Tunnel heading stability in two dimensions(2D)has been extensively investigated by numerous scholars in the past decade.One significant limitation of 2D analysis is the absence of actual tunnel geometry modeling with ...Tunnel heading stability in two dimensions(2D)has been extensively investigated by numerous scholars in the past decade.One significant limitation of 2D analysis is the absence of actual tunnel geometry modeling with a considerable degree of idealization.Nevertheless,it is possible to study the stability of tunnels in three dimensions(3D)with a rectangular shape using finite element limit analysis(FELA)and a nonlinear programming technique.This paper employs 3D FELA to generate rigorous solutions for stability numbers,failure mechanisms,and safety factors for rectangular-shaped tunnels.To further explore the usefulness of the produced results,multivariate adaptive regression spline(MARS)is used for machine learning of big dataset and development of design equations for practical design applications.The study should be of great benefit to tunnel design practices using the developed equations provided in the paper.展开更多
Log centering accuracy depends on the computerized simulative level of its three-dimension outline. In this paper, the basic methods about distinguishing three dimensions outline of log by means of computerized simula...Log centering accuracy depends on the computerized simulative level of its three-dimension outline. In this paper, the basic methods about distinguishing three dimensions outline of log by means of computerized simulation are discussed. It is suggested that straight lines or certain curves should be introduced to connect the separated points along some log generatrices. Taking bent logs for example verify the accuracy of computerized simulative method.展开更多
Three-dimensional （3D） Fick＇s diffusion equation and fractional diffusion equation are solved for different reflecting boundaries. We use the continuous time random walk model （CTRW） to investigate the time-avera...Three-dimensional （3D） Fick＇s diffusion equation and fractional diffusion equation are solved for different reflecting boundaries. We use the continuous time random walk model （CTRW） to investigate the time-averaged mean square dis- placement （MSD） of a 3D single particle trajectory. Theoretical results show that the ensemble average of the time-averaged MSD can be expressed analytically by a Mittag-Leffler function. Our new expression is in agreement with previous formu- las in two limiting cases： （^-δ2） ~ △1 in short lag time and （^-δ2} ~ △1 -α in long lag time. We also simulate the experimental data of mRNA diffusion in living E. coli using a 3D CTRW model under confined and crowded conditions. The simulation results are well consistent with experimental results. The calculations of power spectral density （PSD） further indicate the subdiffsive behavior of an individual trajectory.展开更多
Antimony sulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a promising anode for lithium-ion batteries due to its high capacity and vast reserves.However,the low electronic conductivity and severe volume change during cycling hinder its commerc...Antimony sulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a promising anode for lithium-ion batteries due to its high capacity and vast reserves.However,the low electronic conductivity and severe volume change during cycling hinder its commercialization.Herein our work,a three-dimensional(3D)Sb_(2)S_(3) thin film anode was fabricated via a simple vapor transport deposition system by using natural stibnite as raw material and stainless steel fiber-foil(SSF)as 3D current collector,and a carbon nanotube interphase was introduced onto the film surface by a simple dropping-heating process to promote the electrochemical performances.This 3D structure can greatly improve the initial coulombic efficiency to a record of 86.6% and high reversible rate capacity of 760.8 mAh·g^(-1) at 10 C.With carbon nanotubes interphase modified,the Sb_(2)S_(3) anode cycled extremely stable with high capacity retention of 94.7% after 160 cycles.This work sheds light on the economical preparation and performance optimization of Sb_(2)S_(3)-based anodes.展开更多
The derivation of Green function in a two-layer fluid model has been treated in different ways. In a two-layer fluid with the upper layer having a free surface, there exist two modes of waves propagating due to the fr...The derivation of Green function in a two-layer fluid model has been treated in different ways. In a two-layer fluid with the upper layer having a free surface, there exist two modes of waves propagating due to the free surface and the interface. This paper is concerned with the derivation of Green functions in the three dimensional case of a stationary source oscillating. The source point is located either in the upper or lower part of a two-layer fluid of finite depth. The derivation is carried out by the method of singularities. This method has an advantage in that it involves representing the potential as a sum of singularities or multipoles placed within any structures being present. Furthermore, experience shows that the systems of equations resulted from using a singularity method possess excellent convergence characteristics and only a few equations are needed to obtain accurate numerical results. Validation is done by showing that the derived two-layer Green function can be reduced to that of a single layer of finite depth or that the upper Green function coincides with that of the lower, for each case. The effect of the density on the internal waves is demonstrated. Also, it is shown how the surface and internal wave amplitudes are compared for both the wave modes. The fluid in this case is considered to be inviscid and incompressible and the flow is irrotational.展开更多
We describe how the Unit-Feature Spatial Classification Method(UFSCM) can be used operationally to classify cloud types in satellite imagery efficiently and conveniently.By using a combination of Interactive Data Lang...We describe how the Unit-Feature Spatial Classification Method(UFSCM) can be used operationally to classify cloud types in satellite imagery efficiently and conveniently.By using a combination of Interactive Data Language(IDL) and Visual C++(VC) code in combination to extend the technique in three dimensions(3-D),this paper provides an efficient method to implement interactive computer visualization of the 3-D discrimination matrix modification,so as to deal with the bi-spectral limitations of traditional two dimensional(2-D) UFSCM.The case study of cloud-type classification based on FY-2C satellite data (0600 UTC 18 and 0000 UTC 10 September 2007) is conducted by comparison with ground station data, and indicates that 3-D UFSCM makes more use of the pattern recognition information in multi-spectral imagery,resulting in more reasonable results and an improvement over the 2-D method.展开更多
Objective: Computerized tomography (CT) plays an important role in the diagnosis of diseases of biliary tract. Recently, three dimensions (3D) spiral CT imaging has been used in surgical diseases gradually. This study...Objective: Computerized tomography (CT) plays an important role in the diagnosis of diseases of biliary tract. Recently, three dimensions (3D) spiral CT imaging has been used in surgical diseases gradually. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic value of 3D spiral CT imaging of cholangiopancreatic ducts on obstructive jaundice. Methods: Thirty patients with obstructive jaundice had received B-mode ultrasonography, CT, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and 3D spiral CT imaging of cholangiopancreatic ducts preoperatively. Then the diagnose accordance rate of these examinational methods were compared after operations. Results: The diagnose accordance rate of 3D spiral CT imaging of cholangiopancreatic ducts was higher than those of B-mode ultrasonography, CT, or single PTC or ERCP, which showed clear images of bile duct tree and pathological changes. As to malignant obstructive jaundice, this examinational technique could clearly display the adjacent relationship between tumor and liver tissue, biliary ducts, blood vessels, and intrahepatic metastases. Conclusion: 3D spiral CT imaging of cholangiopancreatic ducts has significant value for obstructive diseases of biliary ducts, which provides effective evidence for the feasibility of tumor-resection and surgical options.展开更多
With the popularity of international media exchanges, people attach greater importance to the translation of TV and mov-ie. Shuttleworth and Cowie define the subtitle translation as"a process providing synchronou...With the popularity of international media exchanges, people attach greater importance to the translation of TV and mov-ie. Shuttleworth and Cowie define the subtitle translation as"a process providing synchronous explanation with movies"(1997:161). A good subtitle translation should be vivid, economical, synchronous, popular and easy to understand(Yao 2010). In our pa-per, we will analyze the The Flowers of War(金陵十三钗) as our object.展开更多
This paper presents a theory about penalty-equilibrating(PEQ)hybrid element of three dimensions (3-D), and generates a model forthe PEQ hybrid stress 3-D element. By the PEQ ap- proach, the falsestress is avoided and ...This paper presents a theory about penalty-equilibrating(PEQ)hybrid element of three dimensions (3-D), and generates a model forthe PEQ hybrid stress 3-D element. By the PEQ ap- proach, the falsestress is avoided and the precision in calculation is raised to alarge extent under the mesh distortion condition without anotheradditional degree of freedom. In the results of numerical ex- amples,the present element is compared with the 8-node hexahedron elementand the optimized hybrid element, and it is proved that ourconclusion is correct. In addition, the penalty-equilibrating hybrid3-D element is taken as a trial to calculate problems of square platebending and incompressibility. The results obtained are satisfactory.展开更多
In this paper, a multidimensional tuning method of the silica microcapillary resonator(MCR) is proposed and demonstrated whereby the extinction ratio(ER) as well as the resonant wavelength can be individually controll...In this paper, a multidimensional tuning method of the silica microcapillary resonator(MCR) is proposed and demonstrated whereby the extinction ratio(ER) as well as the resonant wavelength can be individually controlled.An ER tuning range of up to 17 d B and a maximum tuning sensitivity of 0.3 d B/μm are realized due to the tapered profile of the silica optical microfiber(MF) when the MF is adjusted along its axial direction. Compared to direct tuning of the coupling gap, this method could lower the requirement for the resolution of displacement stage to micrometers. When the MF is adjusted along the axial direction of the silica microcapillary, a resonance shift of 3.06 nm and maximum tuning sensitivity of 0.01 nm/μm are achieved. This method avoids the use of an applied external field to control the silica microresonators. Moreover, when air is replaced by ethanol and water in the core of the silica microcapillary, a maximum resonance shift of 5.22 nm is also achieved to further enlarge the resonance tuning range. Finally, a microbubble resonator with a higher Q factor is also fabricated to achieve an ER tuning range of 8.5 d B. Our method fully takes advantage of the unique structure of the MCR to separately and easily tune its key parameters, and may broaden its applications in optical signal processing and sensing.展开更多
With the multi-phase field model, the unidirectional solidification with constant velocity growth and variable velocity growth of the CBr4-C2C16 eutectic alloy is simulated in three dimensions. The simulated results w...With the multi-phase field model, the unidirectional solidification with constant velocity growth and variable velocity growth of the CBr4-C2C16 eutectic alloy is simulated in three dimensions. The simulated results with constant velocity growth show that with the increase of pulling velocity, the morphology of the CBr4-C2C16 alloy evolves in the sequence of lamellar merging -lamellar-rod transition-stable lamellar growth-oscillating growth-lamellar branching. A morphology selection map is established with different pulling velocities, which is confirmed to be correct by the velocity change process. It is shown that all of the morphology transitions, the average interface growth velocity and average interface undercooling show a hysteresis effect against the instant of velocity change. The relationship between the interface average undercooling and interface average growth velocity is consistent with the theoretical value.展开更多
An efficient Galerkin meshfree formulation for three dimensional simulation of large deformation failure evolution in soils is presented. This formulation utilizes the stabilized conforming nodal integration, where fo...An efficient Galerkin meshfree formulation for three dimensional simulation of large deformation failure evolution in soils is presented. This formulation utilizes the stabilized conforming nodal integration, where for the purpose of stability and efficiency a Lagrangian smoothing strain at nodal point is constructed and thereafter the internal energy is evaluated nodally. This formulation ensures the linear exactness, efficiency and spatial stability in a unified manner and it makes the conventional Galerkin meshfree method affordable for three dimensional simulation. The three dimensional implementation of stabilized conforming nodal integration is discussed in details. To model the failure evolution in soil medium a coupled elasto-plastic damage model is used and an objective stress integration algorithm in combination of elasto-damage predictor and plastic corrector method is employed for stress update. Two typical numerical examples are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present method for modeling large deformation soil failure.展开更多
Three-dimensional Heisenberg model in the form of a tetrahedron lattice is investigated. The concurrence and multipartite entanglement are calculated through 2-concurrence C and 4-concurrence C4. The concurrence C and...Three-dimensional Heisenberg model in the form of a tetrahedron lattice is investigated. The concurrence and multipartite entanglement are calculated through 2-concurrence C and 4-concurrence C4. The concurrence C and multipartite entanglement G4 depend on different coupling strengths Ji and are decreased when the temperature T is increased. For a symmetric tetrahedron lattice, the concurrence C is symmetric about J1 when J~ is negative while the multipartite entanglement G4 is symmetric about J1 when J2 〈 2. For a regular tetrahedron lattice, the concurrence G of ground state is 1/3 for ferromagnetic case while G = 0 for antiferromagnetic ca.se. However, there is no multipartitc entanglement since C4=0 in a regular tetrahedron lattice. The external magnetic field 13 can increase the maximum value of the concurrence GB and induce two or three peaks in Cn. There is a peak in the multipartite entanglement G4 B when G4B is varied as a function of the temperature T. This peak is mainly induced by the magnetic field B.展开更多
Aims Seed germinations react to their local growing conditions,but the impacts of soil heterogeneity on seed germinations are not well known.Methods Effects of three-dimensional soil heterogeneity on seed germinations...Aims Seed germinations react to their local growing conditions,but the impacts of soil heterogeneity on seed germinations are not well known.Methods Effects of three-dimensional soil heterogeneity on seed germinations of grasses species were explored,where two levels of such soil heterogeneity were created via alternatively filling nutrient-poor and nutrientrich substrate in pot in all directions.Patch sizes of the two heterogeneity levels are around 7.5 and 15 cm,respectively.Fifty seeds of each of the grasses species(Lolium perenne and Elymus nutans)were set either in these heterogeneous soils or in petri dishes with distilled water.Seed germinations of these species were daily recorded.Important Findings We found that pots with smaller patches had relatively lower germination rate,which is con sistent with our expectati on that shorter distance between nutrient-rich and nu trient-poor patches in pots with smaller patches allows plants to reduce their germination rates and delay their germination,in order to reduce the negative impacts of the strong variation of soil resources in these pots.Our results also revealed that pots with smaller patches yielded more heterogeneous seed germination,i.e.seed germinations highly diverged among these pots.These findings highlight that the realistic three-dimensional design can improve our understanding of seed germination as driven by soil spatial heterogeneity.展开更多
A 3-D coordination polymer [PbNH(CH2COO)2] 1 has been prepared under hydrothermal conditions and its crystal structure was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound belongs to orthorhombic system, spac...A 3-D coordination polymer [PbNH(CH2COO)2] 1 has been prepared under hydrothermal conditions and its crystal structure was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound belongs to orthorhombic system, space group Fdd2 with unit cell parameters: a = 13.6304(6), b = 36.295(1), c = 5.0821(2) ? V = 2514.19(17) 3, Z = 16, Mr = 338.28, Dc = 3.575 g/cm3, F(000) = 2400 and m(MoKa) = 2.679 cm-1. The final R and wR are 0.0290 and 0.0685, respectively, for 874 observed reflections with I > 2s(I). The lead has a distorted tetragonal pyramid environment with four oxygen donors in the basal plane and one nitrogen donor in the axial site. Micro-channels are observed in the neutral 3-D network of 1.展开更多
In this work, we discuss the topological transformation of quantum dynamics by showing the wave dynamics of a quantum particle on different types of topological structures in various dimensions from the fundamental po...In this work, we discuss the topological transformation of quantum dynamics by showing the wave dynamics of a quantum particle on different types of topological structures in various dimensions from the fundamental polygons of the corresponding universal covering spaces. This is not the view from different perspectives of an observer who simply uses different coordinate systems to describe the same physical phenomenon but rather possible geometric and topological structures that quantum particles are endowed with when they are identified with differentiable manifolds that are embedded or immersed in Euclidean spaces of higher dimension. We present our discussions in the form of Bohr model in one, two and three dimensions using linear wave equations. In one dimension, the fundamental polygon is an interval and the universal covering space is the straight line and in this case the standing wave on a finite string is transformed into the standing wave on a circle which can be applied into the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. In two dimensions, the fundamental polygon is a square and the universal covering space is the plane and in this case, the standing wave on the square is transformed into the standing wave on different surfaces that can be formed by gluing opposite sides of the square, which include a 2-sphere, a 2-torus, a Klein bottle and a projective plane. In three dimensions, the fundamental polygon is a cube and the universal covering space is the three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is shown that a 3-torus and the manifold K?× S1?defined as the product of a Klein bottle and a circle can be constructed by gluing opposite faces of a cube. Therefore, in three-dimensions, the standing wave on a cube is transformed into the standing wave on a 3-torus or on the manifold K?× S1. We also suggest that the mathematical degeneracy may play an important role in quantum dynamics and be associated with the concept of wavefunction collapse in quantum mechanics.展开更多
Based on relevant theories of eco-translatology,this paper analyzes the translation of neologisms in the English book,The Money Is Coming from the perspective of adaptive transformation from three basic dimensions-the...Based on relevant theories of eco-translatology,this paper analyzes the translation of neologisms in the English book,The Money Is Coming from the perspective of adaptive transformation from three basic dimensions-the linguistic,cultural,and communicative dimensions.展开更多
Based on the potential theory and perturbation techniques, the problem of second-order sloshing in a three-dimensional tank in combination with surge and sway motions is analyzed. When excitation is applied in both ho...Based on the potential theory and perturbation techniques, the problem of second-order sloshing in a three-dimensional tank in combination with surge and sway motions is analyzed. When excitation is applied in both horizontal directions, the second-order resonance can occur when the sum frequency or the difference frequency of any two excitation components is equal to one of the natural frequencies. The resonance can also occur when the sum or difference frequency of one of the excitation frequencies and one of the natural frequencies is equal to another natural frequency.展开更多
Objective:The objective of this study is to explore the treatment and compatibility principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Materials and Methods:Syndrome differentiation is used to identify the etiology,nature,and...Objective:The objective of this study is to explore the treatment and compatibility principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Materials and Methods:Syndrome differentiation is used to identify the etiology,nature,and location of a disease and the relationship between the healthy Qi and pathogenic factors by analyzing and synthesizing the four diagnostics data.The theory of treatment is to determine the principle and methods of treatment according to the results of syndrome differentiation and implement them as a specific prescription.This paper bears witness to the principle universality by analysis of the articles of the Banxia Xiexin Decoction,and it equally has analogical prescriptions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases.Results:The treatment and compatibility principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine are the same,that is,rectifying the deviation on three dimensions,strengthening the healthy Qi,and eliminating pathogenic factors in the light of its general trend.Conclusion:The treatment and compatibility principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine are the same,The treatment and compatibility principles provide a new thinking for clinical treatment.展开更多
We present an exact three-dimensional massive Kiselev AdS black hole solution. This Kiselev black hole is neither perfectly fluid, nor is it the quintessential solution, but the BTZ black hole modified by the anisotro...We present an exact three-dimensional massive Kiselev AdS black hole solution. This Kiselev black hole is neither perfectly fluid, nor is it the quintessential solution, but the BTZ black hole modified by the anisotropic matter. This black hole possesses an essential singularity at its radial origin and a single horizon whose radius will increase monotonically when the parameter of the anisotropic matter field ω decreases. We calculate all thermodynamic quantities and find that the first law of thermodynamics of this massive Kiselev AdS black hole can be protected, while the consistent Smarr formula is only held in the extended thermodynamic phase space. After examining the sign of free energy, we conclude that there is no Hawking-Page transition since the massive Kiselev AdS black hole phase is always thermodynamically favored. Moreover, we study the phase transition between the Kiselev AdS black hole and BTZ black hole by considering the matchings for their temperature. We find that the Kiselev AdS black hole is still a thermodynamically more preferred phase, because it always has a smaller amount of free energy than the BTZ black hole, which seems to indicate that the anisotropic matter field may emerge naturally in BTZ black hole spacetime under some thermal fluctuations. We also show a first order phase transition between the Kiselev AdS black hole phase with -1<w <-1/2 and the black hole phase with -1/2<w<0. As the Kiselev AdS black hole has some notable features on the phase transition of black holes in three dimensions, it provides important clues to further investigate these both surprising and similar behaviors in four and higher dimensions.展开更多
基金supported by the Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fundamental Fund fiscal year 2023The fifth author (V.Kamchoom)acknowledges the financial support from the National Science,Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF)at King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL),Thailand (Grant No.FRB66065/0258-RE-KRIS/FF66/53)+1 种基金the Climate Change and Climate Variability Research in Monsoon Asia (CMON3)from the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) (Grant No.N10A650844)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).
文摘Tunnel heading stability in two dimensions(2D)has been extensively investigated by numerous scholars in the past decade.One significant limitation of 2D analysis is the absence of actual tunnel geometry modeling with a considerable degree of idealization.Nevertheless,it is possible to study the stability of tunnels in three dimensions(3D)with a rectangular shape using finite element limit analysis(FELA)and a nonlinear programming technique.This paper employs 3D FELA to generate rigorous solutions for stability numbers,failure mechanisms,and safety factors for rectangular-shaped tunnels.To further explore the usefulness of the produced results,multivariate adaptive regression spline(MARS)is used for machine learning of big dataset and development of design equations for practical design applications.The study should be of great benefit to tunnel design practices using the developed equations provided in the paper.
文摘Log centering accuracy depends on the computerized simulative level of its three-dimension outline. In this paper, the basic methods about distinguishing three dimensions outline of log by means of computerized simulation are discussed. It is suggested that straight lines or certain curves should be introduced to connect the separated points along some log generatrices. Taking bent logs for example verify the accuracy of computerized simulative method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21153002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No.2013zzts151)
文摘Three-dimensional （3D） Fick＇s diffusion equation and fractional diffusion equation are solved for different reflecting boundaries. We use the continuous time random walk model （CTRW） to investigate the time-averaged mean square dis- placement （MSD） of a 3D single particle trajectory. Theoretical results show that the ensemble average of the time-averaged MSD can be expressed analytically by a Mittag-Leffler function. Our new expression is in agreement with previous formu- las in two limiting cases： （^-δ2） ~ △1 in short lag time and （^-δ2} ~ △1 -α in long lag time. We also simulate the experimental data of mRNA diffusion in living E. coli using a 3D CTRW model under confined and crowded conditions. The simulation results are well consistent with experimental results. The calculations of power spectral density （PSD） further indicate the subdiffsive behavior of an individual trajectory.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51774343).
文摘Antimony sulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a promising anode for lithium-ion batteries due to its high capacity and vast reserves.However,the low electronic conductivity and severe volume change during cycling hinder its commercialization.Herein our work,a three-dimensional(3D)Sb_(2)S_(3) thin film anode was fabricated via a simple vapor transport deposition system by using natural stibnite as raw material and stainless steel fiber-foil(SSF)as 3D current collector,and a carbon nanotube interphase was introduced onto the film surface by a simple dropping-heating process to promote the electrochemical performances.This 3D structure can greatly improve the initial coulombic efficiency to a record of 86.6% and high reversible rate capacity of 760.8 mAh·g^(-1) at 10 C.With carbon nanotubes interphase modified,the Sb_(2)S_(3) anode cycled extremely stable with high capacity retention of 94.7% after 160 cycles.This work sheds light on the economical preparation and performance optimization of Sb_(2)S_(3)-based anodes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50779008)
文摘The derivation of Green function in a two-layer fluid model has been treated in different ways. In a two-layer fluid with the upper layer having a free surface, there exist two modes of waves propagating due to the free surface and the interface. This paper is concerned with the derivation of Green functions in the three dimensional case of a stationary source oscillating. The source point is located either in the upper or lower part of a two-layer fluid of finite depth. The derivation is carried out by the method of singularities. This method has an advantage in that it involves representing the potential as a sum of singularities or multipoles placed within any structures being present. Furthermore, experience shows that the systems of equations resulted from using a singularity method possess excellent convergence characteristics and only a few equations are needed to obtain accurate numerical results. Validation is done by showing that the derived two-layer Green function can be reduced to that of a single layer of finite depth or that the upper Green function coincides with that of the lower, for each case. The effect of the density on the internal waves is demonstrated. Also, it is shown how the surface and internal wave amplitudes are compared for both the wave modes. The fluid in this case is considered to be inviscid and incompressible and the flow is irrotational.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40875012)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2009CB421502)the Meteorology Open Fund of Huaihe River Basin(HRM200704).
文摘We describe how the Unit-Feature Spatial Classification Method(UFSCM) can be used operationally to classify cloud types in satellite imagery efficiently and conveniently.By using a combination of Interactive Data Language(IDL) and Visual C++(VC) code in combination to extend the technique in three dimensions(3-D),this paper provides an efficient method to implement interactive computer visualization of the 3-D discrimination matrix modification,so as to deal with the bi-spectral limitations of traditional two dimensional(2-D) UFSCM.The case study of cloud-type classification based on FY-2C satellite data (0600 UTC 18 and 0000 UTC 10 September 2007) is conducted by comparison with ground station data, and indicates that 3-D UFSCM makes more use of the pattern recognition information in multi-spectral imagery,resulting in more reasonable results and an improvement over the 2-D method.
基金Supported by a grant of Jiangxi Province Scientific Technologic Foundation (No. E990611)
文摘Objective: Computerized tomography (CT) plays an important role in the diagnosis of diseases of biliary tract. Recently, three dimensions (3D) spiral CT imaging has been used in surgical diseases gradually. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic value of 3D spiral CT imaging of cholangiopancreatic ducts on obstructive jaundice. Methods: Thirty patients with obstructive jaundice had received B-mode ultrasonography, CT, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and 3D spiral CT imaging of cholangiopancreatic ducts preoperatively. Then the diagnose accordance rate of these examinational methods were compared after operations. Results: The diagnose accordance rate of 3D spiral CT imaging of cholangiopancreatic ducts was higher than those of B-mode ultrasonography, CT, or single PTC or ERCP, which showed clear images of bile duct tree and pathological changes. As to malignant obstructive jaundice, this examinational technique could clearly display the adjacent relationship between tumor and liver tissue, biliary ducts, blood vessels, and intrahepatic metastases. Conclusion: 3D spiral CT imaging of cholangiopancreatic ducts has significant value for obstructive diseases of biliary ducts, which provides effective evidence for the feasibility of tumor-resection and surgical options.
文摘With the popularity of international media exchanges, people attach greater importance to the translation of TV and mov-ie. Shuttleworth and Cowie define the subtitle translation as"a process providing synchronous explanation with movies"(1997:161). A good subtitle translation should be vivid, economical, synchronous, popular and easy to understand(Yao 2010). In our pa-per, we will analyze the The Flowers of War(金陵十三钗) as our object.
文摘This paper presents a theory about penalty-equilibrating(PEQ)hybrid element of three dimensions (3-D), and generates a model forthe PEQ hybrid stress 3-D element. By the PEQ ap- proach, the falsestress is avoided and the precision in calculation is raised to alarge extent under the mesh distortion condition without anotheradditional degree of freedom. In the results of numerical ex- amples,the present element is compared with the 8-node hexahedron elementand the optimized hybrid element, and it is proved that ourconclusion is correct. In addition, the penalty-equilibrating hybrid3-D element is taken as a trial to calculate problems of square platebending and incompressibility. The results obtained are satisfactory.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(61307075)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20120142120067)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HUST:2014TS019)Director Fund of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
文摘In this paper, a multidimensional tuning method of the silica microcapillary resonator(MCR) is proposed and demonstrated whereby the extinction ratio(ER) as well as the resonant wavelength can be individually controlled.An ER tuning range of up to 17 d B and a maximum tuning sensitivity of 0.3 d B/μm are realized due to the tapered profile of the silica optical microfiber(MF) when the MF is adjusted along its axial direction. Compared to direct tuning of the coupling gap, this method could lower the requirement for the resolution of displacement stage to micrometers. When the MF is adjusted along the axial direction of the silica microcapillary, a resonance shift of 3.06 nm and maximum tuning sensitivity of 0.01 nm/μm are achieved. This method avoids the use of an applied external field to control the silica microresonators. Moreover, when air is replaced by ethanol and water in the core of the silica microcapillary, a maximum resonance shift of 5.22 nm is also achieved to further enlarge the resonance tuning range. Finally, a microbubble resonator with a higher Q factor is also fabricated to achieve an ER tuning range of 8.5 d B. Our method fully takes advantage of the unique structure of the MCR to separately and easily tune its key parameters, and may broaden its applications in optical signal processing and sensing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51001082)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20090460654)Shanghai Science and Technology Commit-tee (Grant Nos. 0752nm004 and 08DZ2201300)
文摘With the multi-phase field model, the unidirectional solidification with constant velocity growth and variable velocity growth of the CBr4-C2C16 eutectic alloy is simulated in three dimensions. The simulated results with constant velocity growth show that with the increase of pulling velocity, the morphology of the CBr4-C2C16 alloy evolves in the sequence of lamellar merging -lamellar-rod transition-stable lamellar growth-oscillating growth-lamellar branching. A morphology selection map is established with different pulling velocities, which is confirmed to be correct by the velocity change process. It is shown that all of the morphology transitions, the average interface growth velocity and average interface undercooling show a hysteresis effect against the instant of velocity change. The relationship between the interface average undercooling and interface average growth velocity is consistent with the theoretical value.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10972188, 10602049)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University from China Education Ministry (Grant No. NCET-09-0678)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. 2010121073)
文摘An efficient Galerkin meshfree formulation for three dimensional simulation of large deformation failure evolution in soils is presented. This formulation utilizes the stabilized conforming nodal integration, where for the purpose of stability and efficiency a Lagrangian smoothing strain at nodal point is constructed and thereafter the internal energy is evaluated nodally. This formulation ensures the linear exactness, efficiency and spatial stability in a unified manner and it makes the conventional Galerkin meshfree method affordable for three dimensional simulation. The three dimensional implementation of stabilized conforming nodal integration is discussed in details. To model the failure evolution in soil medium a coupled elasto-plastic damage model is used and an objective stress integration algorithm in combination of elasto-damage predictor and plastic corrector method is employed for stress update. Two typical numerical examples are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present method for modeling large deformation soil failure.
基金The project supported by the SpeciaLized Research Fund for the DoctoraL Program of Higher Education under Grant No. 20050285002 . It is our pleasure to thank Yin-Sheng Ling and JianXing Fang for their helpful discussions.
文摘Three-dimensional Heisenberg model in the form of a tetrahedron lattice is investigated. The concurrence and multipartite entanglement are calculated through 2-concurrence C and 4-concurrence C4. The concurrence C and multipartite entanglement G4 depend on different coupling strengths Ji and are decreased when the temperature T is increased. For a symmetric tetrahedron lattice, the concurrence C is symmetric about J1 when J~ is negative while the multipartite entanglement G4 is symmetric about J1 when J2 〈 2. For a regular tetrahedron lattice, the concurrence G of ground state is 1/3 for ferromagnetic case while G = 0 for antiferromagnetic ca.se. However, there is no multipartitc entanglement since C4=0 in a regular tetrahedron lattice. The external magnetic field 13 can increase the maximum value of the concurrence GB and induce two or three peaks in Cn. There is a peak in the multipartite entanglement G4 B when G4B is varied as a function of the temperature T. This peak is mainly induced by the magnetic field B.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC0507704)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Science(XDA20100102)Yongjie Liu holds a start-up fund from Lanzhou University(508000-561119213).
文摘Aims Seed germinations react to their local growing conditions,but the impacts of soil heterogeneity on seed germinations are not well known.Methods Effects of three-dimensional soil heterogeneity on seed germinations of grasses species were explored,where two levels of such soil heterogeneity were created via alternatively filling nutrient-poor and nutrientrich substrate in pot in all directions.Patch sizes of the two heterogeneity levels are around 7.5 and 15 cm,respectively.Fifty seeds of each of the grasses species(Lolium perenne and Elymus nutans)were set either in these heterogeneous soils or in petri dishes with distilled water.Seed germinations of these species were daily recorded.Important Findings We found that pots with smaller patches had relatively lower germination rate,which is con sistent with our expectati on that shorter distance between nutrient-rich and nu trient-poor patches in pots with smaller patches allows plants to reduce their germination rates and delay their germination,in order to reduce the negative impacts of the strong variation of soil resources in these pots.Our results also revealed that pots with smaller patches yielded more heterogeneous seed germination,i.e.seed germinations highly diverged among these pots.These findings highlight that the realistic three-dimensional design can improve our understanding of seed germination as driven by soil spatial heterogeneity.
基金This work was supported by the State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter+1 种基金 Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (001CB1089)
文摘A 3-D coordination polymer [PbNH(CH2COO)2] 1 has been prepared under hydrothermal conditions and its crystal structure was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound belongs to orthorhombic system, space group Fdd2 with unit cell parameters: a = 13.6304(6), b = 36.295(1), c = 5.0821(2) ? V = 2514.19(17) 3, Z = 16, Mr = 338.28, Dc = 3.575 g/cm3, F(000) = 2400 and m(MoKa) = 2.679 cm-1. The final R and wR are 0.0290 and 0.0685, respectively, for 874 observed reflections with I > 2s(I). The lead has a distorted tetragonal pyramid environment with four oxygen donors in the basal plane and one nitrogen donor in the axial site. Micro-channels are observed in the neutral 3-D network of 1.
文摘In this work, we discuss the topological transformation of quantum dynamics by showing the wave dynamics of a quantum particle on different types of topological structures in various dimensions from the fundamental polygons of the corresponding universal covering spaces. This is not the view from different perspectives of an observer who simply uses different coordinate systems to describe the same physical phenomenon but rather possible geometric and topological structures that quantum particles are endowed with when they are identified with differentiable manifolds that are embedded or immersed in Euclidean spaces of higher dimension. We present our discussions in the form of Bohr model in one, two and three dimensions using linear wave equations. In one dimension, the fundamental polygon is an interval and the universal covering space is the straight line and in this case the standing wave on a finite string is transformed into the standing wave on a circle which can be applied into the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. In two dimensions, the fundamental polygon is a square and the universal covering space is the plane and in this case, the standing wave on the square is transformed into the standing wave on different surfaces that can be formed by gluing opposite sides of the square, which include a 2-sphere, a 2-torus, a Klein bottle and a projective plane. In three dimensions, the fundamental polygon is a cube and the universal covering space is the three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is shown that a 3-torus and the manifold K?× S1?defined as the product of a Klein bottle and a circle can be constructed by gluing opposite faces of a cube. Therefore, in three-dimensions, the standing wave on a cube is transformed into the standing wave on a 3-torus or on the manifold K?× S1. We also suggest that the mathematical degeneracy may play an important role in quantum dynamics and be associated with the concept of wavefunction collapse in quantum mechanics.
文摘Based on relevant theories of eco-translatology,this paper analyzes the translation of neologisms in the English book,The Money Is Coming from the perspective of adaptive transformation from three basic dimensions-the linguistic,cultural,and communicative dimensions.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51079082)
文摘Based on the potential theory and perturbation techniques, the problem of second-order sloshing in a three-dimensional tank in combination with surge and sway motions is analyzed. When excitation is applied in both horizontal directions, the second-order resonance can occur when the sum frequency or the difference frequency of any two excitation components is equal to one of the natural frequencies. The resonance can also occur when the sum or difference frequency of one of the excitation frequencies and one of the natural frequencies is equal to another natural frequency.
文摘Objective:The objective of this study is to explore the treatment and compatibility principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Materials and Methods:Syndrome differentiation is used to identify the etiology,nature,and location of a disease and the relationship between the healthy Qi and pathogenic factors by analyzing and synthesizing the four diagnostics data.The theory of treatment is to determine the principle and methods of treatment according to the results of syndrome differentiation and implement them as a specific prescription.This paper bears witness to the principle universality by analysis of the articles of the Banxia Xiexin Decoction,and it equally has analogical prescriptions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases.Results:The treatment and compatibility principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine are the same,that is,rectifying the deviation on three dimensions,strengthening the healthy Qi,and eliminating pathogenic factors in the light of its general trend.Conclusion:The treatment and compatibility principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine are the same,The treatment and compatibility principles provide a new thinking for clinical treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)。
文摘We present an exact three-dimensional massive Kiselev AdS black hole solution. This Kiselev black hole is neither perfectly fluid, nor is it the quintessential solution, but the BTZ black hole modified by the anisotropic matter. This black hole possesses an essential singularity at its radial origin and a single horizon whose radius will increase monotonically when the parameter of the anisotropic matter field ω decreases. We calculate all thermodynamic quantities and find that the first law of thermodynamics of this massive Kiselev AdS black hole can be protected, while the consistent Smarr formula is only held in the extended thermodynamic phase space. After examining the sign of free energy, we conclude that there is no Hawking-Page transition since the massive Kiselev AdS black hole phase is always thermodynamically favored. Moreover, we study the phase transition between the Kiselev AdS black hole and BTZ black hole by considering the matchings for their temperature. We find that the Kiselev AdS black hole is still a thermodynamically more preferred phase, because it always has a smaller amount of free energy than the BTZ black hole, which seems to indicate that the anisotropic matter field may emerge naturally in BTZ black hole spacetime under some thermal fluctuations. We also show a first order phase transition between the Kiselev AdS black hole phase with -1<w <-1/2 and the black hole phase with -1/2<w<0. As the Kiselev AdS black hole has some notable features on the phase transition of black holes in three dimensions, it provides important clues to further investigate these both surprising and similar behaviors in four and higher dimensions.
