maize(Zea mays L)/cowpea(Vigna sinensis L.) based cropping system under minimum tillage(MT). All crops recorded higher grain yield with a higher dose of K(120 kg K2 O ha-1) than recommended K(40 kg K2 O ha-1). The five years' average yield data showed that higher K application(120 kg K2 O ha-1) produced 16.4%(P<0.05)more maize equivalent yield. Cowpea based rotation yielded 14.2%(P<0.05) higher production than maize based rotation. The maximum enhancement was found in cowpea-mustard rotation. Relationship between yield and sustainable indices revealed that only agronomic efficiency of fertilizer input was significantly correlated with yield. Similarly, higherdoses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency(WUE) of all crops, but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 16.5% and 15.8% under maize and 23.3% and 19.7% under cowpea cover, respectively. This study also revealed that on an average 16.5% of left over carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon(SOC). Here, cowpea based rotation with the higher K application increased carbon sequestration in soil. Potassium fertilization also significantly improved the nutritional value of harvested grain by increasing the protein content for maize(by 9.5%) and cowpea(by 10.6%). The oil content in mustard increased by 5.0% and 6.0% after maize and cowpea, respectively. Net return also increased with the application of the higher K than recommended K and the trend was similar to yield. Hence, the present study demonstrated the potential yield and profit gains along with resource conservation in the Indian Himalayas due to annual additions of higher amount of K than the recommended dose. The impact of high K application was maximum in the cowpea-mustard rotation.展开更多
Because potassium(K)is a rock-derived essential element that can be depleted in highly-weathered tropical soils,K availability may limit some portion of soil microbial activity in tropical forest ecosystems.In this pa...Because potassium(K)is a rock-derived essential element that can be depleted in highly-weathered tropical soils,K availability may limit some portion of soil microbial activity in tropical forest ecosystems.In this paper we tested if K limits microbial activity in the condition of sufficient labile C supply.An incubation experiment was performed using surface soil samples(0–10 cm depth)obtained from four permanent ecological research plots in a natural sub-tropical forest in southern China.Soil samples were taken in September 2016.Heterotrophic soil respiration rates and microbial biomass were measured after the addition of glucose(both D and L)with and without K(potassium chloride).We did not observe any effects of K addition on soil microbial respiration,suggesting that K does not limit the microbial activity in the condition of sufficient labile C supply.The lack of microbial response to added K can be attributed to the high mobility of K in forest ecosystems,which may have provided sufficient K to microbes in our soil samples(already provided at the beginning of the incubation).However,at the present stage,we cannot conclude that K is not a limiting factor of soil microbial activity in other tropical forest ecosystems because of the heterogeneity of tropical forest ecosystems and few observations.The hypothesis needs to be tested in larger numbers of tropical forests.展开更多
The ideal reducing reagent in testing available nitrogen of soil by Conway Methodis Devard‘s alloy.The optimum ratio of soil:Devard’s alloy:1.0N NaOH solution is 5.0g:0.2g:5ml.When reaction goes on at 30℃ for 4 hou...The ideal reducing reagent in testing available nitrogen of soil by Conway Methodis Devard‘s alloy.The optimum ratio of soil:Devard’s alloy:1.0N NaOH solution is 5.0g:0.2g:5ml.When reaction goes on at 30℃ for 4 hours,the rate of soil NO<sub>3</sub>-N reduction is about 90%,and the recovery rate of soil NH<sub>4</sub>-N is about 95%.Some organic nitrogen can be measured at thesame time.This method is defined as the Modified Conway Method and the soil N-min is r=0.982（n=10）.In predicting soil nitrogen supplying power,the Modified Conway Method takesonly 1/6 of time needed by Conway Method.The Modified Conway Method can also be used forthe measure of soil N-min.展开更多
This study aims to optimize the treatment of phenol-contaminated soil by potassium ferrate. Variations in pH value can accurately reflect the state and reaction status of the entire treatment process. Therefore, the p...This study aims to optimize the treatment of phenol-contaminated soil by potassium ferrate. Variations in pH value can accurately reflect the state and reaction status of the entire treatment process. Therefore, the pH value could be an important variable for optimizing the reaction conditions and achieving the automatic control of the process. About 99.89% of phenol was removed after 10 min of the pH-controlled reaction at a rotational speed of 40―70 r/min, with the initial phenol concentration equating to 10.0 g/kg and the total water consumption reaching 2.72 L(at a soil/water ratio of 1:0.68). The test results could provide a basis for practical application of automatic reaction control by pH value.展开更多
To determine the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil available Zn by the Agro Services International (ASI) method (ASI-Zn) for Zn fertilizer recommendation in rice production in the alluvial soil of the coastal...To determine the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil available Zn by the Agro Services International (ASI) method (ASI-Zn) for Zn fertilizer recommendation in rice production in the alluvial soil of the coastal Yellow Sea, the relationship between relative rice yield and soil available ASI-Zn concentration was analyzed from a ten-field experiment with various soil test classes ranging from low to high fertility in 2005 and 2006, and nine Zn fertilizer application rates (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5, 45, 52.5 and 60 kg Zn/ha) arranged at random with three replications in each field. There was a significant quadratic relationship between soil available ASI-Zn and rice yield, and a significant linear relationship between soil available ASI-Zn concentration and Zn fertilization rate. For rice variety Wuyujing 3, soil available ASI-Zn was deficient when the value was at lower than 1 mg Zn/L, low at 1 to 2 mg Zn/L, sufficient at 1 to 2 mg Zn/L, excessive at higher than 7.5 mg Zn/L. Thus, Zn fertilizer recommendation could be done according to the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil ASI-Zn. For most of alluvial soils of the coastal Yellow Sea in the study, the available ASI-Zn was lower than 1 mg Zn/L, and then the optimum application rate of Zn fertilizer was about 20 kg Zn/ha.展开更多
文摘Four testing methods using cation exchange membrane (CEM),ammonium acetate,ASI(0.25mol L^-1 NaHCO3+0.01mol L^-1 EDTA +0.01 molL^-1 NH4F) and 1.0molL^-1 boiling nitric acid,respectively,were used to evaluate soil available K.The soil K tested by CEM was significantly correlated with that by the other (conventional)methods(r^2=0.43^**-0.95^***).The soil K tested by CEM saturated with NH4HCO3(15min extraction)was most closely correlated with that by the other methods(r^2=0.60^**-0.95^***),Potassium availability,as predicted by soil test,was comparable to actual K uptake by canola and wheat grown on the soils in growth chamber.Regression analyses showed that plant K uptake was more closely correlated wiht K extracted by CEM(r^2=0.56^**-0.81^***)than that by the conventional methods(r^2=0.46^***-0.81^***),most colsely correlated with that by NH4HCO3-saturated CEM for 15 min (r^2=0.81^***).and worst correlated with that by HNO3(r^2=0.45^**-0.72^***)
基金supported by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciencesthe earmarked fund of China Agricultural Research System of China(CARS-15-11).
文摘Background Potassium(K)is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development.However,plant fertilization ignoring the soil K level is very likely to cause excessive fertilizer use,and further arouse a series of side effects.This study investigated the response of cotton growth to different soil K levels and the uptake of major nutrients,aiming to evaluate the appropriate K supply level for cotton growth.Using a random block design with 6 soil K levels,we conducted 18 micro-zones field experiments over two continuous years.The soil available K concentration of each treatment was K1(99.77-100.90 mg·kg^(-1)),K2(110.90-111.26 mg·kg^(-1)),K3(123.48-128.88 mg·kg^(-1)),K4(140.13-145.10 mg·kg^(-1)),K5(154.43-155.38 mg·kg^(-1)),and K6(165.77-168.75 mg·kg^(-1)).Cotton nutrient contents,soil nutrient contents,accumulation and distribution of dry matter in cotton were determined,and the relationships between K content in soil and plants and dry matter accumulation were analyzed.Results The soil K content had a significantly positive relationship with dry matter and K accumulation in cotton plants.There were significant differences in dry matter accumulation,single-plant seed cotton yield,mineral nutrient uptake and the proportion of K accumulation in reproductive organs among different soil K levels.The results showed that there was significant difference between K4 and lower K level treatments(K1 and K2),but no significant difference between K4 and higher K level treatments(K5 and K6)in dry matter,single-plant seed cotton yield,or accumulation,distribution and seed cotton production efficiency of N,P and K.Conclusion The soil K level of K4 was able to provide sufficient K for cotton growth in our experiment.Therefore,when the soil K level reached 140.13 mg·kg^(-1),further increasing the soil K concentration no longer had a significant positive effect on cotton growth.
文摘In order to find out the effects of long-term no-tillage operation on soil available phosphorus and available potassium in the loess plateau, a suitable high-yield and high-efficiency tillage technology system was established. In the Changwu loess plateau agri-ecological experiment station of the Northwest A&F University of Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, the no-tillage experimental field for three consecutive years was selected. In September 2015, no-tillage, tillage, and rotary tillage were carried out before winter wheat was sowed. After the harvest of winter wheat in 2016, the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium in 0-30 cm soil layer under three tillage methods were analyzed. The results showed that in the 0-30 cm soil layer, the soil available phosphorus and available potassium decreased with the increase of the soil depth in the three tillage methods. The content of available phosphorus and available potassium in 10-20 cm soil layer and 20-30 cm soil layer decreased by 16.07%, 32.74%, 15.54% and 27.08%, respectively, and there were significant differences ( P <0.05). Under different tillage methods, the soil available phosphorus content in the 0-10 cm soil layer significantly reduced by 11.31% compared with no-tillage. The soil available potassium content under tillage and rotary tillage significantly reduced by 6.16% and 4.97%, respectively ( P <0.05). Compared with no-tillage, the soil available phosphorus content in the 20-30 cm soil layer significantly reduced by 18.12%. The soil available potassium content under tillage and rotary tillage methods significantly reduced by 17.17% and 9.22%, respectively ( P <0.05). Therefore, in the long-term no-tillage dry loess plateau, it is necessary to conduct proper tillage or rotary tillage.
文摘Elucidating the factors that determine the effects of temporal and spatial variation of nutrients is important for analyzing the characteristics of an ecosystem. The goal of this paper was to estimate how values obtained using a particular sampling approach correlated with the actual data for an entire plot. The mesh partition method was employed to divide an integrated observing field (IOF) located at the Haibei National Field Research Station of an alpine grassland ecosystem, China, into 25 subplots. Five of the 25 subplots were randomly selected for soil sampling and to determine the source of variations in soil nutrient content from 2001 to 2012. The results showed that, contributions of temporal and spatial variation in available nitrogen in the 0 - 10 cm soil layer accounted for 47.3% and 52.7%, respectively. The contribution of spatial variance was higher than that of temporal variance especially in the surface soil layers. The available soil nitrogen content in the alpine meadow was not obviously affected by fluctuations in rainfall and temperature. Increasing the number of samples could reduce calculation errors in measuring available soil nitrogen content, while collecting a reasonable number of samples can save time and labor.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China No.43071093
文摘The available soil water capacity (ASWC) is important for studying crop production, agro-ecological zoning, irrigation planning, and land cover changes. Laboratory determined data of ASWC are often not available for most of soil profiles and the nationwide ASWC largely remains lacking in relevant soil data in China. This work was to estimate ASWC based on physical and chemical properties and analyze the spatial distribution of ASWC in China. The pedo-transfer functions (PTFs), derived from 220 survey data of ASWC, and the empirical data of ASWC based on soil texture were applied to quantify the ASWC. GIS technology was used to develop a spatial file of ASWC in China and the spatial distribution of ASWC was also analyzed. The results showed the value of ASWC ranges from 15×10^-2 cm^3·cm^-3 to 22×10^-2 cm^3·cm^-3 for most soil types, and few soil types are lower than 15×10^-2 cm^3·cm^-3 or higher than 22×10^-2 cm^3·cm^-3, The ASWC is different according to the complex soil types and their distribution, It is higher in the east than that in the west, and the values reduce from south to north except the northeastern part of China. The “high” values of ASWC appear in southeast, northeastern mountain regions and Northeast China Plain. The relatively “high” values of ASWC appear in Sichuan basin, Huang-Huai-Hai plain and the east of Inner Mongolia. The relatively “low” values are distributed in the west and the Loess Plateau of China. The “very low” value regions are the northern Tibetan Plateau and the desertified areas in northern China. In some regions, the ASWC changes according to the complex topography and different types of soils. Though there remains precision limitation, the spatial data of ASWC derived from this study are improved on current data files of soil water retention properties for Chinese soils. This study presents basic data and analysis methods for estimation and evaluation of ASWC in China.
基金funded by the the Public Service Sectors (Agriculture) Research Special Funds, China(201203013-06)supported in partial by the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI ChinaProgram: Hunan-16)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year-Plan period(2012BAD05B05-3)
文摘Increasing K+ adsorption can be an effective alternative in building an available K pool in soils to optimize crop recovery and minimize losses into the environment. We hypothesized that long-term fertilization might change K+ adsorption because of changes in the chemical and mineralogical properties of a rice (Oryza sativa L.). The aims of this study were (i) to determine clay minerals in paddy soil clay size fractions using X-ray diffraction methods and a numerical diagram-decomposition method; (ii) to measure K+ adsorption isotherms before and after H 2 O 2 oxidation of organic matter, and (iii) to investigate whether K+ adsorption is correlated with changes in soil chemical and mineral properties. The 30-yr long-term fertilization treatments caused little change in soil organic C (SOC) but a large variation in soil mineral composition. The whole-clay fraction (<5 μm) corresponded more to the fertilization treatment than the fine-clay fraction (<1 μm) in terms of percentage of illite peak area. The total percentage of vermiculite-chlorite peak area was significantly negatively correlated with the total percentage of illite peak area in the <5 μm soil particles (R=-0.946, P<0.0006). Different fertilization treatments gave significantly different results in K+ adsorption. The SOC oxidation test showed positive effects of SOC on K+ adsorption at lower K+ concentration ( 120 mg L-1) and negative effects at higher K+ concentration (240 mg L-1). The K+ adsorption by soil clay minerals after SOC oxidization accounted for 60-158% of that by unoxidized soils, suggesting a more important role of soil minerals than SOC on K+ adsorption. The K+ adsorption potential was significantly correlated to the amount of poorly crystallized illite present (R=0.879, P=0.012). The availability of adsorbed K+ for plant growth needs further study.
文摘The soil potassium (K) test methodology is under increased evaluation due to the soil sample drying effect, temporal variations of test results and inconsistent crop response to applied K fertilizers. Ten on-farm trials were conducted in 2014 in eastern North Dakota to determine the corn response to different K-fertilizer rates and to assess the variation of soil K test levels between air-dried (KDry) and field moist (KMoist) soil samples during the corn growing season. Significant differences were observed between KDry and KMoist soil K test results. The ratio of KDry/KMoist showed high correlation with cation exchange capacity (r = 0.63, p < 0.10), Organic matter (r = 0.61, p < 0.10) and (Ca + Mg)/K ratio (r = 0.64, p < 0.10) from the 1 M ammonium acetate extractant, while pH, electrical conductivity, clay (%), and soil moisture showed non-significant correlation. On average, KDry resulted in higher soil K test levels than KMoist and pattern of deviation was different for surface and sub-surface soil samples. Soil K analysis of samples collected during the fall and spring showed large enough variations to affect the soil test interpretation category which was used to make fertilizer recommendations. Corn yield increased significantly with applied K fertilizer at only three out of 8 sites with beginning K levels below the current critical level of 150 ppm, and one response was at a site with K level above the critical level. Therefore, use of either the KDry or KMoist method alone may not be adequate to predict K response in some North Dakota soils.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 30571082)the Science and Technology Committee of ZhejiangProvince (No. 021102084)the Agriculture Department of ZhejiangProvince (No. SN 200404) and BASF Company of Germany.
文摘In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate (NO3--N) and potassium (K) leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) or urea could reduce NO3--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium (NH4+-N) leaching increased slightly. In case of total N (NO3--N+NH4+-N), losses by leaching during the experimental period (40 d) were 37.93 mg (urea), 31.61 mg (urea+DMPP), 108.10 mg (ASN), 60.70 mg (ASN+DMPP) in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg (urea), 21.05 mg (urea+DMPP), 37.86 mg (ASN), 31.09 mg (ASN+DMPP) in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4+-N and low levels of NO3--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in less potassium leached, but the difference was not significant except the treatment of ASN and ASN+DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the effciency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.
文摘Adsorption of potassium and sodium ions by four typical variable charge soils of South China was studied.The results indicated that the variable charge soils saturated with H and Al showed a much higher preference for potassium ions relative to sodium ions,and this tendence could not be changed by such factors as the pH,the concentration of the cations,the dielectric constant of solvent,the accompanying anions and the iron oxide content etc.,suggesting that this difference in affinity is caused by the difference in the nature of the two cations.It was observed that a negative adsorption of sodium ions by latosol and lateritic red soil in a mixed system containing equal amount of potassium and sodium ions at low pH,which is caused by a competitive adsorption of potassium and sodium ions and repulsion of positive charge on the surfaces of soil particles for cations.The adsorption of potassium and sodium ions increased with the decreases in the dielectric constant of solvent and the iron oxide content.Sulfate affected the adsorption of potassium and sodium ions through changing the surface properties of the soils.
文摘Forty-eight soil profiles were sampled from different ecological and pedogeochemical areas of China and their available selenium (Av-Se) contents were determined. Results showed that the content of Av-Se in the profiles of soils in China ranged within 2.49-18.10 μg kg--1 ) with a mean value of 10.01 μg kg--1，and was in the sequence of Ferralisols > Luvisols > Isohumisols > Aridisols. The correlation analysis between Av-Se and the soil physical-chemical properties revealed that the correlations between Av-Se and O.M., CEC, Fe2O3,Al2O3, ignition loss, Co and Zn were positive at a highly significant level, but those between Av-Se and pH,base saturation, CaO, Ba and Sr were all negative at a highly significant level. The reason of some diseases related to the Se deficiency might be the leaching loss of selenium in some soils.
基金Beijing Educatinal Com-mittee Technological Development Program Key Item (KM-200510020006)
文摘The objectives of this study were to explore the spatial distribution of soil available microelements and to provide a firm foundation for scientifically formulated fertilizer. 1 076 soil samples were collected from Pinggu County of Beijing, China, and the contents of available Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm) were analyzed respectively. Descriptive statistics and geostatistics were used to analyze the data. The mean values of topsoil available Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn were 1.96, 2.51, 17.32, and 10.91 mg kg-1, respectively, which were at medium or at slightly above medium level. The topsoil content of the soil available microelements was more than that of subsoil. The result of semivariance analysis showed that the topsoil available Fe and Mn were spatially correlated at a larger distance of 21.6 and 45.3 km, and the available Cu and Zn were at a shorter distance of 3.1 and 2.9 km, respectively. The subsoil spatial correlation distances were obviously different from the topsoil, which were in the order of available Mn > Cu > Zn = Fe. The Kriging method was applied to calculate the unobserved points and was used to generate the contour map. The results showed that the structural factors, such as topology, soil types, and soil properties, were the main factors influencing the spatial distribution of topsoil available Fe and Mn. Topsoil available Cu and Zn contents were mainly affected by land use, and their contents in orchard and in vegetable land were greatly higher than in field. The spatial distribution of subsoil microelements was similar to that of the topsoil, which exhibited vertical distribution patterns. Fertilizer and pesticide application resulted in the higher contents of available Cu and Zn in Pinggu County. The higher content of available Zn is potentially harmful to soil environmental quality, which should be inspected.
文摘Interactions of potassium and calcium ions with four typical variable charge soils in South China were examined by measuring pK-0.5pCa value with a potassium ion-selective electrode and a calcium ion-selective electrode,and pK value with a potassium ion-selective electrode.The results showed that adsorption of potassium and calcium ions increased with soil suspension pH,and the tendency of the pK-0.5pCa value changing with pH differed with respect to pH range and potassium to calcium ratio.Adsorption of equal amount of calcium and potassium ions led to release of an identical number of protons,suggesting similar adsorption characteristics of these two ions when adsorbed by variable charge soils.Compared with red soil,latosol and lateritic red soil had higher adsorption selectivities for calcium ion.The red soil had a greater affinity for potassium ion than that for calcium ion at low concentration,which seems to result from its possession of 2:1 type minerals,such as vermiculite and mica with a high affinity for potassium ion.The results indicated that adsorption of potassium and calcium ions by the variable charge soils was chiefly caused by the electrostatic attraction between the cations and the soil surfaces.Moreover,it was found that sulfate could affect the adsorption by changing soil surface properties and by forming ion-pair.
文摘Elovich,two-constant,parabolic diffusion,exponential,second-order,first-order and zero-order equations were used to describe the kinetic characteristics of potassium desorption from six paddy soils of Zhejiang Province in a constant electric field (44.4V/cm) of EUF.Results showed that the second-order and Elovich equations could describe the potassium desorption kinetics best,as evidenced by the highest correlation coefficients (r) and the lowest standard errors (SE).The first-order,two-constant and parabolic diffusion equations also described the K desorption kinetics well,as showed by the relatively high correlation coefficients and relatively low standard errors.The zero-order equation did not describe the K desorption satisfactorily with a relatively low correlation coefficient and relatively high standard error.However,the exponential equation could not be used to describe the K desorption kinetics,due to the lowest correlation coefficient and the highest standarderror.
基金funded by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR),New Delhi
文摘Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium(K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or long-term period. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was performed in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007 to study the effect of K and several crop rotations on yield, water productivity, carbon sequestration, grain quality, soil K status and economic benefits derived in maize(Zea mays L)/cowpea(Vigna sinensis L.) based cropping system under minimum tillage(MT). All crops recorded higher grain yield with a higher dose of K(120 kg K2 O ha-1) than recommended K(40 kg K2 O ha-1). The five years' average yield data showed that higher K application(120 kg K2 O ha-1) produced 16.4%(P<0.05)more maize equivalent yield. Cowpea based rotation yielded 14.2%(P<0.05) higher production than maize based rotation. The maximum enhancement was found in cowpea-mustard rotation. Relationship between yield and sustainable indices revealed that only agronomic efficiency of fertilizer input was significantly correlated with yield. Similarly, higherdoses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency(WUE) of all crops, but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 16.5% and 15.8% under maize and 23.3% and 19.7% under cowpea cover, respectively. This study also revealed that on an average 16.5% of left over carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon(SOC). Here, cowpea based rotation with the higher K application increased carbon sequestration in soil. Potassium fertilization also significantly improved the nutritional value of harvested grain by increasing the protein content for maize(by 9.5%) and cowpea(by 10.6%). The oil content in mustard increased by 5.0% and 6.0% after maize and cowpea, respectively. Net return also increased with the application of the higher K than recommended K and the trend was similar to yield. Hence, the present study demonstrated the potential yield and profit gains along with resource conservation in the Indian Himalayas due to annual additions of higher amount of K than the recommended dose. The impact of high K application was maximum in the cowpea-mustard rotation.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.41731176,41650110484,)Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad(28 601)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(No.2015287)
文摘Because potassium(K)is a rock-derived essential element that can be depleted in highly-weathered tropical soils,K availability may limit some portion of soil microbial activity in tropical forest ecosystems.In this paper we tested if K limits microbial activity in the condition of sufficient labile C supply.An incubation experiment was performed using surface soil samples(0–10 cm depth)obtained from four permanent ecological research plots in a natural sub-tropical forest in southern China.Soil samples were taken in September 2016.Heterotrophic soil respiration rates and microbial biomass were measured after the addition of glucose(both D and L)with and without K(potassium chloride).We did not observe any effects of K addition on soil microbial respiration,suggesting that K does not limit the microbial activity in the condition of sufficient labile C supply.The lack of microbial response to added K can be attributed to the high mobility of K in forest ecosystems,which may have provided sufficient K to microbes in our soil samples(already provided at the beginning of the incubation).However,at the present stage,we cannot conclude that K is not a limiting factor of soil microbial activity in other tropical forest ecosystems because of the heterogeneity of tropical forest ecosystems and few observations.The hypothesis needs to be tested in larger numbers of tropical forests.
文摘The ideal reducing reagent in testing available nitrogen of soil by Conway Methodis Devard‘s alloy.The optimum ratio of soil:Devard’s alloy:1.0N NaOH solution is 5.0g:0.2g:5ml.When reaction goes on at 30℃ for 4 hours,the rate of soil NO<sub>3</sub>-N reduction is about 90%,and the recovery rate of soil NH<sub>4</sub>-N is about 95%.Some organic nitrogen can be measured at thesame time.This method is defined as the Modified Conway Method and the soil N-min is r=0.982（n=10）.In predicting soil nitrogen supplying power,the Modified Conway Method takesonly 1/6 of time needed by Conway Method.The Modified Conway Method can also be used forthe measure of soil N-min.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Plan of China (2017YFC1404605)the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51579049 and 51509044)+4 种基金the High-Tech Ship Programthe Excellent Subject Leaders Foundation of Harbin Science and Technology Bureauthe Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology of the Ministry of Educationthe Harbin Engineering University for their supportsupported by the Open Research Fund Program of Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oilfield Produced Water Treatment and Environmental Pollution Control (SINOPEC Petroleum Eaguieering Corporation) (No.201801)
文摘This study aims to optimize the treatment of phenol-contaminated soil by potassium ferrate. Variations in pH value can accurately reflect the state and reaction status of the entire treatment process. Therefore, the pH value could be an important variable for optimizing the reaction conditions and achieving the automatic control of the process. About 99.89% of phenol was removed after 10 min of the pH-controlled reaction at a rotational speed of 40―70 r/min, with the initial phenol concentration equating to 10.0 g/kg and the total water consumption reaching 2.72 L(at a soil/water ratio of 1:0.68). The test results could provide a basis for practical application of automatic reaction control by pH value.
文摘To determine the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil available Zn by the Agro Services International (ASI) method (ASI-Zn) for Zn fertilizer recommendation in rice production in the alluvial soil of the coastal Yellow Sea, the relationship between relative rice yield and soil available ASI-Zn concentration was analyzed from a ten-field experiment with various soil test classes ranging from low to high fertility in 2005 and 2006, and nine Zn fertilizer application rates (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5, 45, 52.5 and 60 kg Zn/ha) arranged at random with three replications in each field. There was a significant quadratic relationship between soil available ASI-Zn and rice yield, and a significant linear relationship between soil available ASI-Zn concentration and Zn fertilization rate. For rice variety Wuyujing 3, soil available ASI-Zn was deficient when the value was at lower than 1 mg Zn/L, low at 1 to 2 mg Zn/L, sufficient at 1 to 2 mg Zn/L, excessive at higher than 7.5 mg Zn/L. Thus, Zn fertilizer recommendation could be done according to the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil ASI-Zn. For most of alluvial soils of the coastal Yellow Sea in the study, the available ASI-Zn was lower than 1 mg Zn/L, and then the optimum application rate of Zn fertilizer was about 20 kg Zn/ha.
