With the rapid advancement of digital and information technology,global positioning system(GPS)technology has seen increasing utilization in surveying and mapping engineering,extending its application across land,ocea...With the rapid advancement of digital and information technology,global positioning system(GPS)technology has seen increasing utilization in surveying and mapping engineering,extending its application across land,ocean,and various other domains.By analyzing the technical means of GPS in surveying and mapping engineering,understanding the characteristics and key technologies in different application environments,and exploring the application process and key technical means,accurate control can be effectively realized.Based on this,this paper mainly analyzes the specific application of GPS technology in surveying and mapping engineering technology for reference.展开更多
This study explores Celtic landsurveying practices in the Sundgau area,situated in France west of the river Rhine.The region served as an important gateway for the Celts to access central France and the Mediterranean ...This study explores Celtic landsurveying practices in the Sundgau area,situated in France west of the river Rhine.The region served as an important gateway for the Celts to access central France and the Mediterranean Sea.The Celts inhabited the area from the early Hallstatt Period and cultivated the fertile grounds of the Sundgau valley.The study focuses on the ancient landsurveying technique using the Pentagon-Dodecahedra,a geometrical body with drilled holes and knobs.The dodecahedron was used to stake out long straight lines with precise directions.The surveyors relied on star and direction-finding tubes to align their instruments and determine the line of sight.The study reconstructs the geometrical grid resulting from ancient landsurveying in the Sundgau area,with base-lines extending from Gempen to Rosenau.It also identifies perpendicular axes and parallel lines that intersect at various points where ancient centers for worshipers,including chapels,churches,graveyards,and sacred sites,are located.The findings demonstrate the systematic and precise nature of Celtic landsurveying practices in the Sundgau area,with approximately 500 objects associated with the surveyed lines.展开更多
The integration of the civics course and surveying professional course is an important part of the teaching reform of surveying,which is an important way to implement the principle of cultivating educated talents with...The integration of the civics course and surveying professional course is an important part of the teaching reform of surveying,which is an important way to implement the principle of cultivating educated talents with moral characters for the country.Based on the surveying course,this paper deeply analyses the spirit of hard work and endurance,craftsmanship,innovation,and national sentiment contained in surveying,carries the civics education with professional knowledge,and makes the civics element subliminally enter the brain and heart,so as to improve the patriotic sentiment and professional quality of students.展开更多
Engineering surveying is an important course for road and bridge engineering technology majors in higher vocational colleges.With the advancement of science and technology,engineering surveying technology is also cons...Engineering surveying is an important course for road and bridge engineering technology majors in higher vocational colleges.With the advancement of science and technology,engineering surveying technology is also constantly developing,so the theoretical knowledge and professional skills that students need to master are also becoming increasingly complicated.To stimulate the students’interest in learning the course,it is necessary to continuously introduce innovative teaching methods into the course.In this paper,the importance of teaching innovation in engineering surveying courses of road and bridge engineering technology majors in higher vocational colleges and the knowledge system that students need to master are analyzed.Subsequently,innovative strategies are proposed to help improve the students’mastery of engineering surveying.展开更多
Surveying control network optimization design is related to standards, such as precision, reliability, sensitivity and the cost, and these standards are related closely to each other. A new method for surveying contro...Surveying control network optimization design is related to standards, such as precision, reliability, sensitivity and the cost, and these standards are related closely to each other. A new method for surveying control network simulation optimization design is proposed. This method is based on the inner reliability index of the observation values.展开更多
Side-refraction is the main error source of horizontal angle surveying, but it has little influence on the sides by analyzing the influence of atmospheric-infraction on the ultrahigh-precision side and angle surveying...Side-refraction is the main error source of horizontal angle surveying, but it has little influence on the sides by analyzing the influence of atmospheric-infraction on the ultrahigh-precision side and angle surveying. Choosing oriented direction is crucial to distance and angle measurement in triangulateration network. How to select the oriented direction during angle measurement is presented, and the means to check the quality of auto-surveying with Georobot is brought forward as well. At last some solutions to reduce the influence of side-refraction while disposing and surveying ultrahigh-precision triangulateration network are put forward.展开更多
Nowadays Surveying and Mapping(S&M)production and services are facing some serious challenges such as real-timization of data acquisition,automation of information processing,and intellectualization of service app...Nowadays Surveying and Mapping(S&M)production and services are facing some serious challenges such as real-timization of data acquisition,automation of information processing,and intellectualization of service applications.The main reason is that current digitalized S&M technologies,which involve complex algorithms and models as the core,are incapable of completely describing and representing the diverse,multi-dimensional and dynamic real world,as well as addressing high-dimensional and nonlinear spatial problems using simple algorithms and models.In order to address these challenges,it is necessary to explore the use of natural intelligence in S&M,and to develop intelligentized S&M technologies,which are knowledge-guided and algorithm-based.This paper first discusses the basic concepts and ideas of intelligentized S&M,and then analyzes and defines its fundamental issues in the analysis and modeling of natural intelligence in S&M,the construction and realization of hybrid intelligent computing paradigm,and the mechanism and path of empowering production.Further research directions are then proposed in the four areas,including knowledge systems,technologies and methodologies,application systems,and instruments and equipments of intelligentized S&M.Finally,some institutional issues related to promoting scientific research and engineering applications in this area are discussed.展开更多
Based on the concept of admissibility in statistics, a definition of generalized admissibility of Bayes estimates has been given at first, which was with inaccurate prior for the application in surveying adjustment. T...Based on the concept of admissibility in statistics, a definition of generalized admissibility of Bayes estimates has been given at first, which was with inaccurate prior for the application in surveying adjustment. Then according to the definition, the generalized admissibility of the normal linear Bayes estimate with the inaccurate prior information that contains deviations or model errors, as well as how to eliminate the effect of the model error on the Bayes estimate in surveying adjustment were studied. The results show that if the prior information is not accurate, that is, it contains model error, the generalized admissibility can explain whether the Bayes estimate can be accepted or not. For the case of linear normal Bayes estimate, the Bayes estimate can be made generally admissible by giving a less prior weight if the prior information is inaccurate. Finally an example was given.展开更多
The concepts of “confining structure” and structure light are illuminated in this paper.A laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation,which is aimed at “confining structure”,is developed.Various scanning mode...The concepts of “confining structure” and structure light are illuminated in this paper.A laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation,which is aimed at “confining structure”,is developed.Various scanning modes and their mathematical models based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation are discussed.According to the features of a huge object,,the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is determined as the main method in an actual application.The observation of four sound concrete posts and forced centering plates.Subsequently,it is transformed into the huge object coordinate system.The scanning mode with plumb plane is selected as the main mode in the whole work.And other assistant methods,such as close range photogrammetry and the method of using reflection sheet,are applied to the work of “scanning dead angle”.At last,a surveying accuracy estimation of this method is done and a surveying accuracy test is finished.It can be concluded that the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is considered to be an effective and applied method,and has many superiority to some other surveying methods in the work of surveying “confining structure”.展开更多
The Grove Mountains, located between the Zhongshan Station and Dome A, are a very important area in inland Antarctic research. China has organized ifve investigations of the Grove Mountains, encompassing the geologica...The Grove Mountains, located between the Zhongshan Station and Dome A, are a very important area in inland Antarctic research. China has organized ifve investigations of the Grove Mountains, encompassing the geological structure, ancient climate, meteorites, ice-movement monitoring, basic mapping, meteorological observations, and other multi-disciplinary observational studies. During the 26th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition in 2010, the Grove Mountains investigation team applied specialized ground-penetrating radar （GPR） to survey subglacial topography in the eastern kernel area of the Grove Mountains. In this paper, we processed GPS and GPR data gathered in the ifeld and drew, for the ifrst time, two subglacial topographic maps of the Grove Mountains kernel area using professional graphics software. The preliminary results reveal the mystery of the nunatak landform of this area, give an exploratory sense of the real bedrock landforms, and indicate a possible sedimentary basin under the Pliocene epoch fossil ice in the Grove Mountains area. Additionally, it has been proven from cross-sectional analysis between Mount Harding and the Zakharoff ridge that the box-valley shape between two nunataks has already matured.展开更多
A novel outlier recognition method in surveying data is presented based on Shannon information entropy. The probability distribution of surveying data does not need to be known or hypothesized in this method, and it i...A novel outlier recognition method in surveying data is presented based on Shannon information entropy. The probability distribution of surveying data does not need to be known or hypothesized in this method, and it is not only accurate but also convenient to calculate in this method compared with statistical recognition method.展开更多
Magnetic surveying is one of the methods of studying shallow subsurface structures by measuring variation in an area which can be compared to the surroundings.This method can disclose the magnetic minerals or metallic...Magnetic surveying is one of the methods of studying shallow subsurface structures by measuring variation in an area which can be compared to the surroundings.This method can disclose the magnetic minerals or metallic objects underground.In addition, fluid flow can affect these magnetic anomalies too. This paper is the result of a case study done in a 2500 m^2 region which investigates and reveals the effect展开更多
The relationship between the surveying and contro l network(CSN) for earth-orbit satellite and spatial geodesy, and the relationshi p between the CSN for deep space celestial bodies and detectors, and deep space detec...The relationship between the surveying and contro l network(CSN) for earth-orbit satellite and spatial geodesy, and the relationshi p between the CSN for deep space celestial bodies and detectors, and deep space detection are briefly summarized, and so are the basic technical needs of the de ep space surveying and control network(DSN). Then, the techniques, the constitue nts and the distributing of Chinese satellite CSN (CSCSN) and other radio observ ing establishments in China are introduced. Lastly, with the primary CSCSN and o ther observing establishments, some projects for China to rebuild a more perfect CSCSN, and to establish a DSN are analyzed and stated.展开更多
It is a new method of surveying leg spuds of self-elevating drilling platforms to lift them out of water with the help of additional middle guide blocks. Its main advantages in comparison with other methods normally u...It is a new method of surveying leg spuds of self-elevating drilling platforms to lift them out of water with the help of additional middle guide blocks. Its main advantages in comparison with other methods normally used up to now are: less expensive, time saving, no need for specially designated water area, direct visual observation, good reliability and safety. The working principle has been presented with the example of two platforms 'Bohai No. 8' and 'Bohai No. 10', to which the method was used. Also a comprehensive comparison with other methods in technological and economical aspects is given in the paper.展开更多
With the flourish of Digital Earth and Digital Urban, Digital Mine is also imperative. The most fundamental condition for Digital Mine is mastering multiple spatial and property data. Various drawing materials and pro...With the flourish of Digital Earth and Digital Urban, Digital Mine is also imperative. The most fundamental condition for Digital Mine is mastering multiple spatial and property data. Various drawing materials and property data for mine industry provided by mine surveying workers in our country over the past half century will be the foundation of Digital Mine. The authors believe that the first step of Digital Mine is to develop basic mine geographic information system (for short MGIS), based on which Web Mine Geographic Information System can be set up. Besides when selecting software desk, including system softwares, supporting softwares, tool softwares and other auxiliary softwares, following standard, compatiblity, transplantation and co-operation, the function and efficiency of the selected software environment, as well as the supporting and expansion of adopting new technology should all be considered.展开更多
Due to the public’s increased interest in renewable energies and the “Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz” (EEG) from February 2000, geothermal energy and other alternative or renewable energies gain more and more importan...Due to the public’s increased interest in renewable energies and the “Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz” (EEG) from February 2000, geothermal energy and other alternative or renewable energies gain more and more importance. As far as Germany is concerned, geothermal energy and coal bed/mine methane are considered as mineral resources according to the German mining law. This demands the participation of mine surveyors/mineral resources managers from the planning to the production stage and even beyond it. The main tasks that have to be fulfilled are, among others, applications for exploration and production licences as well as the evaluation of the resource’s potential. This paper indicates the tasks of mine surveyors/mineral resources managers in the wide area of the renewable energies in Germany, especially concerning the use of geothermal energy and methane.展开更多
The surveying under the forest cover, water level and the ground and above special construction (e.g. the steel-making furnace) have become a new project in the agriculture, industry and environment monitoring. It sho...The surveying under the forest cover, water level and the ground and above special construction (e.g. the steel-making furnace) have become a new project in the agriculture, industry and environment monitoring. It should be based on the digital and precision surveying, the 3S(GPS,RS and GIS) technology will be applied to the locating of special site and establishing of surveying information system. The primary theory has been proved and tested in this paper. By the means of the field data, the application of 3S technology has embodied some advantages, such as the characteristic of real-time and high-precision.展开更多
Due to the rapid growth of the mining sector of Mongolia, the need for preparing mining surveying specialists is increasing significantly. The history of preparing highly educated mining surveying specialists and putt...Due to the rapid growth of the mining sector of Mongolia, the need for preparing mining surveying specialists is increasing significantly. The history of preparing highly educated mining surveying specialists and putting their education into practice in our country is an interesting one. The main center to prepare mining surveying specialists is the School of Mining Engineering of the Mongolian State University of Science and Technology. This paper introduces the work that is being done today to prepare mining surveying specialists in Mongolia and its future purposes.展开更多
The feasibility of moni-toring the change of city settlementusing GPS surveying instead of level-ing is studied. A fiducial network anda monitoring network are establishedin Ningbo city. Two periods of GPSobservation ...The feasibility of moni-toring the change of city settlementusing GPS surveying instead of level-ing is studied. A fiducial network anda monitoring network are establishedin Ningbo city. Two periods of GPSobservation are completed. Somemeasures are taken during the obser-vation in order to ensure to obtain thehigh-precise height component. TheSaastamoinen model is adopted in thedata processing of the dry componentpart of the tropospheric delay. Thewet component change of the tropo-spheric delay is estimated by stochasticprocesses model. When Bernese soft-ware is used to process the data, themillimeter level precision of heightmeasuring is achieved.展开更多
This paper is to advance some relevant techniques to set up a three-dimensional industrial surveying system of “building blocks type”, making use of the electronic theodolite, standard ruler and portable computer.
文摘With the rapid advancement of digital and information technology,global positioning system(GPS)technology has seen increasing utilization in surveying and mapping engineering,extending its application across land,ocean,and various other domains.By analyzing the technical means of GPS in surveying and mapping engineering,understanding the characteristics and key technologies in different application environments,and exploring the application process and key technical means,accurate control can be effectively realized.Based on this,this paper mainly analyzes the specific application of GPS technology in surveying and mapping engineering technology for reference.
文摘This study explores Celtic landsurveying practices in the Sundgau area,situated in France west of the river Rhine.The region served as an important gateway for the Celts to access central France and the Mediterranean Sea.The Celts inhabited the area from the early Hallstatt Period and cultivated the fertile grounds of the Sundgau valley.The study focuses on the ancient landsurveying technique using the Pentagon-Dodecahedra,a geometrical body with drilled holes and knobs.The dodecahedron was used to stake out long straight lines with precise directions.The surveyors relied on star and direction-finding tubes to align their instruments and determine the line of sight.The study reconstructs the geometrical grid resulting from ancient landsurveying in the Sundgau area,with base-lines extending from Gempen to Rosenau.It also identifies perpendicular axes and parallel lines that intersect at various points where ancient centers for worshipers,including chapels,churches,graveyards,and sacred sites,are located.The findings demonstrate the systematic and precise nature of Celtic landsurveying practices in the Sundgau area,with approximately 500 objects associated with the surveyed lines.
基金Project of Young Teachers’Research Fund of Xinyang College of Agriculture and Forestry(Project number:QN2021014)。
文摘The integration of the civics course and surveying professional course is an important part of the teaching reform of surveying,which is an important way to implement the principle of cultivating educated talents with moral characters for the country.Based on the surveying course,this paper deeply analyses the spirit of hard work and endurance,craftsmanship,innovation,and national sentiment contained in surveying,carries the civics education with professional knowledge,and makes the civics element subliminally enter the brain and heart,so as to improve the patriotic sentiment and professional quality of students.
文摘Engineering surveying is an important course for road and bridge engineering technology majors in higher vocational colleges.With the advancement of science and technology,engineering surveying technology is also constantly developing,so the theoretical knowledge and professional skills that students need to master are also becoming increasingly complicated.To stimulate the students’interest in learning the course,it is necessary to continuously introduce innovative teaching methods into the course.In this paper,the importance of teaching innovation in engineering surveying courses of road and bridge engineering technology majors in higher vocational colleges and the knowledge system that students need to master are analyzed.Subsequently,innovative strategies are proposed to help improve the students’mastery of engineering surveying.
文摘Surveying control network optimization design is related to standards, such as precision, reliability, sensitivity and the cost, and these standards are related closely to each other. A new method for surveying control network simulation optimization design is proposed. This method is based on the inner reliability index of the observation values.
文摘Side-refraction is the main error source of horizontal angle surveying, but it has little influence on the sides by analyzing the influence of atmospheric-infraction on the ultrahigh-precision side and angle surveying. Choosing oriented direction is crucial to distance and angle measurement in triangulateration network. How to select the oriented direction during angle measurement is presented, and the means to check the quality of auto-surveying with Georobot is brought forward as well. At last some solutions to reduce the influence of side-refraction while disposing and surveying ultrahigh-precision triangulateration network are put forward.
基金The Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41930650)The Strategic Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(No.2019-ZD-16)。
文摘Nowadays Surveying and Mapping(S&M)production and services are facing some serious challenges such as real-timization of data acquisition,automation of information processing,and intellectualization of service applications.The main reason is that current digitalized S&M technologies,which involve complex algorithms and models as the core,are incapable of completely describing and representing the diverse,multi-dimensional and dynamic real world,as well as addressing high-dimensional and nonlinear spatial problems using simple algorithms and models.In order to address these challenges,it is necessary to explore the use of natural intelligence in S&M,and to develop intelligentized S&M technologies,which are knowledge-guided and algorithm-based.This paper first discusses the basic concepts and ideas of intelligentized S&M,and then analyzes and defines its fundamental issues in the analysis and modeling of natural intelligence in S&M,the construction and realization of hybrid intelligent computing paradigm,and the mechanism and path of empowering production.Further research directions are then proposed in the four areas,including knowledge systems,technologies and methodologies,application systems,and instruments and equipments of intelligentized S&M.Finally,some institutional issues related to promoting scientific research and engineering applications in this area are discussed.
文摘Based on the concept of admissibility in statistics, a definition of generalized admissibility of Bayes estimates has been given at first, which was with inaccurate prior for the application in surveying adjustment. Then according to the definition, the generalized admissibility of the normal linear Bayes estimate with the inaccurate prior information that contains deviations or model errors, as well as how to eliminate the effect of the model error on the Bayes estimate in surveying adjustment were studied. The results show that if the prior information is not accurate, that is, it contains model error, the generalized admissibility can explain whether the Bayes estimate can be accepted or not. For the case of linear normal Bayes estimate, the Bayes estimate can be made generally admissible by giving a less prior weight if the prior information is inaccurate. Finally an example was given.
文摘The concepts of “confining structure” and structure light are illuminated in this paper.A laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation,which is aimed at “confining structure”,is developed.Various scanning modes and their mathematical models based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation are discussed.According to the features of a huge object,,the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is determined as the main method in an actual application.The observation of four sound concrete posts and forced centering plates.Subsequently,it is transformed into the huge object coordinate system.The scanning mode with plumb plane is selected as the main mode in the whole work.And other assistant methods,such as close range photogrammetry and the method of using reflection sheet,are applied to the work of “scanning dead angle”.At last,a surveying accuracy estimation of this method is done and a surveying accuracy test is finished.It can be concluded that the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is considered to be an effective and applied method,and has many superiority to some other surveying methods in the work of surveying “confining structure”.
基金supported by the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Programs(Grant no.CHINARE-2014-02-02)
文摘The Grove Mountains, located between the Zhongshan Station and Dome A, are a very important area in inland Antarctic research. China has organized ifve investigations of the Grove Mountains, encompassing the geological structure, ancient climate, meteorites, ice-movement monitoring, basic mapping, meteorological observations, and other multi-disciplinary observational studies. During the 26th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition in 2010, the Grove Mountains investigation team applied specialized ground-penetrating radar （GPR） to survey subglacial topography in the eastern kernel area of the Grove Mountains. In this paper, we processed GPS and GPR data gathered in the ifeld and drew, for the ifrst time, two subglacial topographic maps of the Grove Mountains kernel area using professional graphics software. The preliminary results reveal the mystery of the nunatak landform of this area, give an exploratory sense of the real bedrock landforms, and indicate a possible sedimentary basin under the Pliocene epoch fossil ice in the Grove Mountains area. Additionally, it has been proven from cross-sectional analysis between Mount Harding and the Zakharoff ridge that the box-valley shape between two nunataks has already matured.
文摘A novel outlier recognition method in surveying data is presented based on Shannon information entropy. The probability distribution of surveying data does not need to be known or hypothesized in this method, and it is not only accurate but also convenient to calculate in this method compared with statistical recognition method.
文摘Magnetic surveying is one of the methods of studying shallow subsurface structures by measuring variation in an area which can be compared to the surroundings.This method can disclose the magnetic minerals or metallic objects underground.In addition, fluid flow can affect these magnetic anomalies too. This paper is the result of a case study done in a 2500 m^2 region which investigates and reveals the effect
文摘The relationship between the surveying and contro l network(CSN) for earth-orbit satellite and spatial geodesy, and the relationshi p between the CSN for deep space celestial bodies and detectors, and deep space detection are briefly summarized, and so are the basic technical needs of the de ep space surveying and control network(DSN). Then, the techniques, the constitue nts and the distributing of Chinese satellite CSN (CSCSN) and other radio observ ing establishments in China are introduced. Lastly, with the primary CSCSN and o ther observing establishments, some projects for China to rebuild a more perfect CSCSN, and to establish a DSN are analyzed and stated.
文摘It is a new method of surveying leg spuds of self-elevating drilling platforms to lift them out of water with the help of additional middle guide blocks. Its main advantages in comparison with other methods normally used up to now are: less expensive, time saving, no need for specially designated water area, direct visual observation, good reliability and safety. The working principle has been presented with the example of two platforms 'Bohai No. 8' and 'Bohai No. 10', to which the method was used. Also a comprehensive comparison with other methods in technological and economical aspects is given in the paper.
文摘With the flourish of Digital Earth and Digital Urban, Digital Mine is also imperative. The most fundamental condition for Digital Mine is mastering multiple spatial and property data. Various drawing materials and property data for mine industry provided by mine surveying workers in our country over the past half century will be the foundation of Digital Mine. The authors believe that the first step of Digital Mine is to develop basic mine geographic information system (for short MGIS), based on which Web Mine Geographic Information System can be set up. Besides when selecting software desk, including system softwares, supporting softwares, tool softwares and other auxiliary softwares, following standard, compatiblity, transplantation and co-operation, the function and efficiency of the selected software environment, as well as the supporting and expansion of adopting new technology should all be considered.
文摘Due to the public’s increased interest in renewable energies and the “Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz” (EEG) from February 2000, geothermal energy and other alternative or renewable energies gain more and more importance. As far as Germany is concerned, geothermal energy and coal bed/mine methane are considered as mineral resources according to the German mining law. This demands the participation of mine surveyors/mineral resources managers from the planning to the production stage and even beyond it. The main tasks that have to be fulfilled are, among others, applications for exploration and production licences as well as the evaluation of the resource’s potential. This paper indicates the tasks of mine surveyors/mineral resources managers in the wide area of the renewable energies in Germany, especially concerning the use of geothermal energy and methane.
基金Project (2001 AA24503) supported by the National High-Tech Research Programof China Project (30070619) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China .
文摘The surveying under the forest cover, water level and the ground and above special construction (e.g. the steel-making furnace) have become a new project in the agriculture, industry and environment monitoring. It should be based on the digital and precision surveying, the 3S(GPS,RS and GIS) technology will be applied to the locating of special site and establishing of surveying information system. The primary theory has been proved and tested in this paper. By the means of the field data, the application of 3S technology has embodied some advantages, such as the characteristic of real-time and high-precision.
文摘Due to the rapid growth of the mining sector of Mongolia, the need for preparing mining surveying specialists is increasing significantly. The history of preparing highly educated mining surveying specialists and putting their education into practice in our country is an interesting one. The main center to prepare mining surveying specialists is the School of Mining Engineering of the Mongolian State University of Science and Technology. This paper introduces the work that is being done today to prepare mining surveying specialists in Mongolia and its future purposes.
文摘The feasibility of moni-toring the change of city settlementusing GPS surveying instead of level-ing is studied. A fiducial network anda monitoring network are establishedin Ningbo city. Two periods of GPSobservation are completed. Somemeasures are taken during the obser-vation in order to ensure to obtain thehigh-precise height component. TheSaastamoinen model is adopted in thedata processing of the dry componentpart of the tropospheric delay. Thewet component change of the tropo-spheric delay is estimated by stochasticprocesses model. When Bernese soft-ware is used to process the data, themillimeter level precision of heightmeasuring is achieved.
文摘This paper is to advance some relevant techniques to set up a three-dimensional industrial surveying system of “building blocks type”, making use of the electronic theodolite, standard ruler and portable computer.
