Hume's Pheasant(Syrmaticus humiae) and the Silver Pheasant(Lophura nycthemera) are two sympatric bird species at Dazhong Mountain of Yunnan Province,southwestern China.We investigated characteristics of roosting h...Hume's Pheasant(Syrmaticus humiae) and the Silver Pheasant(Lophura nycthemera) are two sympatric bird species at Dazhong Mountain of Yunnan Province,southwestern China.We investigated characteristics of roosting habitats of the two pheasants from February to April,2004 in this area.Multiple statistics,Matryoshka and a habitat classification-tree were used to analyze the selection of roosting habitats of these pheasants. The results of the habitat classification-tree indicated that several separations occurred in their macro and micro roosting habitats in the study area. The two pheasants had similar crucial requirements for and selection of ecological roosting factors,which allow them to live in the same macrohabitat.Competition between these two pheasants was avoided by separation of spatial elements,such as roosting trees and topographic characteristics.For safety strategy,Hume's Pheasant adopted primarily a way of'uneasily found habitat cover plus easy escape',while the Silver Pheasant employed a unique way of'uneasily found habitat cover'.For tactics of keeping warm,Hume's Pheasant selected mainly a method of'suitable vegetation supplemented with suitable topography',while the Silver Pheasant chose a unique man-ner of'suitable vegetation'.展开更多
Two varieties of Bouteloua aristidoides have been recognized,the widespread var.aristidoides and the more narrowly distributed var.arizonica.The two varieties differ in inflorescence form even more than that seen betw...Two varieties of Bouteloua aristidoides have been recognized,the widespread var.aristidoides and the more narrowly distributed var.arizonica.The two varieties differ in inflorescence form even more than that seen between many other closely related species of Bouteloua.We therefore asked whether these taxa might be better regarded as distinct species.A total of 93 vouchers were studied by using morphometry(principal components analysis and statistical tests),leaf micromorphology,ancestral state reconstruction,and/or molecular(ITS,trnC-rpoB and trnT-L-F)phylogenetic analyses.Except from the ITS tree,all results supported elevation of B.aristidoides var.arizonica to the rank of species,thus the new combination Bouteloua arizonica(M.E.Jones)L.F.Cuellar&Columbus comb.nov.et stat.nov.,is proposed.Chloroplast and combined chloroplast-nuclear molecular trees depicted var.arizonica as monophyletic(even in sympatric populations with var.aristidoides)and reveals phylogenetic structure within var.aristidoides for which the presence of new undescribed varieties of B.aristidoides(different from B.arizonica)is addressed.B.arizonica differs from B.aristidoides in having fewer branches per inflorescence,a bigger branch with more spikelets,and a shorter branch extension.Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of papillae on leaves of B.arizonica as a clear synapomorphy.Growing mature plants of B.arizonica from seeds in a greenhouse revealed a strong cleistogamous nature for this species for which gene flow in sympatric populations with B.aristidoides seems unlikely.A taxonomic treatment and distribution map for identification of B.arizonica is provided.展开更多
In the last 40 years, threats to the survival of wild primate population have greatly increased. Globally, primate population is severely threatened with extinction especially due to habitat loss from conversion of fo...In the last 40 years, threats to the survival of wild primate population have greatly increased. Globally, primate population is severely threatened with extinction especially due to habitat loss from conversion of forest areas to farmland and/or unsustainable logging. There is paucity of information on the population density and abundance of Mona monkeys in Omo Forest Reserve. The population density and distribution of Mona monkeys were conducted in two forest blocks of Omo Forest Reserve (OFR). The objective of the study therefore, is to determine the population density and distribution of Mona monkey, and ascertain the presence of other primate species in sympatric relationship with the monkey. The line transect sampling method was used for the enumeration. Data were collected from seven (7) transects randomly selected from two forest blocks;the Elephant Sanctuary (4) and the Strict Nature Reserve (3). Other primate species were considered to be sympatric with Mona monkeys if they were encountered within 20 m proximity range with the target species. Data on threat of human activities were collected in Omo Forest Reserve based on four major categories (Hunting/Poaching, Logging, Farming, and Collection of Non-Timber Forest Products). Analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 to determine population density estimate and the relative density in the two forest blocks. The field work took 30 days each, in September, 2015 and March 2016 that covered both seasons. Results revealed that a total number of 57 Mona monkeys with density of 0.44 km−2 in the entire reserve were sighted during the survey. The relative density across the two forest blocks surveyed in the forest reserve revealed that Mona monkeys were present in both the Elephant Sanctuary (ES) (n = 42) and Strict Nature Reserve (SNR) (n = 15) with density of 0.27 km−2 and 0.18 km−2, respectively. The species were observed to be more active during morning surveys than in the evening surveys, with densities of 0.77 km−2 and 0.4 km−2 recorded, respectively. The mean encounter rates for the species were 3.31 km−1 and 1.5 km−1 for morning and evening surveys, respectively.展开更多
Hole-nesting tits Parus spp.have been classified as"unsuitable"hosts for cuckoo parasitism because cuckoos cannot enter a cavity if the entrance is too small.However,Chinese tits could re-ject alien eggs and...Hole-nesting tits Parus spp.have been classified as"unsuitable"hosts for cuckoo parasitism because cuckoos cannot enter a cavity if the entrance is too small.However,Chinese tits could re-ject alien eggs and egg ejection rate increased with the local diversity of parasitic cuckoo species.Antiparasitic behavior among Chinese tits may have evolved due to greater size variation among sympatric cuckoo species.This raises the question of whether differently sized parasitic cuckoos pose different threats to Chinese tits.A green-backed tit Parus monticolus population that is sym-patric with Asian emerald cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus(eme-cuckoo,small-sized parasite)and common cuckoo Cuculus canorus(com-cuckoo,large-sized parasite),and a cinereous tit P.cinereus population that is only sympatric with com-cuckoo were chosen as study organisms.We observed behavioral response and recorded alarm calls of the 2 tit species to eme-cuckoo,com-cuckoo,chipmunk Tamias sibiricus(a nest predator)and dove Streptopelia orientalis(a harm-less control),and subsequently played back alarm calls to conspecific incubating females.In dummy experiments,both tit species performed intense response behavior to chipmunk,but rarely responded strongly to the 3 avian species.In playback experiments,both tit species responded strongly to conspecific chipmunk alarm calls,but rarely responded to dove alarm calls.The inten-sity of response of incubating female green-backed tits to eme-cuckoo and com-cuckoo alarm calls were similar to that of chipmunk alarm calls,while the intensity to eme-cuckoo alarm calls was higher than the intensity to dove alarm calls which was similar to that of com-cuckoo alarm calls.In contrast,few female cinereous tits responded to eme-cuckoo and com-cuckoo alarm calls.These findings indicated that the threat level of eme-cuckoo was slightly greater than that of com-cuckoo for sympatric green-backed tits,but not for allopatric cinereous tits.展开更多
This is the opening paper in the special issue of Fungal Diversity,which collates the data on defining species.Defining and recognizing species has long been a controversial issue.Since Darwin’s proposed origin of sp...This is the opening paper in the special issue of Fungal Diversity,which collates the data on defining species.Defining and recognizing species has long been a controversial issue.Since Darwin’s proposed origin of species,over 30 species criteria have been brought forth and used to define species boundaries.In recent times,phylogenetic analyses based on multiple loci have been extensively used as a method to define species boundaries.However,only a few mycologists are aware that phylogenetic species criteria can mask discordances among fungal groups,leading to inaccurately defined species bounda-ries.In the current review,we discuss species recognition criteria,how and where these criteria can be applied along with their limitations and derived alternatives.In order to delimit fungal species,authors need to take into account not only the phylogenetic and phenotypic coherence,but also the timing of events that lead to fungal speciation and subsequent diversi-fications.Variations in the rate of phenotypic diversifications and convergent fungal evolution make it difficult to establish a universal species recognition criterion.The best practice can only be defined in the context of each fungal group.In this review,we provide a set of guidelines,encouraging an integrative taxonomic approach for species delimitation that can be used to define fungal species boundaries in the future.The other papers in this special issue deal with fungal speciation in Ascomycota,Dothideomycetes,Basidiomycota,basal fungi,lichen-forming fungi,plant pathogenic fungi,and yeasts.展开更多
基金financed by the Wildlife Conservation Program of the State Forestry Administration of China in 2009
文摘Hume's Pheasant(Syrmaticus humiae) and the Silver Pheasant(Lophura nycthemera) are two sympatric bird species at Dazhong Mountain of Yunnan Province,southwestern China.We investigated characteristics of roosting habitats of the two pheasants from February to April,2004 in this area.Multiple statistics,Matryoshka and a habitat classification-tree were used to analyze the selection of roosting habitats of these pheasants. The results of the habitat classification-tree indicated that several separations occurred in their macro and micro roosting habitats in the study area. The two pheasants had similar crucial requirements for and selection of ecological roosting factors,which allow them to live in the same macrohabitat.Competition between these two pheasants was avoided by separation of spatial elements,such as roosting trees and topographic characteristics.For safety strategy,Hume's Pheasant adopted primarily a way of'uneasily found habitat cover plus easy escape',while the Silver Pheasant employed a unique way of'uneasily found habitat cover'.For tactics of keeping warm,Hume's Pheasant selected mainly a method of'suitable vegetation supplemented with suitable topography',while the Silver Pheasant chose a unique man-ner of'suitable vegetation'.
基金The authors acknowledge to the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia(Mexico)for its support to Luis Fernando Cuellar-Garrido with the master's degree scholarship 615539。
文摘Two varieties of Bouteloua aristidoides have been recognized,the widespread var.aristidoides and the more narrowly distributed var.arizonica.The two varieties differ in inflorescence form even more than that seen between many other closely related species of Bouteloua.We therefore asked whether these taxa might be better regarded as distinct species.A total of 93 vouchers were studied by using morphometry(principal components analysis and statistical tests),leaf micromorphology,ancestral state reconstruction,and/or molecular(ITS,trnC-rpoB and trnT-L-F)phylogenetic analyses.Except from the ITS tree,all results supported elevation of B.aristidoides var.arizonica to the rank of species,thus the new combination Bouteloua arizonica(M.E.Jones)L.F.Cuellar&Columbus comb.nov.et stat.nov.,is proposed.Chloroplast and combined chloroplast-nuclear molecular trees depicted var.arizonica as monophyletic(even in sympatric populations with var.aristidoides)and reveals phylogenetic structure within var.aristidoides for which the presence of new undescribed varieties of B.aristidoides(different from B.arizonica)is addressed.B.arizonica differs from B.aristidoides in having fewer branches per inflorescence,a bigger branch with more spikelets,and a shorter branch extension.Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of papillae on leaves of B.arizonica as a clear synapomorphy.Growing mature plants of B.arizonica from seeds in a greenhouse revealed a strong cleistogamous nature for this species for which gene flow in sympatric populations with B.aristidoides seems unlikely.A taxonomic treatment and distribution map for identification of B.arizonica is provided.
文摘In the last 40 years, threats to the survival of wild primate population have greatly increased. Globally, primate population is severely threatened with extinction especially due to habitat loss from conversion of forest areas to farmland and/or unsustainable logging. There is paucity of information on the population density and abundance of Mona monkeys in Omo Forest Reserve. The population density and distribution of Mona monkeys were conducted in two forest blocks of Omo Forest Reserve (OFR). The objective of the study therefore, is to determine the population density and distribution of Mona monkey, and ascertain the presence of other primate species in sympatric relationship with the monkey. The line transect sampling method was used for the enumeration. Data were collected from seven (7) transects randomly selected from two forest blocks;the Elephant Sanctuary (4) and the Strict Nature Reserve (3). Other primate species were considered to be sympatric with Mona monkeys if they were encountered within 20 m proximity range with the target species. Data on threat of human activities were collected in Omo Forest Reserve based on four major categories (Hunting/Poaching, Logging, Farming, and Collection of Non-Timber Forest Products). Analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 to determine population density estimate and the relative density in the two forest blocks. The field work took 30 days each, in September, 2015 and March 2016 that covered both seasons. Results revealed that a total number of 57 Mona monkeys with density of 0.44 km−2 in the entire reserve were sighted during the survey. The relative density across the two forest blocks surveyed in the forest reserve revealed that Mona monkeys were present in both the Elephant Sanctuary (ES) (n = 42) and Strict Nature Reserve (SNR) (n = 15) with density of 0.27 km−2 and 0.18 km−2, respectively. The species were observed to be more active during morning surveys than in the evening surveys, with densities of 0.77 km−2 and 0.4 km−2 recorded, respectively. The mean encounter rates for the species were 3.31 km−1 and 1.5 km−1 for morning and evening surveys, respectively.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31770419 and 31470458 to H.W.,31772453 and 31970427 to W.L.)the Open Project Program of Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization(130028823)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2412018QD009)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M631854).
文摘Hole-nesting tits Parus spp.have been classified as"unsuitable"hosts for cuckoo parasitism because cuckoos cannot enter a cavity if the entrance is too small.However,Chinese tits could re-ject alien eggs and egg ejection rate increased with the local diversity of parasitic cuckoo species.Antiparasitic behavior among Chinese tits may have evolved due to greater size variation among sympatric cuckoo species.This raises the question of whether differently sized parasitic cuckoos pose different threats to Chinese tits.A green-backed tit Parus monticolus population that is sym-patric with Asian emerald cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus(eme-cuckoo,small-sized parasite)and common cuckoo Cuculus canorus(com-cuckoo,large-sized parasite),and a cinereous tit P.cinereus population that is only sympatric with com-cuckoo were chosen as study organisms.We observed behavioral response and recorded alarm calls of the 2 tit species to eme-cuckoo,com-cuckoo,chipmunk Tamias sibiricus(a nest predator)and dove Streptopelia orientalis(a harm-less control),and subsequently played back alarm calls to conspecific incubating females.In dummy experiments,both tit species performed intense response behavior to chipmunk,but rarely responded strongly to the 3 avian species.In playback experiments,both tit species responded strongly to conspecific chipmunk alarm calls,but rarely responded to dove alarm calls.The inten-sity of response of incubating female green-backed tits to eme-cuckoo and com-cuckoo alarm calls were similar to that of chipmunk alarm calls,while the intensity to eme-cuckoo alarm calls was higher than the intensity to dove alarm calls which was similar to that of com-cuckoo alarm calls.In contrast,few female cinereous tits responded to eme-cuckoo and com-cuckoo alarm calls.These findings indicated that the threat level of eme-cuckoo was slightly greater than that of com-cuckoo for sympatric green-backed tits,but not for allopatric cinereous tits.
基金Authors would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund entitled“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Sub region”(grant number RDG6130001).
文摘This is the opening paper in the special issue of Fungal Diversity,which collates the data on defining species.Defining and recognizing species has long been a controversial issue.Since Darwin’s proposed origin of species,over 30 species criteria have been brought forth and used to define species boundaries.In recent times,phylogenetic analyses based on multiple loci have been extensively used as a method to define species boundaries.However,only a few mycologists are aware that phylogenetic species criteria can mask discordances among fungal groups,leading to inaccurately defined species bounda-ries.In the current review,we discuss species recognition criteria,how and where these criteria can be applied along with their limitations and derived alternatives.In order to delimit fungal species,authors need to take into account not only the phylogenetic and phenotypic coherence,but also the timing of events that lead to fungal speciation and subsequent diversi-fications.Variations in the rate of phenotypic diversifications and convergent fungal evolution make it difficult to establish a universal species recognition criterion.The best practice can only be defined in the context of each fungal group.In this review,we provide a set of guidelines,encouraging an integrative taxonomic approach for species delimitation that can be used to define fungal species boundaries in the future.The other papers in this special issue deal with fungal speciation in Ascomycota,Dothideomycetes,Basidiomycota,basal fungi,lichen-forming fungi,plant pathogenic fungi,and yeasts.
