Clostridioides difficile(C.difficile)is progressively colonizing humans and animals living with humans.During this process,hypervirulent strains and mutated toxin A and B of C.difficile(TcdA and TcdB)are originating a...Clostridioides difficile(C.difficile)is progressively colonizing humans and animals living with humans.During this process,hypervirulent strains and mutated toxin A and B of C.difficile(TcdA and TcdB)are originating and developing.While in healthy subjects colonization by C.difficile becomes a risk after the use of antibiotics that alter the microbiome,other categories of people are more susceptible to infection and at risk of relapse,such as those with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Recent in vitro studies suggest that this increased susceptibility could be due to the strong cytotoxic synergism between TcdB and proinflammatory cytokines the tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma(CKs).Therefore,in subjects with IBD the presence of an inflammatory state in the colon could be the driver that increases the susceptibility to C.difficile infection and its progression and relapses.TcdB is internalized in the cell via three receptors:chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4;poliovirus receptor-like 3;and Wnt receptor frizzled family.Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 and Wnt receptor frizzled family are involved in cell death by apoptosis or necrosis depending on the concentration of TcdB and cell types,while poliovirus receptor-like 3 induces only necrosis.It is possible that cytokines could also induce a greater expression of receptors for TcdB that are more involved in necrosis than in apoptosis.Therefore,in subjects with IBD there are the conditions:(1)For greater susceptibility to C.difficile infection,such as the inflammatory state,and abnormalities of the microbiome and of the immune system;(2)for the enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of TcdB+Cks;and(3)for a greater expression of TcdB receptors stimulated by cytokines that induce cell death by necrosis rather than apoptosis.The only therapeutic approach currently possible in IBD patients is monitoring of C.difficile colonization for interventions aimed at reducing tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma levels when the infection begins.The future perspective is to generate bacteriophages against C.difficile for targeted therapy.展开更多
AIM: To identify possible risk factors and their synergism for cholangiocarcinoma development.METHODS: A hospital-based, case-control study in which we included 276 cholangiocarcinoma patients [193 extrahepatic cholan...AIM: To identify possible risk factors and their synergism for cholangiocarcinoma development.METHODS: A hospital-based, case-control study in which we included 276 cholangiocarcinoma patients [193 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ECC) and 83 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)], diagnosed at a training hospital in Korea between 2007 and 2013, and 552 healthy controls matched 2:1 for age, sex, and date of diagnosis. Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma and possible synergism between those factors were evaluated using conditional logistic regression and synergism index, respectively.RESULTS:There was an association between cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection, diabetes mellitus(DM), cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, and hepatolithiasis, with the adjusted odds ratios(AORs) of 4.1, 2.6, 1.7, 12.4, and 39.9, respectively. Synergistic interaction on the additive model was investigated between HBV infection and DM(AOR = 12.2; 95%CI: 1.9-80.1). In the subgroup analyses, cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, hepatolithiasis, and DM were significant risk factors for ECC(AOR = 2.0, 18.1, 14.9, and 2.0, respectively), whereas choledocholithiasis, hepatolithiasis, HBV infection, and DM were risk factors for ICC(AOR = 8.6, 157.4, 5.3 and 4.9, respectively). Synergistic interaction was also observed between HBV infection and DM(OR = 22.7; 95%CI: 2.4-214.1). However, there was no synergistic interaction between other significant risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma.CONCLUSION: In this Korean study, HBV infection and DM were found to exert independent and synergistic effects on the risk for cholangiocarcinoma, including ICC. Exploring the underlying mechanismsfor such synergy may lead to the development of cholangiocarcinoma prevention strategies in high-risk individuals.展开更多
Objective:To examine the individual and synergistic anti-listcrial effect of nisin and leaf essential oil of Metasequoia glyptostroboides(M.glyptostroboides) against one of the leading foodhorne pathogens Listeria mon...Objective:To examine the individual and synergistic anti-listcrial effect of nisin and leaf essential oil of Metasequoia glyptostroboides(M.glyptostroboides) against one of the leading foodhorne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes(L.monocytogenes) ATCC 19116 in milk samples.Methods:The whole(8%),low(1%) and skim(no fat content) milk samples were inoculated with L.monocytogenes ATCC 19116 along with leaf essential oil of M.glyptostroboides or nisin alone as well in eomhinations.Results:In this study,the leaf essential oil at the concentrations of 2% and 5% revealed strong anti-listerial effect against L.monocytogenes ATCC 19116 in all categories of milk samples.Nisin at the concentrations of 250 and 500 IU/mL displayed a strong inhibitory effect against ATCC 19116 as compared to the control group.Additionally,synergistic combinations of leaf essential oil(1%) and nisin(62.5,125.250 and 500 IU/mL) also had a remarkable anti-listerial synergism in all the tested milk samples including whole,low and skim milk after 14 days.Conclusions:As a major finding,the leaf essential oil of M.glyptostroboides might he a useful candidate for using in food industry to control the growth of foodhorne pathogenic bacteria as confirmed by its potent anti-listerial Synergistic effect with nisin against L.monocytogenes ATCC 19116 in different milk samples.展开更多
Wolframite notation with benzyl arsonic acid and sodium butyl xanthate is studied,at first.It shows the efficiency of mineral processig is good when the two agents are added together.Then the synergism of sodium butyl...Wolframite notation with benzyl arsonic acid and sodium butyl xanthate is studied,at first.It shows the efficiency of mineral processig is good when the two agents are added together.Then the synergism of sodium butyl xanthate and benzyl arsonic acid is studied also by HPLC.展开更多
At atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, pulse corona induced plasma was used as a new method for dehydrogenative coupling of methane. The synergism of plasma and catalyst on dehydrogenative coupling of methan...At atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, pulse corona induced plasma was used as a new method for dehydrogenative coupling of methane. The synergism of plasma and catalyst on dehydrogenative coupling of methane was investigated. Experimental results have revealed that the synergism does exist, when positive corona within a suitable power range and an intermediate pulse repetition frequency (PRF) for a loaded 7-Mn2O3/7-A12O3 catalyst were chosen. In respect to the mechanism approach, a tentative model for general pathway was proposed to explain the role of plasma and catalyst partaking in the process of methane decomposition and C2 products formation.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the interactions between the crude extracts of Cocos nucifera(C.nucifera) and six front line antibiotics(ampicillin sodium salt, penicillin G sodium,amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin a...Objective: To evaluate the interactions between the crude extracts of Cocos nucifera(C.nucifera) and six front line antibiotics(ampicillin sodium salt, penicillin G sodium,amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline hydrochloride), against some bacterial pathogens linked with human infection.Methods: The pulverized husk of C.nucifera was dissolved in 95% n-hexane and extracted using Soxhlet extraction method and sterile distilled water(aqueous).The antibacterial susceptibility of the crude extracts of C.nucifera was tested against environmental and clinical strains(6) obtained from the South African Bureau of Standards(SABS), Vibrio(6) and Listeria pathogens(6).The agar-well diffusion method was used for screening the extracts for their antibacterial activity.The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts were determined.Time-kill assay was used to evaluate bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic activity.The synergistic effect of the crude extracts and antibiotics was assessed and evaluated by adopting the checkerboard methods.Results: With the time-kill assay, the highest bactericidal activity was observed on Vibrio fluvialis EL041 with a-5.6 ± 0.2 log_(10)CFU/mL decrease in cell density as a result of the combination of the extracts and chloramphenicol at two-fold minimum inhibitory concentrations.Synergisms using the time-kill assay constituted about 72%, while indifference constituted about 28%.The checkerboard method revealed synergistic interaction in 67% of the combinations, and indifference in 33%.There was no specificity in the observed synergy to a particular class of antibiotics.Conclusions: This investigation suggests the crude extracts of C.nucifera to be a potential broad spectrum antimicrobial compound.Therefore, further study is needed to isolate the pure compounds from these crude extracts.展开更多
This work aims to utilize waste glass powder(WGP)as a plementary material to mitigate the strength shrinkage caused by the alkaline accelerator.Waste glass power was used to replace cement by 0%,10%,and 20%to evaluate...This work aims to utilize waste glass powder(WGP)as a plementary material to mitigate the strength shrinkage caused by the alkaline accelerator.Waste glass power was used to replace cement by 0%,10%,and 20%to evaluate waste glass powder on the alkaline accelerator’s strength retrogradation.The results show that the strength improvement effect of unitary glass powder is inconspicuous.Innovative methods have been proposed to use sodium sulfate and waste glass powder synergism,using the activity of amorphous silica in glass powder.Compared with the reference group,the compressive strength of 28d mortar increases by 67%when the sodium sulfate content is 2.5%,and the replacement amount of waste glass powder is 10%.Besides,XRD and SEM analysis of hydration products also confirmed that the synergistic effect of sodium sulfate and waste glass powder could reduce strength inversion.The findings presented in this paper are pivotal for using waste glass to solve the problem of strength inversion caused by the alkaline accelerator.展开更多
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment.However,single immunotherapy only works well in a small subset of patients.Combined immunotherapy with antitumor synergism holds considerable potentia...Immunotherapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment.However,single immunotherapy only works well in a small subset of patients.Combined immunotherapy with antitumor synergism holds considerable potential to boost the therapeutic outcome.Nevertheless,the synergistic,additive or antagonistic antitumor effects of combined immunotherapies have been rarely explored.Herein,we established a novel combined cancer treatment modality by synergizing p21-activated kinase 4(PAK4)silencing with immunogenic phototherapy in engineered extracellular vesicles(EVs)that were fabricated by coating M1 macrophage-derived EVs on the surface of the nano-complex cores assembled with si RNA against PAK4 and a photoactivatable polyethyleneimine.The engineered EVs induced potent PAK4 silencing and robust immunogenic phototherapy,thus contributing to effective antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo.Moreover,the antitumor synergism of the combined treatment was quantitatively determined by the Compu Syn method.The combination index(CI)and isobologram results confirmed that there was an antitumor synergism for the combined treatment.Furthermore,the dose reduction index(DRI)showed favorable dose reduction,revealing lower toxicity and higher biocompatibility of the engineered EVs.Collectively,the study presents a synergistically potentiated cancer treatment modality by combining PAK4 silencing with immunogenic phototherapy in engineered EVs,which is promising for boosting the therapeutic outcome of cancer immunotherapy.展开更多
The exploration of novel,super-potent and low-cost electrocatalysts for water splitting has always been the kernel in the field of renewable sources.Herein,exfoliated Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXenes work as a substrate to ver...The exploration of novel,super-potent and low-cost electrocatalysts for water splitting has always been the kernel in the field of renewable sources.Herein,exfoliated Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXenes work as a substrate to vertically grow polypore N,Ni-Co2P nanoarrays(N,Ni-Co2P@TC)through an in situ interface-growth strategy and subsequent phosphorization and nitridation.The well-defined heterointerfaces with positive and negative ions co-modulation as coupled hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts for efficient overall water splitting are investigated,which possesses excellent durability even at a large current density(±500 mA cm^(-2)).For HER,suitable H_(2)O∗and H∗absorption energies and accelerated electronic transmission make N,Ni-Co2P@TC display a low overpotential of 27 mV at-10 mA cm^(-2) and Tafel slope of 38 mV dec^(–1) in 1 mol/L KOH.For OER,the synergy of N,Ni-Co2P@TC with selfreconfiguration can give enhanced activity with a low overpotential of 232 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2) and a Tafel slope of 57 mV dec^(–1).Additionally,the excellent bifunctional activity allows easily combining for efficient overall water splitting with a low driving voltage(1.51 V)at 10 mA cm^(-2),and the electrolyzer can be driven by a 1.5 V AAA battery.展开更多
This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of enzymes in purifying and reducing the degree of polymerization of cellulose for the production of dissolving pulp.Our goal was to determine the contributions o...This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of enzymes in purifying and reducing the degree of polymerization of cellulose for the production of dissolving pulp.Our goal was to determine the contributions of xylanase(X)and endoglucanase(EG)in the treatment of pulp,specifically by quantifying the formation of soluble and insoluble reducing sugars using the dinitrosalycilic acid(DNS)test.Predominantly,the release of soluble reducing sugars(RSSol)was enhanced after xylanase treatment,while endoglucanase(EG)treatment led to changes in insoluble reducing sugars(RSIns).The maximum synergism was observed for RSIns when a high ratio of endoglucanase to xylanase(320EG:5X/g pulp)was used.The relative contribution of endoglucanase to RSins was determined to be 15.6%of the total reducing sugar.The viscosity of pulps treated with xylanase decreased only by 7%,whereas endoglucanase treatment significantly reduced viscosity by 45%.Modifications in the particle size were observed after pulp treatment with the combination of endoglucanase and xylanase.In summary,the DNS test is a rapid and effective method for evaluating the efficiency of enzyme treatments on pulps.The measurement of RSIns correlates with changes in pulp viscosity to different extents,providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of enzyme treatments.展开更多
Objective: Rehmanniae Radix has been traditionally used to treat diabetes. Catalpol(CAT) and stachyose(STA) are two of the main bioactive compounds in Rehmannia Radix and found to have similar therapeutic effects on d...Objective: Rehmanniae Radix has been traditionally used to treat diabetes. Catalpol(CAT) and stachyose(STA) are two of the main bioactive compounds in Rehmannia Radix and found to have similar therapeutic effects on diabetes and its complications. In this paper, we aimed to investigate whether there were synergistic therapeutic effects of CAT and STA on diabetes.Methods: Streptozotocin(STZ) with the feeding of high-sugar-high-fat diet(HFD) was applied to induce diabetic C57BL/6 mice. STZ-HFD induced diabetic mice were then divided into model and six medicaltreated groups: metformin(MET), STA, CAT, and three combinations of CAT:STA(1:1, 1:2, 2:1). Blood, liver,and kidney samples were isolated after six-week oral administration for biochemical assays of serum lipids, the indicators of kidney and liver functions and HE staining for liver tissues.Results: It turned out that CAT, STA and their three combinations(1:1, 1:2, 2:1) could effectively control body weight, blood glucose, kidney weight and liver weight index, and well regulate levels of TC, HDL-c,TG, ALT, and TBA. In addition, CAT and its combination with STA at the ratio of 2:1 could significantly improve albumin content, compared to that in model group. STA and CAT and their combinations showed the improvements on kidney function in terms of urinary creatinine(Ucr). However, there were no such consistent observations on serum creatinine(Scr) and creatinine clearance rate(Ccr). The combination of CAT and STA at the ratio of 1:1 exhibited the better adjusting effects on kidney weight and liver weight indexes and the levels of ALT, Ucr, Scr, and Ccr. Our results demonstrated that the combinations of CAT and STA especially 1:1 showed similar or better improvements on diabetes-associated complications,compared to the sole CAT or STA treatment.Conclusion: Thus, we concluded that there were synergistic therapeutic effects between CAT and STA on STZ/HFD-induced type 2 diabetes. This project provided insights and technical supports for the innovation of discovering bioactive constituents in Rehmannia Radix and studying its integrative mechanism in curing diabetes.展开更多
A novel three-dimension separable and recyclable r GH-PANI/BiOI photocatalyst with the synergism of adsorption-enrichment and photocatalytic-degradation was successfully prepared via a facile three-step hydrothermal m...A novel three-dimension separable and recyclable r GH-PANI/BiOI photocatalyst with the synergism of adsorption-enrichment and photocatalytic-degradation was successfully prepared via a facile three-step hydrothermal method.The three-dimension reduced graphene oxide hydrogel(rGH)in with flower-like BiOI photocatalyst uniformly distributed not only possesses excellent adsorption and electron transport properties,but also is easy to be separated from water for recycling.In addition,polyphenylamine(PANI)provides superior hole transport ability due to its delocalizedл-лconjugate structure.The cooperation of rGH and PANI greatly enhances the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers,and finally improves the photocatalytic degradation behaviors.The removal rates of Rhodamine B(RhB)by rGH-PANI/BiOI-70%composite under visible light respectively reach 100%and 50.13%in static and dynamic systems,which are 12.85 and 3.58 times of BiOI,respectively.The removal rate does not show decrease after 5 recycles indicating the excellent separable and recyclable property of rGH-PANI/BiOI photocatalyst.The work provides an essential reference for designing and constructing hydrogel-based ternary composite photocatalysts with excellent synergism of adsorption and photocatalysis,which shows great potential in the treatment of water pollution.展开更多
Microemulsions can be divided into simple-phase microemulsions and multi-phasemicroemulsions. The former is a system with only an independent phase while the lat-ter corresponds to a multi-phase system comprising the ...Microemulsions can be divided into simple-phase microemulsions and multi-phasemicroemulsions. The former is a system with only an independent phase while the lat-ter corresponds to a multi-phase system comprising the microemulsions and another(oil or water) or two (oil and water) phases. When the microemulsions are in the mid-展开更多
It has been reported that compatibilizer or crosslinking agent can improve the compatibilization of PVC/PE blends. And we have found that the mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/low density polyethylen...It has been reported that compatibilizer or crosslinking agent can improve the compatibilization of PVC/PE blends. And we have found that the mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/low density polyethylene (LDPE) blends were dramatically improved by compatibilization together with crosslinking. According to these,the compatibilization-crosslinking synergism was proposed. This letter reports the influ-展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been practiced in China and surrounding countries for thousands of years and has gradually attracted the attention of Western countries.After reasonable compatibility,TCMs could pl...Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been practiced in China and surrounding countries for thousands of years and has gradually attracted the attention of Western countries.After reasonable compatibility,TCMs could play the key role of enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity,which has significant therapeutic advantages in the treatment of complex diseases in clinical practice.While the TCM compatibility is not the simple addition of drugs.Under the appropriate dosage ratio,multiple TCMs can play a synergistic role to realize the overall regulation of TCM treatment.Therefore,it is of critical essential to study the compatibility of TCM formula to promote TCM modernization,new drug development and clinical application.Recently,under the guidance of TCM theory,many researches on the composition,pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetic properties of TCM formula have emerged by integrating new technologies and new methods,revealing the scientific connotation of the compatibility of TCM formula from different perspectives and levels.This paper introduces the research progress of compatibility rules from different levels of compatibility,compatibility for synergistic enhancement and detoxification,and application of cutting-edge technology,with representative cases,in order to provide ideas and references for further study on TCM compatibility.展开更多
Water-splitting reactions such as the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)typically require expensive noble metal-based electrocatalysts.This has motivated researchers to develop nove...Water-splitting reactions such as the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)typically require expensive noble metal-based electrocatalysts.This has motivated researchers to develop novel,cost-effective electrocatalytic systems.In this study,a new multicomponent nanocomposite was assembled by combining functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes,a Cu-based metal–organic framework(MOF)(HKUST-1 or HK),and a sulfidized NiMn-layered double hydroxide(NiMn-S).The resulting nanocomposite,abbreviated as MW/HK/NiMn-S,features a unique architecture,high porosity,numerous electroactive Cu/Ni/Mn sites,fast charge transfer,excellent structural stability,and conductivity.At a current density of 10 mA cm-2,this dual-function electrocatalyst shows remarkable performance,with ultralow overpotential values of 163 mV(OER)or 73 mV(HER),as well as low Tafel slopes(57 and 75 mV dec-1,respectively).Additionally,its high turnover frequency values(4.43 s-1 for OER;3.96 s-1 for HER)are significantly superior to those of standard noble metal-based Pt/C and IrO2 systems.The synergistic effect of the nanocomposite's different components is responsible for its enhanced electrocatalytic performance.A density functional theory study revealed that the multi-interface and multicomponent heterostructure contribute to increased electrical conductivity and decreased energy barrier,resulting in superior electrocatalytic HER/OER activity.This study presents a novel vision for designing advanced electrocatalysts with superior performance in water splitting.Various composites have been utilized in water-splitting applications.This study investigates the use of the MW/HK/NiMn-S electrocatalyst for water splitting for the first time to indicate the synergistic effect between carbon-based materials along with layered double hydroxide compounds and porous compounds of MOF.The unique features of each component in this composite can be an interesting topic in the field of water splitting.展开更多
The demand of high-end electromagnetic wave absorbing materials puts forward higher requirements on comprehensive performances of small thickness,lightweight,broadband,and strong absorption.Herein,a novel multi-layer ...The demand of high-end electromagnetic wave absorbing materials puts forward higher requirements on comprehensive performances of small thickness,lightweight,broadband,and strong absorption.Herein,a novel multi-layer stepped metamaterial absorber with gradient electromagnetic properties is proposed.The complex permittivity and permeability of each layer are tailored via the proportion of carbonyliron and carbon-fiber dispersing into the epoxy resin.The proposed metamaterial is further optimized via adjusting the electromagnetic parameters and geometric sizes of each layer.Comparing with the four-layer composite with gradient electromagnetic properties which could only realize reflection loss(RL)of less than−6 dB in 2.0-40 GHz,the optimized stepped metamaterial with the same thickness and electromagnetic properties realizes less than−10 dB in the relevant frequency range.Additionally,the RL of less than−15 dB is achieved in the frequency range of 11.2-21.4 GHz and 28.5-40 GHz.The multiple electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism is discussed based on the experimental and simulation results,which is believed to be attributed to the synergy effect induced by multi-scale structures of the metamaterial.Therefore,combining multi-layer structures and periodic stepped structures into a novel gradient absorbing metamaterial would give new insights into designing microwave absorption devices for broadband electromagnetic protections.展开更多
A chest radiology scan can significantly aid the early diagnosis and management of COVID-19 since the virus attacks the lungs.Chest X-ray(CXR)gained much interest after the COVID-19 outbreak thanks to its rapid imagin...A chest radiology scan can significantly aid the early diagnosis and management of COVID-19 since the virus attacks the lungs.Chest X-ray(CXR)gained much interest after the COVID-19 outbreak thanks to its rapid imaging time,widespread availability,low cost,and portability.In radiological investigations,computer-aided diagnostic tools are implemented to reduce intra-and inter-observer variability.Using lately industrialized Artificial Intelligence(AI)algorithms and radiological techniques to diagnose and classify disease is advantageous.The current study develops an automatic identification and classification model for CXR pictures using Gaussian Fil-tering based Optimized Synergic Deep Learning using Remora Optimization Algorithm(GF-OSDL-ROA).This method is inclusive of preprocessing and classification based on optimization.The data is preprocessed using Gaussian filtering(GF)to remove any extraneous noise from the image’s edges.Then,the OSDL model is applied to classify the CXRs under different severity levels based on CXR data.The learning rate of OSDL is optimized with the help of ROA for COVID-19 diagnosis showing the novelty of the work.OSDL model,applied in this study,was validated using the COVID-19 dataset.The experiments were conducted upon the proposed OSDL model,which achieved a classification accuracy of 99.83%,while the current Convolutional Neural Network achieved less classification accuracy,i.e.,98.14%.展开更多
The present study aims at defining the differential cytotoxicity effect of artemisinin toward P815(murin mastocytoma)and BSR(kidney adenocarcinoma of hamster)cell lines.Cytotoxicity was measured by the growth inhibit...The present study aims at defining the differential cytotoxicity effect of artemisinin toward P815(murin mastocytoma)and BSR(kidney adenocarcinoma of hamster)cell lines.Cytotoxicity was measured by the growth inhibition using MTT assay.These in vitro cytotoxicity studies were complemented by the determination of apoptotic DNA fragmentation and Annexin V-streptavidin-FITC assay.Furthermore,we examined the in vitro synergism between artemisinin and the chemotherapeutic drug,vincristin.The in vivo study was investigated using the DBA2/P815(H2d)mouse model.While artemisinin acted on both tumor cell lines,P815 was much more sensitive to this drug than BSR cells,as revealed by the respective IC50 values(12 lM for P815 and 52 lM for BSR cells).On another hand,and interestingly,apoptosis was induced in P815 but not induced in BSR.These data,reveal an interesting differential cytotoxic effect,suggesting the existence of different molecular interactions between artemisinin and the studied cell lines.In vivo,our results clearly showed that the oral administration of artemisinin inhibited solid tumor development.Our study demonstrates that artemisinin caused differential cytotoxic effects depending not only on the concentration and time of exposure but also on the target cells.展开更多
文摘Clostridioides difficile(C.difficile)is progressively colonizing humans and animals living with humans.During this process,hypervirulent strains and mutated toxin A and B of C.difficile(TcdA and TcdB)are originating and developing.While in healthy subjects colonization by C.difficile becomes a risk after the use of antibiotics that alter the microbiome,other categories of people are more susceptible to infection and at risk of relapse,such as those with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Recent in vitro studies suggest that this increased susceptibility could be due to the strong cytotoxic synergism between TcdB and proinflammatory cytokines the tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma(CKs).Therefore,in subjects with IBD the presence of an inflammatory state in the colon could be the driver that increases the susceptibility to C.difficile infection and its progression and relapses.TcdB is internalized in the cell via three receptors:chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4;poliovirus receptor-like 3;and Wnt receptor frizzled family.Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 and Wnt receptor frizzled family are involved in cell death by apoptosis or necrosis depending on the concentration of TcdB and cell types,while poliovirus receptor-like 3 induces only necrosis.It is possible that cytokines could also induce a greater expression of receptors for TcdB that are more involved in necrosis than in apoptosis.Therefore,in subjects with IBD there are the conditions:(1)For greater susceptibility to C.difficile infection,such as the inflammatory state,and abnormalities of the microbiome and of the immune system;(2)for the enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of TcdB+Cks;and(3)for a greater expression of TcdB receptors stimulated by cytokines that induce cell death by necrosis rather than apoptosis.The only therapeutic approach currently possible in IBD patients is monitoring of C.difficile colonization for interventions aimed at reducing tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma levels when the infection begins.The future perspective is to generate bacteriophages against C.difficile for targeted therapy.
文摘AIM: To identify possible risk factors and their synergism for cholangiocarcinoma development.METHODS: A hospital-based, case-control study in which we included 276 cholangiocarcinoma patients [193 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ECC) and 83 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)], diagnosed at a training hospital in Korea between 2007 and 2013, and 552 healthy controls matched 2:1 for age, sex, and date of diagnosis. Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma and possible synergism between those factors were evaluated using conditional logistic regression and synergism index, respectively.RESULTS:There was an association between cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection, diabetes mellitus(DM), cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, and hepatolithiasis, with the adjusted odds ratios(AORs) of 4.1, 2.6, 1.7, 12.4, and 39.9, respectively. Synergistic interaction on the additive model was investigated between HBV infection and DM(AOR = 12.2; 95%CI: 1.9-80.1). In the subgroup analyses, cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, hepatolithiasis, and DM were significant risk factors for ECC(AOR = 2.0, 18.1, 14.9, and 2.0, respectively), whereas choledocholithiasis, hepatolithiasis, HBV infection, and DM were risk factors for ICC(AOR = 8.6, 157.4, 5.3 and 4.9, respectively). Synergistic interaction was also observed between HBV infection and DM(OR = 22.7; 95%CI: 2.4-214.1). However, there was no synergistic interaction between other significant risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma.CONCLUSION: In this Korean study, HBV infection and DM were found to exert independent and synergistic effects on the risk for cholangiocarcinoma, including ICC. Exploring the underlying mechanismsfor such synergy may lead to the development of cholangiocarcinoma prevention strategies in high-risk individuals.
文摘Objective:To examine the individual and synergistic anti-listcrial effect of nisin and leaf essential oil of Metasequoia glyptostroboides(M.glyptostroboides) against one of the leading foodhorne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes(L.monocytogenes) ATCC 19116 in milk samples.Methods:The whole(8%),low(1%) and skim(no fat content) milk samples were inoculated with L.monocytogenes ATCC 19116 along with leaf essential oil of M.glyptostroboides or nisin alone as well in eomhinations.Results:In this study,the leaf essential oil at the concentrations of 2% and 5% revealed strong anti-listerial effect against L.monocytogenes ATCC 19116 in all categories of milk samples.Nisin at the concentrations of 250 and 500 IU/mL displayed a strong inhibitory effect against ATCC 19116 as compared to the control group.Additionally,synergistic combinations of leaf essential oil(1%) and nisin(62.5,125.250 and 500 IU/mL) also had a remarkable anti-listerial synergism in all the tested milk samples including whole,low and skim milk after 14 days.Conclusions:As a major finding,the leaf essential oil of M.glyptostroboides might he a useful candidate for using in food industry to control the growth of foodhorne pathogenic bacteria as confirmed by its potent anti-listerial Synergistic effect with nisin against L.monocytogenes ATCC 19116 in different milk samples.
文摘Wolframite notation with benzyl arsonic acid and sodium butyl xanthate is studied,at first.It shows the efficiency of mineral processig is good when the two agents are added together.Then the synergism of sodium butyl xanthate and benzyl arsonic acid is studied also by HPLC.
文摘At atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, pulse corona induced plasma was used as a new method for dehydrogenative coupling of methane. The synergism of plasma and catalyst on dehydrogenative coupling of methane was investigated. Experimental results have revealed that the synergism does exist, when positive corona within a suitable power range and an intermediate pulse repetition frequency (PRF) for a loaded 7-Mn2O3/7-A12O3 catalyst were chosen. In respect to the mechanism approach, a tentative model for general pathway was proposed to explain the role of plasma and catalyst partaking in the process of methane decomposition and C2 products formation.
基金the South Africa Medical Research Councilthe National Research Foundation of South Africa for financial support
文摘Objective: To evaluate the interactions between the crude extracts of Cocos nucifera(C.nucifera) and six front line antibiotics(ampicillin sodium salt, penicillin G sodium,amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline hydrochloride), against some bacterial pathogens linked with human infection.Methods: The pulverized husk of C.nucifera was dissolved in 95% n-hexane and extracted using Soxhlet extraction method and sterile distilled water(aqueous).The antibacterial susceptibility of the crude extracts of C.nucifera was tested against environmental and clinical strains(6) obtained from the South African Bureau of Standards(SABS), Vibrio(6) and Listeria pathogens(6).The agar-well diffusion method was used for screening the extracts for their antibacterial activity.The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts were determined.Time-kill assay was used to evaluate bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic activity.The synergistic effect of the crude extracts and antibiotics was assessed and evaluated by adopting the checkerboard methods.Results: With the time-kill assay, the highest bactericidal activity was observed on Vibrio fluvialis EL041 with a-5.6 ± 0.2 log_(10)CFU/mL decrease in cell density as a result of the combination of the extracts and chloramphenicol at two-fold minimum inhibitory concentrations.Synergisms using the time-kill assay constituted about 72%, while indifference constituted about 28%.The checkerboard method revealed synergistic interaction in 67% of the combinations, and indifference in 33%.There was no specificity in the observed synergy to a particular class of antibiotics.Conclusions: This investigation suggests the crude extracts of C.nucifera to be a potential broad spectrum antimicrobial compound.Therefore, further study is needed to isolate the pure compounds from these crude extracts.
文摘This work aims to utilize waste glass powder(WGP)as a plementary material to mitigate the strength shrinkage caused by the alkaline accelerator.Waste glass power was used to replace cement by 0%,10%,and 20%to evaluate waste glass powder on the alkaline accelerator’s strength retrogradation.The results show that the strength improvement effect of unitary glass powder is inconspicuous.Innovative methods have been proposed to use sodium sulfate and waste glass powder synergism,using the activity of amorphous silica in glass powder.Compared with the reference group,the compressive strength of 28d mortar increases by 67%when the sodium sulfate content is 2.5%,and the replacement amount of waste glass powder is 10%.Besides,XRD and SEM analysis of hydration products also confirmed that the synergistic effect of sodium sulfate and waste glass powder could reduce strength inversion.The findings presented in this paper are pivotal for using waste glass to solve the problem of strength inversion caused by the alkaline accelerator.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101157,82104105,31871003,32171394,32030060)National Key Research&Development Program of China(2021YFA1201000,2021YFE0106900,2021YFC2302400,2018YFE0117800)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022CX01013,China)China Post-doctoral Science Foundation(2021M693966)。
文摘Immunotherapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment.However,single immunotherapy only works well in a small subset of patients.Combined immunotherapy with antitumor synergism holds considerable potential to boost the therapeutic outcome.Nevertheless,the synergistic,additive or antagonistic antitumor effects of combined immunotherapies have been rarely explored.Herein,we established a novel combined cancer treatment modality by synergizing p21-activated kinase 4(PAK4)silencing with immunogenic phototherapy in engineered extracellular vesicles(EVs)that were fabricated by coating M1 macrophage-derived EVs on the surface of the nano-complex cores assembled with si RNA against PAK4 and a photoactivatable polyethyleneimine.The engineered EVs induced potent PAK4 silencing and robust immunogenic phototherapy,thus contributing to effective antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo.Moreover,the antitumor synergism of the combined treatment was quantitatively determined by the Compu Syn method.The combination index(CI)and isobologram results confirmed that there was an antitumor synergism for the combined treatment.Furthermore,the dose reduction index(DRI)showed favorable dose reduction,revealing lower toxicity and higher biocompatibility of the engineered EVs.Collectively,the study presents a synergistically potentiated cancer treatment modality by combining PAK4 silencing with immunogenic phototherapy in engineered EVs,which is promising for boosting the therapeutic outcome of cancer immunotherapy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52222408)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2020CDJGFCL004)+1 种基金the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation(No.171111)the Joint Fund between Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals(No.18LHPY015).
文摘The exploration of novel,super-potent and low-cost electrocatalysts for water splitting has always been the kernel in the field of renewable sources.Herein,exfoliated Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXenes work as a substrate to vertically grow polypore N,Ni-Co2P nanoarrays(N,Ni-Co2P@TC)through an in situ interface-growth strategy and subsequent phosphorization and nitridation.The well-defined heterointerfaces with positive and negative ions co-modulation as coupled hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts for efficient overall water splitting are investigated,which possesses excellent durability even at a large current density(±500 mA cm^(-2)).For HER,suitable H_(2)O∗and H∗absorption energies and accelerated electronic transmission make N,Ni-Co2P@TC display a low overpotential of 27 mV at-10 mA cm^(-2) and Tafel slope of 38 mV dec^(–1) in 1 mol/L KOH.For OER,the synergy of N,Ni-Co2P@TC with selfreconfiguration can give enhanced activity with a low overpotential of 232 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2) and a Tafel slope of 57 mV dec^(–1).Additionally,the excellent bifunctional activity allows easily combining for efficient overall water splitting with a low driving voltage(1.51 V)at 10 mA cm^(-2),and the electrolyzer can be driven by a 1.5 V AAA battery.
基金supported by CNPq(303416/2018-1)and FAPESP(2019/25867-3).
文摘This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of enzymes in purifying and reducing the degree of polymerization of cellulose for the production of dissolving pulp.Our goal was to determine the contributions of xylanase(X)and endoglucanase(EG)in the treatment of pulp,specifically by quantifying the formation of soluble and insoluble reducing sugars using the dinitrosalycilic acid(DNS)test.Predominantly,the release of soluble reducing sugars(RSSol)was enhanced after xylanase treatment,while endoglucanase(EG)treatment led to changes in insoluble reducing sugars(RSIns).The maximum synergism was observed for RSIns when a high ratio of endoglucanase to xylanase(320EG:5X/g pulp)was used.The relative contribution of endoglucanase to RSins was determined to be 15.6%of the total reducing sugar.The viscosity of pulps treated with xylanase decreased only by 7%,whereas endoglucanase treatment significantly reduced viscosity by 45%.Modifications in the particle size were observed after pulp treatment with the combination of endoglucanase and xylanase.In summary,the DNS test is a rapid and effective method for evaluating the efficiency of enzyme treatments on pulps.The measurement of RSIns correlates with changes in pulp viscosity to different extents,providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of enzyme treatments.
基金financially supported by the National Standardization of Ttraditional Chinese Medicine Project(ZYBZH-C-JL-24-03)
文摘Objective: Rehmanniae Radix has been traditionally used to treat diabetes. Catalpol(CAT) and stachyose(STA) are two of the main bioactive compounds in Rehmannia Radix and found to have similar therapeutic effects on diabetes and its complications. In this paper, we aimed to investigate whether there were synergistic therapeutic effects of CAT and STA on diabetes.Methods: Streptozotocin(STZ) with the feeding of high-sugar-high-fat diet(HFD) was applied to induce diabetic C57BL/6 mice. STZ-HFD induced diabetic mice were then divided into model and six medicaltreated groups: metformin(MET), STA, CAT, and three combinations of CAT:STA(1:1, 1:2, 2:1). Blood, liver,and kidney samples were isolated after six-week oral administration for biochemical assays of serum lipids, the indicators of kidney and liver functions and HE staining for liver tissues.Results: It turned out that CAT, STA and their three combinations(1:1, 1:2, 2:1) could effectively control body weight, blood glucose, kidney weight and liver weight index, and well regulate levels of TC, HDL-c,TG, ALT, and TBA. In addition, CAT and its combination with STA at the ratio of 2:1 could significantly improve albumin content, compared to that in model group. STA and CAT and their combinations showed the improvements on kidney function in terms of urinary creatinine(Ucr). However, there were no such consistent observations on serum creatinine(Scr) and creatinine clearance rate(Ccr). The combination of CAT and STA at the ratio of 1:1 exhibited the better adjusting effects on kidney weight and liver weight indexes and the levels of ALT, Ucr, Scr, and Ccr. Our results demonstrated that the combinations of CAT and STA especially 1:1 showed similar or better improvements on diabetes-associated complications,compared to the sole CAT or STA treatment.Conclusion: Thus, we concluded that there were synergistic therapeutic effects between CAT and STA on STZ/HFD-induced type 2 diabetes. This project provided insights and technical supports for the innovation of discovering bioactive constituents in Rehmannia Radix and studying its integrative mechanism in curing diabetes.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21706091)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(No.201804010400)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.21617426)。
文摘A novel three-dimension separable and recyclable r GH-PANI/BiOI photocatalyst with the synergism of adsorption-enrichment and photocatalytic-degradation was successfully prepared via a facile three-step hydrothermal method.The three-dimension reduced graphene oxide hydrogel(rGH)in with flower-like BiOI photocatalyst uniformly distributed not only possesses excellent adsorption and electron transport properties,but also is easy to be separated from water for recycling.In addition,polyphenylamine(PANI)provides superior hole transport ability due to its delocalizedл-лconjugate structure.The cooperation of rGH and PANI greatly enhances the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers,and finally improves the photocatalytic degradation behaviors.The removal rates of Rhodamine B(RhB)by rGH-PANI/BiOI-70%composite under visible light respectively reach 100%and 50.13%in static and dynamic systems,which are 12.85 and 3.58 times of BiOI,respectively.The removal rate does not show decrease after 5 recycles indicating the excellent separable and recyclable property of rGH-PANI/BiOI photocatalyst.The work provides an essential reference for designing and constructing hydrogel-based ternary composite photocatalysts with excellent synergism of adsorption and photocatalysis,which shows great potential in the treatment of water pollution.
文摘Microemulsions can be divided into simple-phase microemulsions and multi-phasemicroemulsions. The former is a system with only an independent phase while the lat-ter corresponds to a multi-phase system comprising the microemulsions and another(oil or water) or two (oil and water) phases. When the microemulsions are in the mid-
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘It has been reported that compatibilizer or crosslinking agent can improve the compatibilization of PVC/PE blends. And we have found that the mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/low density polyethylene (LDPE) blends were dramatically improved by compatibilization together with crosslinking. According to these,the compatibilization-crosslinking synergism was proposed. This letter reports the influ-
基金supported by grants from the Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research on TCM Physical Constitution and Disease Prevention and Treatment (Program No.KF2207)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (Program No.2020GXLH-Y-019,2022KXJ-141)+1 种基金the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi (Program No.2019GHJD-14,2021TD-40)Science and Technology Talent Support Program of Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Program No.2021LJ-05).
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been practiced in China and surrounding countries for thousands of years and has gradually attracted the attention of Western countries.After reasonable compatibility,TCMs could play the key role of enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity,which has significant therapeutic advantages in the treatment of complex diseases in clinical practice.While the TCM compatibility is not the simple addition of drugs.Under the appropriate dosage ratio,multiple TCMs can play a synergistic role to realize the overall regulation of TCM treatment.Therefore,it is of critical essential to study the compatibility of TCM formula to promote TCM modernization,new drug development and clinical application.Recently,under the guidance of TCM theory,many researches on the composition,pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetic properties of TCM formula have emerged by integrating new technologies and new methods,revealing the scientific connotation of the compatibility of TCM formula from different perspectives and levels.This paper introduces the research progress of compatibility rules from different levels of compatibility,compatibility for synergistic enhancement and detoxification,and application of cutting-edge technology,with representative cases,in order to provide ideas and references for further study on TCM compatibility.
基金Iran National Science Foundation(INSF)under project No.4025105the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering(Grant No.2022-K31)+1 种基金the Zhejiang Province Key Research and Development Project(2023 C01191)Alexander M.Kirillov acknowledges the Foundation for Science and Technology(LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-029697,PTDC/QUIQIN/3898/2020,LA/P/0056/2020,UIDB/00100/2020).
文摘Water-splitting reactions such as the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)typically require expensive noble metal-based electrocatalysts.This has motivated researchers to develop novel,cost-effective electrocatalytic systems.In this study,a new multicomponent nanocomposite was assembled by combining functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes,a Cu-based metal–organic framework(MOF)(HKUST-1 or HK),and a sulfidized NiMn-layered double hydroxide(NiMn-S).The resulting nanocomposite,abbreviated as MW/HK/NiMn-S,features a unique architecture,high porosity,numerous electroactive Cu/Ni/Mn sites,fast charge transfer,excellent structural stability,and conductivity.At a current density of 10 mA cm-2,this dual-function electrocatalyst shows remarkable performance,with ultralow overpotential values of 163 mV(OER)or 73 mV(HER),as well as low Tafel slopes(57 and 75 mV dec-1,respectively).Additionally,its high turnover frequency values(4.43 s-1 for OER;3.96 s-1 for HER)are significantly superior to those of standard noble metal-based Pt/C and IrO2 systems.The synergistic effect of the nanocomposite's different components is responsible for its enhanced electrocatalytic performance.A density functional theory study revealed that the multi-interface and multicomponent heterostructure contribute to increased electrical conductivity and decreased energy barrier,resulting in superior electrocatalytic HER/OER activity.This study presents a novel vision for designing advanced electrocatalysts with superior performance in water splitting.Various composites have been utilized in water-splitting applications.This study investigates the use of the MW/HK/NiMn-S electrocatalyst for water splitting for the first time to indicate the synergistic effect between carbon-based materials along with layered double hydroxide compounds and porous compounds of MOF.The unique features of each component in this composite can be an interesting topic in the field of water splitting.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52102113)the Nature Science Foundation of Shaanxi in China (No. 2022JQ-323)+1 种基金the Creative Research Foundation of the Science and Technology on Thermostructural Composite Materials LaboratoryNatural Science Foundation and Department of Education of Shaanxi in China (No. 21JK0912)
文摘The demand of high-end electromagnetic wave absorbing materials puts forward higher requirements on comprehensive performances of small thickness,lightweight,broadband,and strong absorption.Herein,a novel multi-layer stepped metamaterial absorber with gradient electromagnetic properties is proposed.The complex permittivity and permeability of each layer are tailored via the proportion of carbonyliron and carbon-fiber dispersing into the epoxy resin.The proposed metamaterial is further optimized via adjusting the electromagnetic parameters and geometric sizes of each layer.Comparing with the four-layer composite with gradient electromagnetic properties which could only realize reflection loss(RL)of less than−6 dB in 2.0-40 GHz,the optimized stepped metamaterial with the same thickness and electromagnetic properties realizes less than−10 dB in the relevant frequency range.Additionally,the RL of less than−15 dB is achieved in the frequency range of 11.2-21.4 GHz and 28.5-40 GHz.The multiple electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism is discussed based on the experimental and simulation results,which is believed to be attributed to the synergy effect induced by multi-scale structures of the metamaterial.Therefore,combining multi-layer structures and periodic stepped structures into a novel gradient absorbing metamaterial would give new insights into designing microwave absorption devices for broadband electromagnetic protections.
文摘A chest radiology scan can significantly aid the early diagnosis and management of COVID-19 since the virus attacks the lungs.Chest X-ray(CXR)gained much interest after the COVID-19 outbreak thanks to its rapid imaging time,widespread availability,low cost,and portability.In radiological investigations,computer-aided diagnostic tools are implemented to reduce intra-and inter-observer variability.Using lately industrialized Artificial Intelligence(AI)algorithms and radiological techniques to diagnose and classify disease is advantageous.The current study develops an automatic identification and classification model for CXR pictures using Gaussian Fil-tering based Optimized Synergic Deep Learning using Remora Optimization Algorithm(GF-OSDL-ROA).This method is inclusive of preprocessing and classification based on optimization.The data is preprocessed using Gaussian filtering(GF)to remove any extraneous noise from the image’s edges.Then,the OSDL model is applied to classify the CXRs under different severity levels based on CXR data.The learning rate of OSDL is optimized with the help of ROA for COVID-19 diagnosis showing the novelty of the work.OSDL model,applied in this study,was validated using the COVID-19 dataset.The experiments were conducted upon the proposed OSDL model,which achieved a classification accuracy of 99.83%,while the current Convolutional Neural Network achieved less classification accuracy,i.e.,98.14%.
文摘The present study aims at defining the differential cytotoxicity effect of artemisinin toward P815(murin mastocytoma)and BSR(kidney adenocarcinoma of hamster)cell lines.Cytotoxicity was measured by the growth inhibition using MTT assay.These in vitro cytotoxicity studies were complemented by the determination of apoptotic DNA fragmentation and Annexin V-streptavidin-FITC assay.Furthermore,we examined the in vitro synergism between artemisinin and the chemotherapeutic drug,vincristin.The in vivo study was investigated using the DBA2/P815(H2d)mouse model.While artemisinin acted on both tumor cell lines,P815 was much more sensitive to this drug than BSR cells,as revealed by the respective IC50 values(12 lM for P815 and 52 lM for BSR cells).On another hand,and interestingly,apoptosis was induced in P815 but not induced in BSR.These data,reveal an interesting differential cytotoxic effect,suggesting the existence of different molecular interactions between artemisinin and the studied cell lines.In vivo,our results clearly showed that the oral administration of artemisinin inhibited solid tumor development.Our study demonstrates that artemisinin caused differential cytotoxic effects depending not only on the concentration and time of exposure but also on the target cells.
