To explore the toxicological profile of methanol extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium (MECA) tubers in Wistar rats. Methods: MECA was subjected to acute and sub-acute studies which were conducted according to Organiza...To explore the toxicological profile of methanol extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium (MECA) tubers in Wistar rats. Methods: MECA was subjected to acute and sub-acute studies which were conducted according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 425 and 407 guidelines respectively). In the acute toxicity experiment, a limit test (5000 mg/kg) was administered to five rats and monitored for 2 weeks. The sub-acute studies were conducted on 4 groups of rats. The first group served as control, while the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups received MECA (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg respectively). The treatments were given orally and daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment (29th day), the animals were euthanized to obtain blood samples and organs for haematological, biochemical and histological evaluations. Results: Acute toxicity study showed that the oral median lethal dose was >5000 mg/kg. In the sub-acute studies, the results showed no significant (P>0.05) changes in the haematological, hepatic and renal indices compared to control animals. In the fourth week, a significant (P<0.01) increase in body weight of the rats was observed at 150 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg compared to week one. However, there were no major changes in the organ/body weights of the rats. Histological examination of the kidney showed slight glomerular adhesion and tubular distortion. Moderate hepatic necrosis was observed at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. Conclusions: The results of this research revealed that the MECA tubers is virtually non-toxic after acute administration and it has low sub-acute toxicity potential in rats.展开更多
Rumex abyssinica Jacq. (Polygonaceae) is locally used in management of allergies and female reproductive healthcare;whereas Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) is used to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory distress, dan...Rumex abyssinica Jacq. (Polygonaceae) is locally used in management of allergies and female reproductive healthcare;whereas Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) is used to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory distress, dandruff, halitosis and malaria in Uganda. Owing to the paucity of data on their safety profiles, this study evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicities of 70% ethanolic leaf extracts of both plants in mice and Wistar albino rats. The oral acute toxicity of both plants was evaluated in Swiss mice of 7-8 weeks old (16-22 g) body weight and LD50 determined. Sub-acute toxicity was evaluated in Wistar albino rats (6 per group) at dose rates of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg for 28 days. The LD50 of R. abyssinica and M. spicata in mice was 7727 mg/kg and 13,606 mg/kg body weight, respectively. General signs of toxicity due to large doses of both plants extract included hyperurination, abdominal muscle twitches and convulsions. In the sub-acute toxicity test, rats treated with both extracts did not exhibit any clinical signs of toxicity;no mortality and changes in body weight were observed. R. abyssinica did not cause significant changes in haematological indices, except a significant increase in HCT (p 0.05). However, a dose dependant significant decrease in HCT (p 0.05) and a significant increase (p 0.05) in the levels of WBC, LMY and MCHC were observed in rats treated with M. spicata extract. Biochemical test showed that both extracts caused a significant dose dependent increase (p 0.05) in levels of ALT and ALP. Marked increase in the levels of AST was also observed in rats treated with M. spicata extract. Of the two extracts, only rats treated with </展开更多
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activity has been widely used as a biomarker in an animal exposed to the pesticides. However, the interaction of extensively used organocarbamate insecticide, carbofuran, ...The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activity has been widely used as a biomarker in an animal exposed to the pesticides. However, the interaction of extensively used organocarbamate insecticide, carbofuran, with the nervous system of the aquatic organisms is not properly studied. AChE is a key enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junctions, and thus regulates the neurotransmission system. In the present study, we have evaluated the impact of sub-acute concentrations (0.01 and 0.02 mg/L i.e. 1/20th and 1/10th of LC50) of carbofuran on the activity of acetylcholinesterase,from different tissues of Clarias batrachus, a fresh water teleost, after 96 hr and 15 days exposure periods in vivo. The carbofuran significantly reduced the activity of AChE in different tissues of C. batrachus at both concentrations and periods of exposure. The greater inhibition of AChE activities were recorded in fish tissues at higher carbofuran concentration (0.02 mg/L) after longer (15days) treatment period. The inhibition of AChE activity in all fish tissues tested was dependent on pesticide concentration and the duration of treatment. AChE from the tissues of C. batrachus was found to be a true cholinesterase as it was completely inhibited by the small concentration (nM) of eserine as tested in vitro. It was found that carbofuran at very low concentration exerted significant inhibitory effect on AChE activity in fish tissues.展开更多
Momordica foetida is a plant widely used in tropical Africa to manage gastroenteric diseases. Previous studies demonstrated interesting antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. However, the security o...Momordica foetida is a plant widely used in tropical Africa to manage gastroenteric diseases. Previous studies demonstrated interesting antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. However, the security or toxicity of methanol leaf extract has not been determined yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the leaf extract of Momordica foetida. In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to rats which were observed for 14 days in order to identify signs of toxicity or death. In the sub-acute toxicity, the animals were treated with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the extract for 28 consecutive days. Body weights and behavior were noted throughout the experiment. Upon treatment, blood and urine were collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, testes and ovaries were analyzed for relative weights and histopathology. The acute toxicity study of M. foetida leaf extract revealed no signs of toxicity related to the treatment, indicating that the median-lethal-dose (LD50) value is greater than 5000 mg/Kg of body weight. In the sub-acute toxicity assay, the extract did not affect the general behavior of animals, meanwhile, it led to a significant increase in the levels of red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, granulocytes and Mid-Cells (MIDs). Biochemical parameters showed an increase in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, serum urea, serum and urinary glucose and a decrease in urinary proteins, serum creatinine, urinary urea levels, serum activities of AST, ALT and proteins levels, as well as increases in lung, spleen and ovaries relative weight were noticed, all compared to control animals. Histological analysis revealed a normal architecture of kidneys, liver, heart, lung, ovaries and testes. This study provides valuable data on the safety of per os administration of Momordica foetida leaf methanol extract that could be very useful for future assays.展开更多
Maintenance of ion homeostasis in plant cells is an essential physiological requirement for sustainable growth,development,and yield of crops.Plants respond to high levels of heavy metals such as copper(Cu)and cadmium...Maintenance of ion homeostasis in plant cells is an essential physiological requirement for sustainable growth,development,and yield of crops.Plants respond to high levels of heavy metals such as copper(Cu)and cadmium(Cd)to avoid irreversible damage at the structural,physiological and molecular levels.Our previous study found that rice germin-like proteins(OsGLPs)are a type of Cu-responsive proteins.The deletion of 10 tandem OsGLP genes on chromosome 8 led to more severe heavy metal toxicity in rice.In this study,we show that rice WRKY transcription factor OsWRKY72 negatively regulates OsGLP8-7transcription.Overexpression of OsWRKY72 weakens the Cu/Cd tolerance of rice when exposed to Cu and Cd.OsWRKY72 suppressed expression of OsGLP8-7 and lignin synthesis genes,resulting in reduced lignin polymerization and consequently lower lignin accumulation in cell walls,thereby increasing the Cu and Cd accumulation.In addition,OsWRKY53 bound to OsWRKY72 to alleviate the transcriptional inhibition of OsGLP8-7.These results revealed that OsWRKY72-OsGLP8-7 is an important module response of rice to heavy metal stress,and that transcription factor OsWRKY72 acts upstream of OsGLP8-7 to regulate Cu/Cd toxicity.展开更多
The world will benefit from more effective antimicrobial agents against oral conditions arising from the actions of biofilm forming bacteria. Also, information is lacking on the oral biofilm-forming bacterial diversit...The world will benefit from more effective antimicrobial agents against oral conditions arising from the actions of biofilm forming bacteria. Also, information is lacking on the oral biofilm-forming bacterial diversity in Southwestern Nigeria. In this study, we isolate and characterize oral biofilm producing bacteria in the oral cavities of schoolchildren in Southwestern Nigeria. We also investigate the antimicrobial properties of Macrosphyra longistyla extracts against the biofilm-formers and the toxicity of potent extracts. Samples were obtained from 109 schoolchildren aged 4 - 14 years from Lagos, Oyo and Osun States. Agar well diffusion technique was used in the antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Toxicity testing was done using brine shrimps (Artemia salina). Biofilm-formers in this study are Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Micrococcus sp. Ethanol leaf extracts had the highest activity against all biofilm-producing bacteria. Ethanol stem bark extract, which elicited activity against Klebsiella only, was found to be less toxic than the ethanol leaf extract. Staphylococcus showed >10 mm susceptibility to the ethanol and aqueous extracts of Macrosphyra longistyla. Streptococcus and Micrococcus were susceptible to the antimicrobial actions of the ethanolic leaf extracts. Although the ethanol extracts of the leaves had lower minimum inhibitory concentrations than the ethanol extracts of the stem bark, toxicity studies showed ethanol extracts of the stem-bark to be more toxic than the ethanol extracts of the leaves. In conclusion, ethanolic extracts of Macrosphyra longistyla show potential as sources of antimicrobials against gram-positive, oral biofilm-forming bacteria.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Levisticum officinale extract on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.Methods:Different doses of Levisticum officinale extract were given orally to rats for 10 days,then...Objective:To investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Levisticum officinale extract on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.Methods:Different doses of Levisticum officinale extract were given orally to rats for 10 days,then rats received a single dose of CCl4(2.5 mL/kg,50%v/v in liquid paraffin).Biochemical and histopathological assays were performed to assess the effects of the extract on liver function and architecture.Moreover,antioxidant and oxidative markers as well as inflammatory and fibrotic indicators were measured.Results:Pretreatment with Levisticum officinale extract significantly mitigated CCl4-induced damage to liver structure,improved serum levels of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,urea,total bilirubin,and total protein,enhanced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the liver,as well as decreased plasma and hepatic malondialdehyde levels.Immunohistochemical results demonstrated that the extract reduced Ki-67 andα-SMA expression and Masson’s trichrome staining revealed decreased liver collagen in rats treated with Levisticum officinale extract.Moreover,Levisticum officinale extract markedly decreased the gene expressions of TNF-α,IL-6,TGF-β1,MCP-1,and COX-2.Conclusions:Levisticum officinale extract exerts hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity through antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and anti-fibrotic activities.展开更多
Particulate matter (PM10) deposited as road dust is considered an important source of contamination from atmosphere. However, there are limited studies on the toxicity of road dust as such on different organisms. This...Particulate matter (PM10) deposited as road dust is considered an important source of contamination from atmosphere. However, there are limited studies on the toxicity of road dust as such on different organisms. This study evaluates the toxicity of road dust using different extraction scenarios on Daphnia magna and Artemia salina as aquatic organisms and also on Prosopis cineraria and Vachellia tortilis as local plant species. Chemical analysis of different extracts shows considerable amount of trace metals, however the trace metals in the dust extract associated with suspended sediment were not absorbed by the receptors. On the other hand, the concentration of trace metals in the artificial mixture was found bioavailable and absorbed causing a high percentage of mortality. In the plant assay, significant difference was obtained in the germination percentage between the control and three different extraction exposures in both plant species. The mean root length of P. cineraria and V. tortilis were higher in 20% and 50% extracts than the control probably due to the availability of nutrients from the dust extract. Interestingly however, the seedling vigor index was the opposite with higher index in the control and lower in dust extracts that contain heavy metals.展开更多
In this research,the single and combined toxicity effects of two commonly used pesticides,lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin,were investigated on zebrafish at 20℃,with a weight of(1±0.1)g and a length of(3.5...In this research,the single and combined toxicity effects of two commonly used pesticides,lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin,were investigated on zebrafish at 20℃,with a weight of(1±0.1)g and a length of(3.5±0.35)cm.The study revealed that lambda-cyhalothrin exhibited higher toxicity compared to deltamethrin.Additionally,when used together,these pesticides showed significantly increased toxic effects on zebrafish.The 96-h LC 50 values were determined to be 3.059μg/L(confidence limits 0.077-0.351μg/L)for lambda-cyhalothrin and 1.304μg/L(confidence limits;0.046-0.228μg/L)for deltamethrin,both demonstrating a significant positive correlation(P<0.05).These results underscore the importance of regulating and managing pesticide use to safeguard aquatic organisms and uphold environmental sustainability.展开更多
This work aimed, on the one hand, to determine the mineral and phytochemical composition of Carica papaya in order to guarantee the food safety of consumers and on the other hand, to evaluate the acute toxicity of pap...This work aimed, on the one hand, to determine the mineral and phytochemical composition of Carica papaya in order to guarantee the food safety of consumers and on the other hand, to evaluate the acute toxicity of papaya seeds. The papayas were bought at the Mzée market in Lubumbashi and Selembao in Kinshasa. Fruit sampling was done according to the ISO 7002 standard on agricultural and food products;the papayas were firm, mature, and without stains or physical damage. The analysis results of the papaya pulp showed both for the samples from the city of Lubumbashi and for the city province of Kinshasa that it contains respectively 85.87% and 84.46% water, 0.59% and 0.53% ash content. The mineral evaluation of our two samples presented a potassium content of 200 ± 8 mg, magnesium 13.12 ± 3 mg, calcium 22.15 ± 2 mg, sodium 3 mg ± 0.5 for the sample from Lubumbashi and 192.32 ± 8 mg of potassium, 14.458 ± 3 mg of magnesium, 20.58 ± 2 mg of calcium and 3.58 ± 0.5 mg of sodium for the sample from Kinshasa in macroelements. Concerning the trace elements, after analysis, we found zinc content (0.29 ± 0.1 mg and 0.12 ± 0.1 mg), copper (0.02 ± 0.01 mg and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg), and iron (2.22 ± 0.5 mg and 2.04 ± 0.5 mg) respectively for Lubumbashi and Kinshasa. The chemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, saponosides, tannins catechics, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the palm wine and ethanolic extract of the seeds of Carica papaya and an absence of cyanogenic glycosides and gallic tannins. With mild toxicity, the seeds of the fruit of Carica papaya L. can be used with moderate risk by the population.展开更多
Purpose research on nursing sensitive indicators in tumor Patients application effect in immune-related skin toxicity management. Method select our hospital April to June, 202360 cases patients with immune therapy set...Purpose research on nursing sensitive indicators in tumor Patients application effect in immune-related skin toxicity management. Method select our hospital April to June, 202360 cases patients with immune therapy settings as the control group. August-October, 2023 60 cases the patients treated with immune therapy were the experimental group. The control group adopted regular nursing methods, while the experimental group sensitive Indicators, evidence-based give preventive care. The social situation, psychological state, physical function, quality of life score, incidence of skin toxicity caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors, moderate and above of the two groups of patients were compared. Incidence of skin toxicity. Result: experience group SAS score, SDS score higher than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05);The incidence of skin toxic reactions caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors and the incidence of moderate and above skin toxic reactions in the experimental group are lower than those in the control group, and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: sensitive indicator guidance evidence-based preventive care can reduce the degree of immune-related skin toxicity, improve the psychological state and quality of life of tumor patients treated with immune therapy and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions, improve nursing quality and patient satisfaction.展开更多
Objective: To establish the procedures for the management of skin toxicity related to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with lung cancer and explore the effect of application. Methods: A total of 24 evidence-ba...Objective: To establish the procedures for the management of skin toxicity related to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with lung cancer and explore the effect of application. Methods: A total of 24 evidence-based evidences were collected from 7 aspects, including risk factors, baseline screening, ICIs monitoring, daily skin care, multidisciplinary management, symptom management and health education. A total of 157 lung cancer patients and 94 nurses from 8 wards of the Oncology department of our hospital from November 2022 to May 2023 were selected by convenience sampling. A total of 77 patients and 46 nurses from ward 1 - 4 were divided into the baseline group. There were 80 patients and 48 nurses in Ward 5 - 8 as the evidence-based practice group. In the baseline group, patients were treated with routine methods such as assessing skin symptoms, taking medication according to symptoms, guiding to keep skin clean and moist, eating a light diet, and avoiding scratching. The evidence-based practice group adopts an evidence-based continuous improvement model for nursing. The differences in the severity of symptoms of skin toxicity in the second cycle of medication and the knowledge and practice of self-care of skin toxicity were compared between the two groups before and after the use of the syndrome, as well as the differences in the implementation rate of review indicators, evidence-based ability and knowledge and practice of skin toxicity care before and after the use of the syndrome. Results: The incidence and severity of cutaneous toxicity were significantly lower after treatment than before treatment (P P < 0.05). Conclusion: The implementation of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related skin toxicity management procedures can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of skin toxicity symptoms, optimize the clinical pathway, and improve the quality of care.展开更多
[Objectives]Using wild-type AB strain of zebrafish as experimental animal,this study investigated the damaging effect of Wufang Babu Ointment on skin cells,in order to evaluate the skin toxicity of Wufang Babu Ointmen...[Objectives]Using wild-type AB strain of zebrafish as experimental animal,this study investigated the damaging effect of Wufang Babu Ointment on skin cells,in order to evaluate the skin toxicity of Wufang Babu Ointment.[Methods]Wild-type AB strain of zebrafish with an age of 2 d were taken and fed in different concentrations of Wufang Babu Ointment solution for 24 h.The number of deaths in each group of zebrafish was recorded,and the mortality rate was calculated.Using Origin 8.0 software,the maximum non lethal concentration(MNLC)was simulated.Zebrafish raised in different concentrations of Wufang Babu Ointment solution for 24 h were placed under an anatomical microscope for taking photos,to analyze and calculate the incidence of skin damage in zebrafish.Based on the statistical analysis results of this indicator,the skin toxicity of Wufang Babu Ointment was evaluated.[Results]The MNLC of Wufang Babu Ointment on zebrafish was 671μg/mL;Wufang Babu Ointment can induce skin damage at the concentrations of 224μg/mL(1/3 MNLC)and 671μg/mL(MNLC).[Conclusions]Wufang Babu Ointment had certain skin toxicity to zebrafish.展开更多
Annona squamosa Linn.fruit is famous for its nutritional value with a long history of medicinal benefits due to the presence of many phytochemicals,including alkaloids,diterpenes,essential oil,phytopeptides,etc.Severa...Annona squamosa Linn.fruit is famous for its nutritional value with a long history of medicinal benefits due to the presence of many phytochemicals,including alkaloids,diterpenes,essential oil,phytopeptides,etc.Several studies envisaged that Annona squamosa possesses cytotoxic,diuretic,antiurolithiatic,antitumor,anti-psoriatic,antioxidant,and hepatoprotective properties.This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of wound infection,dysentery,seizure,tumors,fever,vomiting,parasitic infections,hypertension,thyroid,toothache,acne,heart disease,inflammation,diabetes,hair loss,dandruff,hemorrhage,maggot-infected sores,abortifacient,and cough.However,some chemical constituents isolated from the plant have shown specific toxic effects in human and animal models,such as acute oral toxic effects,genotoxic,neurotoxic,and ocular toxic.The plant has diverse pharmacological actions,the seeds of this plant possess a genotoxic effect but on the contrary,the bark of the plant shows genoprotective activity.A large number of ethnobotanical studies reported the seed of this plant is used to induce abortion in humans,but a scientific study carried out in pregnant rats reported aqueous seed extract of the plant did not interfere with reproductive performance.The presented review summarized the traditional uses,pharmacological,and toxicological activities of the isolated compounds from this plant.Additionally,some patents and commercial products related to Annona squamosa are also brought up in this article to explore its application which would attract the scientific community to search out its hidden side.展开更多
Objective:We aimed to compare the quality-adjusted time without symptoms or toxicity(Q-TWiST)in acute myeloid leukemia(AML)patients who received haploidentical-related donor(HID)and identical sibling donor(ISD)hematop...Objective:We aimed to compare the quality-adjusted time without symptoms or toxicity(Q-TWiST)in acute myeloid leukemia(AML)patients who received haploidentical-related donor(HID)and identical sibling donor(ISD)hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT).Methods:Five clinical health states were defined:toxicity(TOX),acute graft-versus-host disease(GVHD),chronic GVHD(cGVHD),time without symptoms and toxicity(TWiST)and relapse(REL).The equation used in this study was as follows:Q-TWiST=UTOX×TOX+UTWiST×TWiST+UREL×REL+UaGVHD×aGVHD+UcGVHD×cGVHD.Results:A total of 239 AML patients were enrolled.We established a mathematical model,i.e.,Q-TWiST HID HSCT>Q-TWiST ISD HSCT,to explore the range of utility coefficients satisfying the inequality.Based on the raw data,the utility coefficient is equivalent to the following inequality:10.57067UTOX-46.27733UREL+105.9374+3.388078UaGVHD-210.8198UcGVHD>0.The model showed that when UTOX,UREL,and UaGVHD were within the range of 0-1,as well as when UcGVHD was within the range of 0-0.569,the inequality Q-TWiST HID HSCT>Q-TWiST ISD HSCT was valid.According to the results of the ChiCTR1800016972 study,the median coefficients of TOX,acute GVHD(aGVHD),and cGVHD were 0.56(0.41-0.76),0.56(0.47-0.72),and 0.54(0.37-0.79),respectively.We selected a series of specific examples of the coefficients,i.e.,UTOX=0.5,UREL=0.05,UaGVHD-0.5,and UcGVHD-0.5.The Q-TWiST values of ISD and HID HSCT were 896 and 900 d,respectively(P=0.470).Conclusions:We first observed that Q-TWiST was comparable between AML patients receiving HID HSCT and those receiving ISD HSCT.展开更多
The halopyrimidine 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine(BrdU)is an exogenous marker of DNA synthesis.Since the introduction of monoclonal antibodies against BrdU,an increasing number of methodologies have been used for the immuno...The halopyrimidine 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine(BrdU)is an exogenous marker of DNA synthesis.Since the introduction of monoclonal antibodies against BrdU,an increasing number of methodologies have been used for the immunodetection of this synthesized bromine-tagged base analogue into replicating DNA.BrdU labeling is widely used for identifying neuron precursors and following their fate during the embryonic,perinatal,and adult neurogenesis in a variety of vertebrate species including birds,reptiles,and mammals.Due to BrdU toxicity,its incorporation into replicating DNA presents adverse consequences on the generation,survival,and settled patterns of cells.This may lead to false results and misinterpretation in the identification of proliferative neuroblasts.In this review,I will indicate the detrimental effects of this nucleoside during the development of the central nervous system,as well as the reliability of BrdU labeling to detect proliferating neuroblasts.Moreover,it will show factors influencing BrdU immunodetection and the contribution of this nucleoside to the study of prenatal,perinatal,and adult neurogenesis.Human adult neurogenesis will also be discussed.It is my hope that this review serves as a reference for those researchers who focused on detecting cells that are in the synthetic phase of the cell cycle.展开更多
Objective:The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of acute and late toxicities,as well as changes in the quality of life(QOL)for breast cancer patients following radiotherapy(RT).Materials and Met...Objective:The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of acute and late toxicities,as well as changes in the quality of life(QOL)for breast cancer patients following radiotherapy(RT).Materials and Methods:A total of 108 breast cancer women were recruited for this prospective study.Data were collected at various intervals;prior to,and 1,3,6 months,and 1 year after radiation therapy.The primary outcomes were toxicity radiation therapy oncology group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC)criteria.Our secondary outcome was QOL,measured using EORTC QLQ-C30 and Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale.We employed Friedman’s two-way analysis to evaluate the changes in QOL over the course of 1 year.Results:The early toxicities that are most commonly experienced include pharyngeal,skin,and mucous membrane toxicity.Late toxicities frequently involve skin and submucosal toxicity.To measure patient functionality,all functional subscale scores except for the patient’s emotional state increased over time compared to pre-RT.Symptoms of the patients,which were included in the QOL symptom scale,decreased during the follow-up period,except for fatigue;however,changes in pain,insomnia,and loss of appetite did not significantly change.We identified the analogous symptom profiles in Edmonton.Although patients’overall health scores declined in the 1st and 3rd months after radiotherapy(RT),they rebounded at 6 and 12 months.Conclusion:For breast cancer patients,RT did not adversely affect functional capacity or exacerbate symptoms,but persistent fatigue did increase during the observation period.Health-care professionals ought to devise strategies to assist patients with skin toxicity and fatigue.展开更多
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are ubiquitous environmental contaminants of growing concern due to their potential ecological and human health risks.This study presents a comprehensive assessment of PAHs contam...Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are ubiquitous environmental contaminants of growing concern due to their potential ecological and human health risks.This study presents a comprehensive assessment of PAHs contamination in the surface sediments of Burullus Lake,a vital and second largest delta lake in Egypt.The aim was to evaluate the eco-toxicity and potential health risks associated with the presence of these compounds.Surface seven sediment samples were collected from various drains in the southern part of Burullus Lake.Soxhlet extraction method was employed to extract PAHs(16PAHs)from the sediment sample.Analytically,target compounds were located using HPLC.The results showed that samples contained PAHs levels ranging from 0.038×10^(-6)to 0.459×10^(-6),which is considered heavily polluted by the European standard for PAHs pollution.Additionally,there was no apparent source of PAHs in the ElKhashah drain or the Brinbal Canal,as HPLC found none of the compounds.The most prevalent compound in sediment samples along the study area was fluoranthene.The diagnostic indices in the present study indicated that the hydrocarbons in the region originated from pyrolytic and man-made sources along the drains of Burullus Lake.The principal component analysis(PCA)and diagnostic ratios revealed that coal combustion and pyrolytic sources were responsible for the PAHs contamination in the surface sediments.The non-carcinogenic risk(HI),which is the product of the HQs for the adult and child populations,respectively,was calculated.HI values under 1,therefore,demonstrated that they had no carcinogenic effects on human health.TEQs and MEQs in the sediments of Burullus Lake do not have a cancer-causing impact on people.For the safety of nearby wildlife,aquatic life,and people,all activities that raise petroleum hydrocarbon levels in Burullus Lake must be adequately regulated and controlled.According to the ecological risk assessment,there is little chance that PAHs will be found in the sediments of Burullus Lake.This study underscores the urgent need for effective pollution control measures and regular monitoring of PAHs levels in Burullus Lake sediments to protect the aquatic ecosystem and public health.It also highlights the importance of considering eco-toxicity and human health risks in integrated risk assessments of PAHs-contaminated environments.展开更多
In the tropics, lowland rice cultivation is often confronted with the problem of iron toxicity. The solution proposed by research in general is the use of industrial silicon. However, the high cost of industrial silic...In the tropics, lowland rice cultivation is often confronted with the problem of iron toxicity. The solution proposed by research in general is the use of industrial silicon. However, the high cost of industrial silicon limits its adoption by farmers. A study was carried out in Zakogbeu;Center-West of Côte d’Ivoire, to assess the potential of kaolin to mitigate the effect of this soil constraint on the root of the rice plant. Five kaolin-based treatments were analyzed (T<sub>0 </sub>= 0 kg kaolin ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, T<sub>1</sub> = 366 kg kaolin ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, T<sub>2</sub> = 736 kg kaolin ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, T<sub>3</sub> = 1097 kg kaolin ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> and T<sub>4</sub> = 1465 kg kaolin ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> are 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 kg SiO<sub>2</sub> ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>) in a device in complete random blocks, with 5 repetitions. The results obtained show that kaolin supply increases the length of the root tissue as well as the number of branching of the root of the rice plant. Root tissue increased from 10 cm with T<sub>0</sub> treatment to more than 15 cm with treatment T<sub>4</sub>. The microscopic observation of the roots shows that in the treatment T<sub>0</sub>, the roots present only primary ramifications and the tertiary and quaternary ramifications are observed with the treatments T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>. The contribution of kaolin is an alternative to inhibit the effect of iron toxicity on the rice plant root development in iron toxicity condition.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal do...[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.展开更多
文摘To explore the toxicological profile of methanol extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium (MECA) tubers in Wistar rats. Methods: MECA was subjected to acute and sub-acute studies which were conducted according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 425 and 407 guidelines respectively). In the acute toxicity experiment, a limit test (5000 mg/kg) was administered to five rats and monitored for 2 weeks. The sub-acute studies were conducted on 4 groups of rats. The first group served as control, while the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups received MECA (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg respectively). The treatments were given orally and daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment (29th day), the animals were euthanized to obtain blood samples and organs for haematological, biochemical and histological evaluations. Results: Acute toxicity study showed that the oral median lethal dose was >5000 mg/kg. In the sub-acute studies, the results showed no significant (P>0.05) changes in the haematological, hepatic and renal indices compared to control animals. In the fourth week, a significant (P<0.01) increase in body weight of the rats was observed at 150 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg compared to week one. However, there were no major changes in the organ/body weights of the rats. Histological examination of the kidney showed slight glomerular adhesion and tubular distortion. Moderate hepatic necrosis was observed at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. Conclusions: The results of this research revealed that the MECA tubers is virtually non-toxic after acute administration and it has low sub-acute toxicity potential in rats.
文摘Rumex abyssinica Jacq. (Polygonaceae) is locally used in management of allergies and female reproductive healthcare;whereas Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) is used to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory distress, dandruff, halitosis and malaria in Uganda. Owing to the paucity of data on their safety profiles, this study evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicities of 70% ethanolic leaf extracts of both plants in mice and Wistar albino rats. The oral acute toxicity of both plants was evaluated in Swiss mice of 7-8 weeks old (16-22 g) body weight and LD50 determined. Sub-acute toxicity was evaluated in Wistar albino rats (6 per group) at dose rates of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg for 28 days. The LD50 of R. abyssinica and M. spicata in mice was 7727 mg/kg and 13,606 mg/kg body weight, respectively. General signs of toxicity due to large doses of both plants extract included hyperurination, abdominal muscle twitches and convulsions. In the sub-acute toxicity test, rats treated with both extracts did not exhibit any clinical signs of toxicity;no mortality and changes in body weight were observed. R. abyssinica did not cause significant changes in haematological indices, except a significant increase in HCT (p 0.05). However, a dose dependant significant decrease in HCT (p 0.05) and a significant increase (p 0.05) in the levels of WBC, LMY and MCHC were observed in rats treated with M. spicata extract. Biochemical test showed that both extracts caused a significant dose dependent increase (p 0.05) in levels of ALT and ALP. Marked increase in the levels of AST was also observed in rats treated with M. spicata extract. Of the two extracts, only rats treated with </
文摘The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activity has been widely used as a biomarker in an animal exposed to the pesticides. However, the interaction of extensively used organocarbamate insecticide, carbofuran, with the nervous system of the aquatic organisms is not properly studied. AChE is a key enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junctions, and thus regulates the neurotransmission system. In the present study, we have evaluated the impact of sub-acute concentrations (0.01 and 0.02 mg/L i.e. 1/20th and 1/10th of LC50) of carbofuran on the activity of acetylcholinesterase,from different tissues of Clarias batrachus, a fresh water teleost, after 96 hr and 15 days exposure periods in vivo. The carbofuran significantly reduced the activity of AChE in different tissues of C. batrachus at both concentrations and periods of exposure. The greater inhibition of AChE activities were recorded in fish tissues at higher carbofuran concentration (0.02 mg/L) after longer (15days) treatment period. The inhibition of AChE activity in all fish tissues tested was dependent on pesticide concentration and the duration of treatment. AChE from the tissues of C. batrachus was found to be a true cholinesterase as it was completely inhibited by the small concentration (nM) of eserine as tested in vitro. It was found that carbofuran at very low concentration exerted significant inhibitory effect on AChE activity in fish tissues.
文摘Momordica foetida is a plant widely used in tropical Africa to manage gastroenteric diseases. Previous studies demonstrated interesting antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. However, the security or toxicity of methanol leaf extract has not been determined yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the leaf extract of Momordica foetida. In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to rats which were observed for 14 days in order to identify signs of toxicity or death. In the sub-acute toxicity, the animals were treated with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the extract for 28 consecutive days. Body weights and behavior were noted throughout the experiment. Upon treatment, blood and urine were collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, testes and ovaries were analyzed for relative weights and histopathology. The acute toxicity study of M. foetida leaf extract revealed no signs of toxicity related to the treatment, indicating that the median-lethal-dose (LD50) value is greater than 5000 mg/Kg of body weight. In the sub-acute toxicity assay, the extract did not affect the general behavior of animals, meanwhile, it led to a significant increase in the levels of red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, granulocytes and Mid-Cells (MIDs). Biochemical parameters showed an increase in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, serum urea, serum and urinary glucose and a decrease in urinary proteins, serum creatinine, urinary urea levels, serum activities of AST, ALT and proteins levels, as well as increases in lung, spleen and ovaries relative weight were noticed, all compared to control animals. Histological analysis revealed a normal architecture of kidneys, liver, heart, lung, ovaries and testes. This study provides valuable data on the safety of per os administration of Momordica foetida leaf methanol extract that could be very useful for future assays.
基金financially supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program of China (BE2021717)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31672224)。
文摘Maintenance of ion homeostasis in plant cells is an essential physiological requirement for sustainable growth,development,and yield of crops.Plants respond to high levels of heavy metals such as copper(Cu)and cadmium(Cd)to avoid irreversible damage at the structural,physiological and molecular levels.Our previous study found that rice germin-like proteins(OsGLPs)are a type of Cu-responsive proteins.The deletion of 10 tandem OsGLP genes on chromosome 8 led to more severe heavy metal toxicity in rice.In this study,we show that rice WRKY transcription factor OsWRKY72 negatively regulates OsGLP8-7transcription.Overexpression of OsWRKY72 weakens the Cu/Cd tolerance of rice when exposed to Cu and Cd.OsWRKY72 suppressed expression of OsGLP8-7 and lignin synthesis genes,resulting in reduced lignin polymerization and consequently lower lignin accumulation in cell walls,thereby increasing the Cu and Cd accumulation.In addition,OsWRKY53 bound to OsWRKY72 to alleviate the transcriptional inhibition of OsGLP8-7.These results revealed that OsWRKY72-OsGLP8-7 is an important module response of rice to heavy metal stress,and that transcription factor OsWRKY72 acts upstream of OsGLP8-7 to regulate Cu/Cd toxicity.
文摘The world will benefit from more effective antimicrobial agents against oral conditions arising from the actions of biofilm forming bacteria. Also, information is lacking on the oral biofilm-forming bacterial diversity in Southwestern Nigeria. In this study, we isolate and characterize oral biofilm producing bacteria in the oral cavities of schoolchildren in Southwestern Nigeria. We also investigate the antimicrobial properties of Macrosphyra longistyla extracts against the biofilm-formers and the toxicity of potent extracts. Samples were obtained from 109 schoolchildren aged 4 - 14 years from Lagos, Oyo and Osun States. Agar well diffusion technique was used in the antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Toxicity testing was done using brine shrimps (Artemia salina). Biofilm-formers in this study are Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Micrococcus sp. Ethanol leaf extracts had the highest activity against all biofilm-producing bacteria. Ethanol stem bark extract, which elicited activity against Klebsiella only, was found to be less toxic than the ethanol leaf extract. Staphylococcus showed >10 mm susceptibility to the ethanol and aqueous extracts of Macrosphyra longistyla. Streptococcus and Micrococcus were susceptible to the antimicrobial actions of the ethanolic leaf extracts. Although the ethanol extracts of the leaves had lower minimum inhibitory concentrations than the ethanol extracts of the stem bark, toxicity studies showed ethanol extracts of the stem-bark to be more toxic than the ethanol extracts of the leaves. In conclusion, ethanolic extracts of Macrosphyra longistyla show potential as sources of antimicrobials against gram-positive, oral biofilm-forming bacteria.
文摘Objective:To investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Levisticum officinale extract on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.Methods:Different doses of Levisticum officinale extract were given orally to rats for 10 days,then rats received a single dose of CCl4(2.5 mL/kg,50%v/v in liquid paraffin).Biochemical and histopathological assays were performed to assess the effects of the extract on liver function and architecture.Moreover,antioxidant and oxidative markers as well as inflammatory and fibrotic indicators were measured.Results:Pretreatment with Levisticum officinale extract significantly mitigated CCl4-induced damage to liver structure,improved serum levels of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,urea,total bilirubin,and total protein,enhanced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the liver,as well as decreased plasma and hepatic malondialdehyde levels.Immunohistochemical results demonstrated that the extract reduced Ki-67 andα-SMA expression and Masson’s trichrome staining revealed decreased liver collagen in rats treated with Levisticum officinale extract.Moreover,Levisticum officinale extract markedly decreased the gene expressions of TNF-α,IL-6,TGF-β1,MCP-1,and COX-2.Conclusions:Levisticum officinale extract exerts hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity through antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and anti-fibrotic activities.
文摘Particulate matter (PM10) deposited as road dust is considered an important source of contamination from atmosphere. However, there are limited studies on the toxicity of road dust as such on different organisms. This study evaluates the toxicity of road dust using different extraction scenarios on Daphnia magna and Artemia salina as aquatic organisms and also on Prosopis cineraria and Vachellia tortilis as local plant species. Chemical analysis of different extracts shows considerable amount of trace metals, however the trace metals in the dust extract associated with suspended sediment were not absorbed by the receptors. On the other hand, the concentration of trace metals in the artificial mixture was found bioavailable and absorbed causing a high percentage of mortality. In the plant assay, significant difference was obtained in the germination percentage between the control and three different extraction exposures in both plant species. The mean root length of P. cineraria and V. tortilis were higher in 20% and 50% extracts than the control probably due to the availability of nutrients from the dust extract. Interestingly however, the seedling vigor index was the opposite with higher index in the control and lower in dust extracts that contain heavy metals.
基金Supported by The Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,CAFS(2024TD18).
文摘In this research,the single and combined toxicity effects of two commonly used pesticides,lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin,were investigated on zebrafish at 20℃,with a weight of(1±0.1)g and a length of(3.5±0.35)cm.The study revealed that lambda-cyhalothrin exhibited higher toxicity compared to deltamethrin.Additionally,when used together,these pesticides showed significantly increased toxic effects on zebrafish.The 96-h LC 50 values were determined to be 3.059μg/L(confidence limits 0.077-0.351μg/L)for lambda-cyhalothrin and 1.304μg/L(confidence limits;0.046-0.228μg/L)for deltamethrin,both demonstrating a significant positive correlation(P<0.05).These results underscore the importance of regulating and managing pesticide use to safeguard aquatic organisms and uphold environmental sustainability.
文摘This work aimed, on the one hand, to determine the mineral and phytochemical composition of Carica papaya in order to guarantee the food safety of consumers and on the other hand, to evaluate the acute toxicity of papaya seeds. The papayas were bought at the Mzée market in Lubumbashi and Selembao in Kinshasa. Fruit sampling was done according to the ISO 7002 standard on agricultural and food products;the papayas were firm, mature, and without stains or physical damage. The analysis results of the papaya pulp showed both for the samples from the city of Lubumbashi and for the city province of Kinshasa that it contains respectively 85.87% and 84.46% water, 0.59% and 0.53% ash content. The mineral evaluation of our two samples presented a potassium content of 200 ± 8 mg, magnesium 13.12 ± 3 mg, calcium 22.15 ± 2 mg, sodium 3 mg ± 0.5 for the sample from Lubumbashi and 192.32 ± 8 mg of potassium, 14.458 ± 3 mg of magnesium, 20.58 ± 2 mg of calcium and 3.58 ± 0.5 mg of sodium for the sample from Kinshasa in macroelements. Concerning the trace elements, after analysis, we found zinc content (0.29 ± 0.1 mg and 0.12 ± 0.1 mg), copper (0.02 ± 0.01 mg and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg), and iron (2.22 ± 0.5 mg and 2.04 ± 0.5 mg) respectively for Lubumbashi and Kinshasa. The chemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, saponosides, tannins catechics, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the palm wine and ethanolic extract of the seeds of Carica papaya and an absence of cyanogenic glycosides and gallic tannins. With mild toxicity, the seeds of the fruit of Carica papaya L. can be used with moderate risk by the population.
文摘Purpose research on nursing sensitive indicators in tumor Patients application effect in immune-related skin toxicity management. Method select our hospital April to June, 202360 cases patients with immune therapy settings as the control group. August-October, 2023 60 cases the patients treated with immune therapy were the experimental group. The control group adopted regular nursing methods, while the experimental group sensitive Indicators, evidence-based give preventive care. The social situation, psychological state, physical function, quality of life score, incidence of skin toxicity caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors, moderate and above of the two groups of patients were compared. Incidence of skin toxicity. Result: experience group SAS score, SDS score higher than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05);The incidence of skin toxic reactions caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors and the incidence of moderate and above skin toxic reactions in the experimental group are lower than those in the control group, and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: sensitive indicator guidance evidence-based preventive care can reduce the degree of immune-related skin toxicity, improve the psychological state and quality of life of tumor patients treated with immune therapy and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions, improve nursing quality and patient satisfaction.
文摘Objective: To establish the procedures for the management of skin toxicity related to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with lung cancer and explore the effect of application. Methods: A total of 24 evidence-based evidences were collected from 7 aspects, including risk factors, baseline screening, ICIs monitoring, daily skin care, multidisciplinary management, symptom management and health education. A total of 157 lung cancer patients and 94 nurses from 8 wards of the Oncology department of our hospital from November 2022 to May 2023 were selected by convenience sampling. A total of 77 patients and 46 nurses from ward 1 - 4 were divided into the baseline group. There were 80 patients and 48 nurses in Ward 5 - 8 as the evidence-based practice group. In the baseline group, patients were treated with routine methods such as assessing skin symptoms, taking medication according to symptoms, guiding to keep skin clean and moist, eating a light diet, and avoiding scratching. The evidence-based practice group adopts an evidence-based continuous improvement model for nursing. The differences in the severity of symptoms of skin toxicity in the second cycle of medication and the knowledge and practice of self-care of skin toxicity were compared between the two groups before and after the use of the syndrome, as well as the differences in the implementation rate of review indicators, evidence-based ability and knowledge and practice of skin toxicity care before and after the use of the syndrome. Results: The incidence and severity of cutaneous toxicity were significantly lower after treatment than before treatment (P P < 0.05). Conclusion: The implementation of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related skin toxicity management procedures can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of skin toxicity symptoms, optimize the clinical pathway, and improve the quality of care.
基金Supported by Guangxi Key R&D Plan(GUIKE AB20297010)Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Special Project(GUIKE AD23023011)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81960889).
文摘[Objectives]Using wild-type AB strain of zebrafish as experimental animal,this study investigated the damaging effect of Wufang Babu Ointment on skin cells,in order to evaluate the skin toxicity of Wufang Babu Ointment.[Methods]Wild-type AB strain of zebrafish with an age of 2 d were taken and fed in different concentrations of Wufang Babu Ointment solution for 24 h.The number of deaths in each group of zebrafish was recorded,and the mortality rate was calculated.Using Origin 8.0 software,the maximum non lethal concentration(MNLC)was simulated.Zebrafish raised in different concentrations of Wufang Babu Ointment solution for 24 h were placed under an anatomical microscope for taking photos,to analyze and calculate the incidence of skin damage in zebrafish.Based on the statistical analysis results of this indicator,the skin toxicity of Wufang Babu Ointment was evaluated.[Results]The MNLC of Wufang Babu Ointment on zebrafish was 671μg/mL;Wufang Babu Ointment can induce skin damage at the concentrations of 224μg/mL(1/3 MNLC)and 671μg/mL(MNLC).[Conclusions]Wufang Babu Ointment had certain skin toxicity to zebrafish.
文摘Annona squamosa Linn.fruit is famous for its nutritional value with a long history of medicinal benefits due to the presence of many phytochemicals,including alkaloids,diterpenes,essential oil,phytopeptides,etc.Several studies envisaged that Annona squamosa possesses cytotoxic,diuretic,antiurolithiatic,antitumor,anti-psoriatic,antioxidant,and hepatoprotective properties.This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of wound infection,dysentery,seizure,tumors,fever,vomiting,parasitic infections,hypertension,thyroid,toothache,acne,heart disease,inflammation,diabetes,hair loss,dandruff,hemorrhage,maggot-infected sores,abortifacient,and cough.However,some chemical constituents isolated from the plant have shown specific toxic effects in human and animal models,such as acute oral toxic effects,genotoxic,neurotoxic,and ocular toxic.The plant has diverse pharmacological actions,the seeds of this plant possess a genotoxic effect but on the contrary,the bark of the plant shows genoprotective activity.A large number of ethnobotanical studies reported the seed of this plant is used to induce abortion in humans,but a scientific study carried out in pregnant rats reported aqueous seed extract of the plant did not interfere with reproductive performance.The presented review summarized the traditional uses,pharmacological,and toxicological activities of the isolated compounds from this plant.Additionally,some patents and commercial products related to Annona squamosa are also brought up in this article to explore its application which would attract the scientific community to search out its hidden side.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81930004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82170208)+2 种基金Tongzhou District Distinguished Young Scholars(No.JCQN2023009)Plan Project of Tongzhou Municipal Science and Technology(No.KJ2024CX045)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.Z230016)。
文摘Objective:We aimed to compare the quality-adjusted time without symptoms or toxicity(Q-TWiST)in acute myeloid leukemia(AML)patients who received haploidentical-related donor(HID)and identical sibling donor(ISD)hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT).Methods:Five clinical health states were defined:toxicity(TOX),acute graft-versus-host disease(GVHD),chronic GVHD(cGVHD),time without symptoms and toxicity(TWiST)and relapse(REL).The equation used in this study was as follows:Q-TWiST=UTOX×TOX+UTWiST×TWiST+UREL×REL+UaGVHD×aGVHD+UcGVHD×cGVHD.Results:A total of 239 AML patients were enrolled.We established a mathematical model,i.e.,Q-TWiST HID HSCT>Q-TWiST ISD HSCT,to explore the range of utility coefficients satisfying the inequality.Based on the raw data,the utility coefficient is equivalent to the following inequality:10.57067UTOX-46.27733UREL+105.9374+3.388078UaGVHD-210.8198UcGVHD>0.The model showed that when UTOX,UREL,and UaGVHD were within the range of 0-1,as well as when UcGVHD was within the range of 0-0.569,the inequality Q-TWiST HID HSCT>Q-TWiST ISD HSCT was valid.According to the results of the ChiCTR1800016972 study,the median coefficients of TOX,acute GVHD(aGVHD),and cGVHD were 0.56(0.41-0.76),0.56(0.47-0.72),and 0.54(0.37-0.79),respectively.We selected a series of specific examples of the coefficients,i.e.,UTOX=0.5,UREL=0.05,UaGVHD-0.5,and UcGVHD-0.5.The Q-TWiST values of ISD and HID HSCT were 896 and 900 d,respectively(P=0.470).Conclusions:We first observed that Q-TWiST was comparable between AML patients receiving HID HSCT and those receiving ISD HSCT.
文摘The halopyrimidine 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine(BrdU)is an exogenous marker of DNA synthesis.Since the introduction of monoclonal antibodies against BrdU,an increasing number of methodologies have been used for the immunodetection of this synthesized bromine-tagged base analogue into replicating DNA.BrdU labeling is widely used for identifying neuron precursors and following their fate during the embryonic,perinatal,and adult neurogenesis in a variety of vertebrate species including birds,reptiles,and mammals.Due to BrdU toxicity,its incorporation into replicating DNA presents adverse consequences on the generation,survival,and settled patterns of cells.This may lead to false results and misinterpretation in the identification of proliferative neuroblasts.In this review,I will indicate the detrimental effects of this nucleoside during the development of the central nervous system,as well as the reliability of BrdU labeling to detect proliferating neuroblasts.Moreover,it will show factors influencing BrdU immunodetection and the contribution of this nucleoside to the study of prenatal,perinatal,and adult neurogenesis.Human adult neurogenesis will also be discussed.It is my hope that this review serves as a reference for those researchers who focused on detecting cells that are in the synthetic phase of the cell cycle.
文摘Objective:The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of acute and late toxicities,as well as changes in the quality of life(QOL)for breast cancer patients following radiotherapy(RT).Materials and Methods:A total of 108 breast cancer women were recruited for this prospective study.Data were collected at various intervals;prior to,and 1,3,6 months,and 1 year after radiation therapy.The primary outcomes were toxicity radiation therapy oncology group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC)criteria.Our secondary outcome was QOL,measured using EORTC QLQ-C30 and Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale.We employed Friedman’s two-way analysis to evaluate the changes in QOL over the course of 1 year.Results:The early toxicities that are most commonly experienced include pharyngeal,skin,and mucous membrane toxicity.Late toxicities frequently involve skin and submucosal toxicity.To measure patient functionality,all functional subscale scores except for the patient’s emotional state increased over time compared to pre-RT.Symptoms of the patients,which were included in the QOL symptom scale,decreased during the follow-up period,except for fatigue;however,changes in pain,insomnia,and loss of appetite did not significantly change.We identified the analogous symptom profiles in Edmonton.Although patients’overall health scores declined in the 1st and 3rd months after radiotherapy(RT),they rebounded at 6 and 12 months.Conclusion:For breast cancer patients,RT did not adversely affect functional capacity or exacerbate symptoms,but persistent fatigue did increase during the observation period.Health-care professionals ought to devise strategies to assist patients with skin toxicity and fatigue.
文摘Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are ubiquitous environmental contaminants of growing concern due to their potential ecological and human health risks.This study presents a comprehensive assessment of PAHs contamination in the surface sediments of Burullus Lake,a vital and second largest delta lake in Egypt.The aim was to evaluate the eco-toxicity and potential health risks associated with the presence of these compounds.Surface seven sediment samples were collected from various drains in the southern part of Burullus Lake.Soxhlet extraction method was employed to extract PAHs(16PAHs)from the sediment sample.Analytically,target compounds were located using HPLC.The results showed that samples contained PAHs levels ranging from 0.038×10^(-6)to 0.459×10^(-6),which is considered heavily polluted by the European standard for PAHs pollution.Additionally,there was no apparent source of PAHs in the ElKhashah drain or the Brinbal Canal,as HPLC found none of the compounds.The most prevalent compound in sediment samples along the study area was fluoranthene.The diagnostic indices in the present study indicated that the hydrocarbons in the region originated from pyrolytic and man-made sources along the drains of Burullus Lake.The principal component analysis(PCA)and diagnostic ratios revealed that coal combustion and pyrolytic sources were responsible for the PAHs contamination in the surface sediments.The non-carcinogenic risk(HI),which is the product of the HQs for the adult and child populations,respectively,was calculated.HI values under 1,therefore,demonstrated that they had no carcinogenic effects on human health.TEQs and MEQs in the sediments of Burullus Lake do not have a cancer-causing impact on people.For the safety of nearby wildlife,aquatic life,and people,all activities that raise petroleum hydrocarbon levels in Burullus Lake must be adequately regulated and controlled.According to the ecological risk assessment,there is little chance that PAHs will be found in the sediments of Burullus Lake.This study underscores the urgent need for effective pollution control measures and regular monitoring of PAHs levels in Burullus Lake sediments to protect the aquatic ecosystem and public health.It also highlights the importance of considering eco-toxicity and human health risks in integrated risk assessments of PAHs-contaminated environments.
文摘In the tropics, lowland rice cultivation is often confronted with the problem of iron toxicity. The solution proposed by research in general is the use of industrial silicon. However, the high cost of industrial silicon limits its adoption by farmers. A study was carried out in Zakogbeu;Center-West of Côte d’Ivoire, to assess the potential of kaolin to mitigate the effect of this soil constraint on the root of the rice plant. Five kaolin-based treatments were analyzed (T<sub>0 </sub>= 0 kg kaolin ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, T<sub>1</sub> = 366 kg kaolin ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, T<sub>2</sub> = 736 kg kaolin ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, T<sub>3</sub> = 1097 kg kaolin ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> and T<sub>4</sub> = 1465 kg kaolin ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> are 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 kg SiO<sub>2</sub> ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>) in a device in complete random blocks, with 5 repetitions. The results obtained show that kaolin supply increases the length of the root tissue as well as the number of branching of the root of the rice plant. Root tissue increased from 10 cm with T<sub>0</sub> treatment to more than 15 cm with treatment T<sub>4</sub>. The microscopic observation of the roots shows that in the treatment T<sub>0</sub>, the roots present only primary ramifications and the tertiary and quaternary ramifications are observed with the treatments T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>. The contribution of kaolin is an alternative to inhibit the effect of iron toxicity on the rice plant root development in iron toxicity condition.
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.
