Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is an emerging infection worldwide and the numbers of persons infected are increasing every year. Poor blood transfusion methods along with unsafe injection practices are potential sources for t...Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is an emerging infection worldwide and the numbers of persons infected are increasing every year. Poor blood transfusion methods along with unsafe injection practices are potential sources for the rapid spread of infection. Early detection of HCV is the need of the hour especially in high riskgroup population as these individuals are severely immunocompromised. Enzyme Immunoassays are the most common detection techniques but they provide no evidence of active viremia or identification of infected individuals in the antibody-negative phase and their efficacy is limited in individuals within high risk group population. Molecular virological techniques have an important role in detecting active infection with utmost specificity and sensitivity. Technologies for assessment of HCV antibody and RNA levels have improved remarkably, as well as our understanding of how to best use these tests in patient management. This review aims to give an overview of the different serological and molecular methods employed in detecting HCV infection used nowadays. Additionally, the review gives an insight in the new molecular techniques that are being developed to improve the detection techniques particularly in High Risk Group population who are severely immunocompromised.展开更多
Objective: This paper aims to screen and analyze the current status of high-risk stroke patients in Shashi District of Jingzhou City and the exposure levels of related risk factors, and provides suggestions as the ref...Objective: This paper aims to screen and analyze the current status of high-risk stroke patients in Shashi District of Jingzhou City and the exposure levels of related risk factors, and provides suggestions as the references for prevention and treatment of stroke. Methods: Using cluster sampling, on-site investigations were conducted on 1060 permanent residents aged 40 years and over at 3 townships and 2 communities in Shashi District of Jingzhou City from January 2018 to December 2018. Risk assessment of stroke is based on the stroke risk screening form. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 22.0 software. Results: After making a stroke risk assessment, a total of 313 high-risk stroke patients were screened, and the detection rate was 29.53%. The exposure rate of risk factors from high to low was hypertension (70.93%), dyslipidemia (46.33%), less physical exercise (46.01%), diabetes (36.10%), overweight (33.55%), smoking (33.23%), family history of stroke (24.92%), atrial fibrillation or valvular heart disease (7.35%). There are statistically significant differences among all risk factors between the high-risk group and middle and low-risk groups (P Conclusion: The detection rate of high-risk stroke patients in Shashi District of Jingzhou City is high. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and less physical exercise are the main risk factors of stroke occurrence and recurrence in the region. The prevention and treatment of risk factors for stroke should be strengthened to control the incidence and recurrence rate of stroke.展开更多
Pancreatic cancer is a serious growing health issue in developed countries.For patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer,the five year survival rate is below 5%.One major important reason leads to the poor survival ra...Pancreatic cancer is a serious growing health issue in developed countries.For patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer,the five year survival rate is below 5%.One major important reason leads to the poor survival rate is lack of early detection of pancreatic cancer.Over 80% of the patients are diagnosed in advanced disease stages.Screening for pancreatic cancer is a desirable option for high risk individuals to allow early detection and treatment of curable pancreatic neoplasms at a pre-invasive stage.This article highlights the need,endpoint,population,method,diagnostic yield,and the problems of current screening programs.展开更多
A prospective study was done by the examination of nasopharyngoscope, reaction of EB virus's antigens and antibodies, nasopharyngofibroscope, pathological and EB virus's DNA, EBERs, etc. of about 100000 person...A prospective study was done by the examination of nasopharyngoscope, reaction of EB virus's antigens and antibodies, nasopharyngofibroscope, pathological and EB virus's DNA, EBERs, etc. of about 100000 persons in high risk area of NPC in Guangdong Province, China from 1986 to 1995. If any one of the following four conditions is present in some persons, i.e., (1) EBV VCA/IgA titer>1:80, (2) EBV EDAb>60%, (3) Dual or triple positiveness in VCA/IgA, EA/IgA and EDAb, (4) Any one of VCA/IgA, EA/IgA and EDAb keeps high titer or going up, they should be regarded as in precancerosis of NPC. The moderate or severe heteroplasia and heterometaplasia of nasopharyngeal mucosa are the precancerous lesions of NPC. Some individual who is in precancerosis or with precancerous lesion should be regarded as the high risk population of NPC. The results are of important scientific basis for screening and second degree prevention of NPC.展开更多
Objective Asymptomatic carotid stenosis(ACS)is closely associated to the incidence of severe cerebrovascular diseases.Early identifying the individuals with ACS and its associated risk factors could be beneficial for ...Objective Asymptomatic carotid stenosis(ACS)is closely associated to the incidence of severe cerebrovascular diseases.Early identifying the individuals with ACS and its associated risk factors could be beneficial for primary prevention of stroke.This study aimed to investigate a machine-learning algorithm for the detection of ACS among high-risk population of stroke based on the associated risk factors.Methods A novel model of machine learning was utilized to screen the associated predictors of ACS based on 30 potential risk factors.The algorithm of this model adopted a random forest pattern based on the training data and then was verified using the testing data.All of the original data were retrieved from the China National Stroke Screening and Prevention Project(CNSSPP),including demographic,clinical and laboratory characteristics.The individuals with high risk of stroke were enrolled and randomly divided into a training group and a testing group at a ratio of 4:1.The identification of carotid stenosis by carotid artery duplex scans was set as the golden standard.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and the area under the curve(AUC)was used to evaluate the efficacy of the model in detecting ACS.Results Of 2841 high risk individual of stroke enrolled,326(11.6%)were diagnosed as ACS by ultrasonography.The top five risk fectors contributing to ACS in this model were identified as family history of dyslipidemia,high level of lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c),low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c),aging,and low body.展开更多
A study of precancerous gastric lesion was conducted in a randomly selected high risk population in Linqu, Shandong Province of China. 849 subjects aged from 30-64 were examined bioptically. There were 8 cases of gast...A study of precancerous gastric lesion was conducted in a randomly selected high risk population in Linqu, Shandong Province of China. 849 subjects aged from 30-64 were examined bioptically. There were 8 cases of gastric cancer, the prevalence rate was 0.9%. 169 subjects were diagnosed to be dysplasia, the prevalence rate of dysplasia was increased significantly with age. The regression equation was Y=0.47X-0.25. The prevalence of CAG was found in 36 per cent of the studied subjects and both dysplasia and CAG were more serious in the antrum than the. fundus. The results showed a natural history of precancerous gastric lesions in a high risk population in a high risk area.展开更多
Ischemic stroke is a complicated disease, and its pathogenesis has been attributed to the occurrence of genetic polymorphisms.Evidence has suggested that the microRNA let-7a is involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic...Ischemic stroke is a complicated disease, and its pathogenesis has been attributed to the occurrence of genetic polymorphisms.Evidence has suggested that the microRNA let-7a is involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.Pri-miRNA is the primary transcript, which undergoes several processing steps to generate pre-miRNA and, later, mature miRNAs.In this case-control study, we analyzed the distribution of prilet-7a-2 variants in patients at a high risk for ischemic stroke and the interactions of pri-let-7a-2 variants and environmental factors.Blood samples and clinical information were collected from 1086 patients with ischemic stroke and 836 healthy controls between December 2013 and December 2015 at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University.We found that the rs1143770 CC genotype and the C allele were associated with a decreased risk of ischemic stroke, whereas the rs629367 CC genotype was associated with an increased risk for ischemic stroke.Moreover, these two single-nucleotide polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium in this study sample.We analyzed gene-environment interactions and found that rs1143770 exerted a combined effect on the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, together with alcohol use, smoking, and a history of hypertension.Therefore, the detection of pri-let-7a-2 polymorphisms may increase the awareness of ischemic stroke risk.This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China(approval No.2012-38-1) on February 20, 2012, and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration number: ChiCTR-COC-17013559) on December 27, 2017.展开更多
Objective To investigate the levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors and their relations to clinical phenotype associated with coronary artery disease(CAD).Methods The subjects were recruited from five independe...Objective To investigate the levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors and their relations to clinical phenotype associated with coronary artery disease(CAD).Methods The subjects were recruited from five independent cardiovascular centers.Coronary angiography was employed to define the CAD with stenosis in each major vessel ≥70% and control with stenosis <10% in every lesion.The classic risk factors including family history,body mass index,smoking habits,hypertension,diabetes mellitus,and serum lipid levels were surveyed according to established criteria.Associations between risk levels and clinical phenotypes were assessed by case control and correlation analysis.Results A total of 762 individuals were collected,including 481 men and 281 women,aged from 17 to 81(mean 60±10) years.The patients with CAD accounted for 55.5% of all participants,and controls 44.5%,respectively.Compared with the pattern in published data,our study showed that mean serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) level was significantly lower(P<0.001) and triglycerides was significantly higher(P<0.001),while total cholesterol(TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were comparative(both P>0.05).The prevalence of low HDL-C(<40 g/L) and hypertriglyceridemia(>150 g/L) were 27.2% and 41.4%,respectively.Mean serum levels of HDL-C and apolipoprotein A1 were significantly higher in female subjects than in male(P<0.001).Lower HDL-C functioned as an independent risk factor for CAD only in men(RR=2.8,95%CI:1.5-4.2,P<0.001),yet increased non-HDL cholesterol combined with diabetes mellitus and obesity seemed to play a key role in the development ofCAD in women.Similarity in risk association with CAD was found for hypertension and TC/HDL ratio in male and female subjects,while family history had no relationship with the presence of CAD.Conclusion It is remarkable that emphasis of intervention in future should be given on the prevalent low serum HDL-C and its strong risk correlation with the presence of CAD in male subjects of Chinese Han population.展开更多
Objective This study was to investigate the HIV current situation in Liangshan prefecture, in order to predict prevalence and transmission trends. Methods Region-specific population, behavior, serosurveillence, and po...Objective This study was to investigate the HIV current situation in Liangshan prefecture, in order to predict prevalence and transmission trends. Methods Region-specific population, behavior, serosurveillence, and policy/program data （from 1995 to 2020） were gathered from various local and national organizations and applied to the Asian Epidemic Model （AEM） and used to derive estimates of future HIV prevalence, epidemic trends, and outcomes of intervention strategies. Results The AEM projections for 2020 included increased number of people living with HIV （PLHIV; to 136 617）, increased HIV prevalence （2.51%）, and 8037 deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome （AIDS） in this region. However, the overall HIV incidence rate （per 10 000） was projected to decline from 27 in 2015 to 22 in 2020, largely due to a predicted decrease in HIV infection rate （per 10 000） from 658 in 2013 to 621 in 2020 among intravenous drug users. In contrast, the cases of HIV infection per i0 000 was projected to increase from 420 in 2010 to 503 in 2020 among men who have sex with men, and from 8 in 2010 to 15 in 2020 among the general population. The predominant risk factor for HIV transmission over the next decade in Liangshan was casual sex. Community-based outreach strategies to reduce injected drug use and casual sex, and to promote condom use, were predicted as effective interventions to decrease HIV transmission. Conclusion Implementation of a comprehensive public health program, with targeting to the region-specific at-risk populations, will help to mitigate HIV/AIDS spread in Liangshan.展开更多
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is an emerging infection worldwide and the numbers of persons infected are increasing every year. Poor blood transfusion methods along with unsafe injection practices are potential sources for the rapid spread of infection. Early detection of HCV is the need of the hour especially in high riskgroup population as these individuals are severely immunocompromised. Enzyme Immunoassays are the most common detection techniques but they provide no evidence of active viremia or identification of infected individuals in the antibody-negative phase and their efficacy is limited in individuals within high risk group population. Molecular virological techniques have an important role in detecting active infection with utmost specificity and sensitivity. Technologies for assessment of HCV antibody and RNA levels have improved remarkably, as well as our understanding of how to best use these tests in patient management. This review aims to give an overview of the different serological and molecular methods employed in detecting HCV infection used nowadays. Additionally, the review gives an insight in the new molecular techniques that are being developed to improve the detection techniques particularly in High Risk Group population who are severely immunocompromised.
文摘Objective: This paper aims to screen and analyze the current status of high-risk stroke patients in Shashi District of Jingzhou City and the exposure levels of related risk factors, and provides suggestions as the references for prevention and treatment of stroke. Methods: Using cluster sampling, on-site investigations were conducted on 1060 permanent residents aged 40 years and over at 3 townships and 2 communities in Shashi District of Jingzhou City from January 2018 to December 2018. Risk assessment of stroke is based on the stroke risk screening form. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 22.0 software. Results: After making a stroke risk assessment, a total of 313 high-risk stroke patients were screened, and the detection rate was 29.53%. The exposure rate of risk factors from high to low was hypertension (70.93%), dyslipidemia (46.33%), less physical exercise (46.01%), diabetes (36.10%), overweight (33.55%), smoking (33.23%), family history of stroke (24.92%), atrial fibrillation or valvular heart disease (7.35%). There are statistically significant differences among all risk factors between the high-risk group and middle and low-risk groups (P Conclusion: The detection rate of high-risk stroke patients in Shashi District of Jingzhou City is high. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and less physical exercise are the main risk factors of stroke occurrence and recurrence in the region. The prevention and treatment of risk factors for stroke should be strengthened to control the incidence and recurrence rate of stroke.
文摘Pancreatic cancer is a serious growing health issue in developed countries.For patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer,the five year survival rate is below 5%.One major important reason leads to the poor survival rate is lack of early detection of pancreatic cancer.Over 80% of the patients are diagnosed in advanced disease stages.Screening for pancreatic cancer is a desirable option for high risk individuals to allow early detection and treatment of curable pancreatic neoplasms at a pre-invasive stage.This article highlights the need,endpoint,population,method,diagnostic yield,and the problems of current screening programs.
文摘A prospective study was done by the examination of nasopharyngoscope, reaction of EB virus's antigens and antibodies, nasopharyngofibroscope, pathological and EB virus's DNA, EBERs, etc. of about 100000 persons in high risk area of NPC in Guangdong Province, China from 1986 to 1995. If any one of the following four conditions is present in some persons, i.e., (1) EBV VCA/IgA titer>1:80, (2) EBV EDAb>60%, (3) Dual or triple positiveness in VCA/IgA, EA/IgA and EDAb, (4) Any one of VCA/IgA, EA/IgA and EDAb keeps high titer or going up, they should be regarded as in precancerosis of NPC. The moderate or severe heteroplasia and heterometaplasia of nasopharyngeal mucosa are the precancerous lesions of NPC. Some individual who is in precancerosis or with precancerous lesion should be regarded as the high risk population of NPC. The results are of important scientific basis for screening and second degree prevention of NPC.
基金Fund supported by the Medical Science and Tech no logy Development Foundatio n(YKK18114)the Gen era I Social Development Medical and Health Project of Nanjing Science and Technology Commission(201803029).
文摘Objective Asymptomatic carotid stenosis(ACS)is closely associated to the incidence of severe cerebrovascular diseases.Early identifying the individuals with ACS and its associated risk factors could be beneficial for primary prevention of stroke.This study aimed to investigate a machine-learning algorithm for the detection of ACS among high-risk population of stroke based on the associated risk factors.Methods A novel model of machine learning was utilized to screen the associated predictors of ACS based on 30 potential risk factors.The algorithm of this model adopted a random forest pattern based on the training data and then was verified using the testing data.All of the original data were retrieved from the China National Stroke Screening and Prevention Project(CNSSPP),including demographic,clinical and laboratory characteristics.The individuals with high risk of stroke were enrolled and randomly divided into a training group and a testing group at a ratio of 4:1.The identification of carotid stenosis by carotid artery duplex scans was set as the golden standard.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and the area under the curve(AUC)was used to evaluate the efficacy of the model in detecting ACS.Results Of 2841 high risk individual of stroke enrolled,326(11.6%)were diagnosed as ACS by ultrasonography.The top five risk fectors contributing to ACS in this model were identified as family history of dyslipidemia,high level of lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c),low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c),aging,and low body.
文摘A study of precancerous gastric lesion was conducted in a randomly selected high risk population in Linqu, Shandong Province of China. 849 subjects aged from 30-64 were examined bioptically. There were 8 cases of gastric cancer, the prevalence rate was 0.9%. 169 subjects were diagnosed to be dysplasia, the prevalence rate of dysplasia was increased significantly with age. The regression equation was Y=0.47X-0.25. The prevalence of CAG was found in 36 per cent of the studied subjects and both dysplasia and CAG were more serious in the antrum than the. fundus. The results showed a natural history of precancerous gastric lesions in a high risk population in a high risk area.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.81901189the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China, No.2019-BS-147(both to YZW)。
文摘Ischemic stroke is a complicated disease, and its pathogenesis has been attributed to the occurrence of genetic polymorphisms.Evidence has suggested that the microRNA let-7a is involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.Pri-miRNA is the primary transcript, which undergoes several processing steps to generate pre-miRNA and, later, mature miRNAs.In this case-control study, we analyzed the distribution of prilet-7a-2 variants in patients at a high risk for ischemic stroke and the interactions of pri-let-7a-2 variants and environmental factors.Blood samples and clinical information were collected from 1086 patients with ischemic stroke and 836 healthy controls between December 2013 and December 2015 at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University.We found that the rs1143770 CC genotype and the C allele were associated with a decreased risk of ischemic stroke, whereas the rs629367 CC genotype was associated with an increased risk for ischemic stroke.Moreover, these two single-nucleotide polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium in this study sample.We analyzed gene-environment interactions and found that rs1143770 exerted a combined effect on the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, together with alcohol use, smoking, and a history of hypertension.Therefore, the detection of pri-let-7a-2 polymorphisms may increase the awareness of ischemic stroke risk.This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China(approval No.2012-38-1) on February 20, 2012, and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration number: ChiCTR-COC-17013559) on December 27, 2017.
基金Supported by a grant from Desert Foundation (2003),Salt Lake City,USA
文摘Objective To investigate the levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors and their relations to clinical phenotype associated with coronary artery disease(CAD).Methods The subjects were recruited from five independent cardiovascular centers.Coronary angiography was employed to define the CAD with stenosis in each major vessel ≥70% and control with stenosis <10% in every lesion.The classic risk factors including family history,body mass index,smoking habits,hypertension,diabetes mellitus,and serum lipid levels were surveyed according to established criteria.Associations between risk levels and clinical phenotypes were assessed by case control and correlation analysis.Results A total of 762 individuals were collected,including 481 men and 281 women,aged from 17 to 81(mean 60±10) years.The patients with CAD accounted for 55.5% of all participants,and controls 44.5%,respectively.Compared with the pattern in published data,our study showed that mean serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) level was significantly lower(P<0.001) and triglycerides was significantly higher(P<0.001),while total cholesterol(TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were comparative(both P>0.05).The prevalence of low HDL-C(<40 g/L) and hypertriglyceridemia(>150 g/L) were 27.2% and 41.4%,respectively.Mean serum levels of HDL-C and apolipoprotein A1 were significantly higher in female subjects than in male(P<0.001).Lower HDL-C functioned as an independent risk factor for CAD only in men(RR=2.8,95%CI:1.5-4.2,P<0.001),yet increased non-HDL cholesterol combined with diabetes mellitus and obesity seemed to play a key role in the development ofCAD in women.Similarity in risk association with CAD was found for hypertension and TC/HDL ratio in male and female subjects,while family history had no relationship with the presence of CAD.Conclusion It is remarkable that emphasis of intervention in future should be given on the prevalent low serum HDL-C and its strong risk correlation with the presence of CAD in male subjects of Chinese Han population.
基金funded by China-MSD HIV/AIDS Partnership Project(2012-83)Comprehensive Assessment for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention in Sichuan Province Project(2006-2010)
文摘Objective This study was to investigate the HIV current situation in Liangshan prefecture, in order to predict prevalence and transmission trends. Methods Region-specific population, behavior, serosurveillence, and policy/program data （from 1995 to 2020） were gathered from various local and national organizations and applied to the Asian Epidemic Model （AEM） and used to derive estimates of future HIV prevalence, epidemic trends, and outcomes of intervention strategies. Results The AEM projections for 2020 included increased number of people living with HIV （PLHIV; to 136 617）, increased HIV prevalence （2.51%）, and 8037 deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome （AIDS） in this region. However, the overall HIV incidence rate （per 10 000） was projected to decline from 27 in 2015 to 22 in 2020, largely due to a predicted decrease in HIV infection rate （per 10 000） from 658 in 2013 to 621 in 2020 among intravenous drug users. In contrast, the cases of HIV infection per i0 000 was projected to increase from 420 in 2010 to 503 in 2020 among men who have sex with men, and from 8 in 2010 to 15 in 2020 among the general population. The predominant risk factor for HIV transmission over the next decade in Liangshan was casual sex. Community-based outreach strategies to reduce injected drug use and casual sex, and to promote condom use, were predicted as effective interventions to decrease HIV transmission. Conclusion Implementation of a comprehensive public health program, with targeting to the region-specific at-risk populations, will help to mitigate HIV/AIDS spread in Liangshan.
