The presence of waste tires poses an environmental challenge as they occupy a significant amount of land and are expensive to dispose in landfills.However,reusing waste tires can address this issue when waste tires ar...The presence of waste tires poses an environmental challenge as they occupy a significant amount of land and are expensive to dispose in landfills.However,reusing waste tires can address this issue when waste tires are used in geotechnical applications.To determine the viability of this approach,laboratoryscale tests were conducted to investigate load-bearing capacity of circular footings on sand-tire shred(STS)mixtures with shredded waste tire contents of 5%e15%by weight and three different widths of shreds.The investigation focused on analyzing the thickness of layers composed of STS mixtures,the soil cap,and the impact of geogrids on bearing capacity.The results indicate that a specific mixture of sand and tire shreds provides the highest footing-bearing capacity.In addition,the optimal shred content and size were found to be 10%by weight and 2 cm×10 cm,respectively.Furthermore,for a given tire shred width,a particular length provides the largest bearing capacity.The results agree well with that of previous research conducted by the first author and his colleagues in direct shear and California bearing ratio(CBR)tests.The primary finding of this research is that the use of two-layered STS mixtures reinforced by geogrids significantly enhances the bearing capacity.展开更多
Pneumatic tire modeling and validation have been the topic of several research papers, however, most of these papers only deal with pneumatic passenger and truck tires. In recent years, wheeled-scaled vehicles have ga...Pneumatic tire modeling and validation have been the topic of several research papers, however, most of these papers only deal with pneumatic passenger and truck tires. In recent years, wheeled-scaled vehicles have gained lots of attention as a feasible testing platform, nonetheless up to the authors’ knowledge there has been no research regarding the use of scaled tires and their effect on the overall vehicle performance characteristics. This paper presents a novel scaled electric combat vehicle tire model and validation technique. The pro-line lockdown tire size 3.00 × 7.35 is modeled using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique and several materials including layered membrane, beam elements, and Mooney-Rivlin for rubber. The tire-rim assembly is then described, and the rigid body analysis is presented. The tire is then validated using an in-house custom-made static tire testing machine. The tire test rig is made specifically to test the pro-line tire model and is designed and manufactured in the laboratory. The tire is validated using vertical stiffness and footprint tests in the static domain at different operating conditions including several vertical loads. Then the tire is used to perform rolling resistance and steering analysis including the rolling resistance coefficient and the cornering stiffness. The analysis is performed at different operating conditions including longitudinal speeds of 5, 10, and 15 km/h. This tire model will be further used to determine the tractive and braking performance of the tire. Furthermore, the tire test rig will also be modified to perform cornering stiffness tests.展开更多
The research provides valuable insights into the intricate world of Non-Pneumatic (NP) tire technology, covering various facets from modeling and validation to material properties, design optimization, and tire-soil i...The research provides valuable insights into the intricate world of Non-Pneumatic (NP) tire technology, covering various facets from modeling and validation to material properties, design optimization, and tire-soil interactions. It begins with an exploration of existing NP tire modeling techniques, emphasizing the importance of accurate and reliable models for NP tires, including static and dynamic validation methods, and demonstrating the influence of structural features and material properties on tire performance. The review emphasizes the challenges and prospects of NP tires and aims to support the development of innovative airless tire solutions. The reviewed papers collectively contribute to a deeper understanding of NP tires, their applications, and potential enhancements in performance and efficiency across various industries.展开更多
The comprehensive tire building and shaping processes are investigated through the finite element method(FEM)in this article.The mechanical properties of the uncured rubber from different tire components are investiga...The comprehensive tire building and shaping processes are investigated through the finite element method(FEM)in this article.The mechanical properties of the uncured rubber from different tire components are investigated through cyclic loading-unloading experiments under different strain rates.Based on the experiments,an elastoviscoplastic constitutive model is adopted to describe themechanical behaviors of the uncured rubber.The distinct mechanical properties,including the stress level,hysteresis and residual strain,of the uncured rubber can all be well characterized.The whole tire building process(including component winding,rubber bladder inflation,component stitching and carcass band folding-back)and the shaping process are simulated using this constitutive model.The simulated green tire profile is in good agreement with the actual profile obtained through 3D scanning.The deformation and stress of the rubber components and the cord reinforcements during production can be obtained fromthe FE simulation,which is helpful for judging the rationality of the tire construction design.Finally,the influence of the parameter“drum width”is investigated,and the simulated result is found to be consistent with the experimental observations,which verifies the effectiveness of the simulation.The established simulation strategy provides some guiding significance for the improvement of tire design parameters and the elimination of tire production defects.展开更多
Environmental problems caused by waste tires are becoming increasingly prominent.There is an urgent need to find a green way to dispose of waste tires,and scholars have made considerable efforts in this regard.In the ...Environmental problems caused by waste tires are becoming increasingly prominent.There is an urgent need to find a green way to dispose of waste tires,and scholars have made considerable efforts in this regard.In the construction industry,rubber extracted from waste tires can be added to concrete to alleviate environmental problems to a certain extent.As a new building material,rubber concrete has superior properties compared to ordinary concrete and has been widely used in many fields.Numerous studies have been conducted worldwide to investigate the effect of waste tire rubber on the performance of concrete.It has been reported that the addition of waste tire rubber has a significant influence on the performance of concrete.Workability influences the hardened performance of rubber concrete,especially the durability.Based on the current research results,the workability and durability of concrete manufactured with waste tire rubber,including water absorption and permeability,carbonation resistance,chloride ion permeability resistance,and freeze-thaw resistance,are summarized in this paper.It is concluded that the addition of waste tires has a negative effect on the workability of concrete.In terms of durability,concrete exhibits better chloride ion penetration resistance and frost resistance,with a higher water absorption rate,and lower anti-permeability and carbonation resistance owing to the addition of waste tire rubber.展开更多
There are different types of pollutants that are harmful to the environment, including smog, chemicals that are dumped into rivers, scrap tires, etc. The latter have the particularity that it is not possible to recycl...There are different types of pollutants that are harmful to the environment, including smog, chemicals that are dumped into rivers, scrap tires, etc. The latter have the particularity that it is not possible to recycle them to manufacture new tires. In the present work, hydraulic concrete plates added with waste tire rubber were manufactured to modify their sound absorption capacity. It was found that the rubber additions produce changes in the density of the material and in the sound absorption capacity. When the material is exposed to high-frequency sounds that correspond to high-pitched sounds, its absorption capacity increases. On the contrary, when the test frequency is low, that is, bass sounds, the sound absorption capacity decreases. The results obtained in this work suggest that the proposed mixtures are suitable for the possible manufacture of acoustic insulating shields.展开更多
This paper outlines a mechanical transformation process for rubber recycling, demonstrating the development of a new material from used tires. With the crumbs obtained using a crusher-compactor, a novel material for t...This paper outlines a mechanical transformation process for rubber recycling, demonstrating the development of a new material from used tires. With the crumbs obtained using a crusher-compactor, a novel material for the manufacture of O-rings has been developed, with properties close to those found on the market. The process includes an experimental methodology of a sulfur vulcanization system choice and the quantification of ingredients, as well as the experimental determination of cure parameters. Mechanical tests on the samples completed the work by providing the mechanical characteristics of both unaged and aged (thermo-oxidative ageing) novel material. This process has a high potential for sustainable development and industrialization, making it a valuable contribution to the recycling of rubber in African developing countries.展开更多
Combined with the tire dynamics theoretical model,a rapid test method to obtain tire lateral and longitudinal both steady-state and transient characteristics only based on the tire quasi-steady-state test results is p...Combined with the tire dynamics theoretical model,a rapid test method to obtain tire lateral and longitudinal both steady-state and transient characteristics only based on the tire quasi-steady-state test results is proposed.For steady state data extraction,the test time of the rapid test method is half that of the conventional test method.For transient tire characteristics the rapid test method omits the traditional tire test totally.At the mean time the accuracy of the two method is much closed.The rapid test method is explained theoretically and the test process is designed.The key parameters of tire are extracted and the comparison is made between rapid test and traditional test method.The result show that the identification accuracy based on the rapid test method is almost equal to the accuracy of the conventional one.Then,the heat generated during the rapid test method and that generated during the conventional test are calculated separately.The comparison shows that the heat generated during the rapid test is much smaller than the heat generated during the conventional test process.This benefits to the reduction of tire wear and the consistency of test results.Finally,it can be concluded that the fast test method can efficiently,accurately and energy-efficiently measure the steady-state and transient characteristics of the tire.展开更多
The simulation of 295/80R22. 5 tire building process from tire building to curing was developed using ABAQUS software,which covered four stages: gluing of components on main drum,gluing of components on auxiliary drum...The simulation of 295/80R22. 5 tire building process from tire building to curing was developed using ABAQUS software,which covered four stages: gluing of components on main drum,gluing of components on auxiliary drum,building process of green tire and shaping process of green tire. Results showed that material distribution of the simulated structure had good consistence with the real tire structure. Therefore,the tire building process simulation can be used to judge the rationality of tire construction design and to determine the shapes of different tire components. In order to optimize the construction design,a reverse simulation method was proposed to design the semi-product components such as apex,tread,and shoulder pad. The semi-product components determined by utilizing the reverse simulation method were assembled again into a tire. Results show that the simulated material distribution is consistent with the material distribution of design tire,which proves effectiveness and reliability of the reverse simulation method.展开更多
The grip performance of radial tires on dry roads was simulated with the software ABAQUS.A sliding-velocity-dependent friction coefficient on the contact behavior at the tire-pavement interface was selected to describ...The grip performance of radial tires on dry roads was simulated with the software ABAQUS.A sliding-velocity-dependent friction coefficient on the contact behavior at the tire-pavement interface was selected to describe friction phenomenon for tire and road interface.Anti-lock brake system(ABS) process was achieved by controlling the tire angular velocity to obtain the relationship between friction force and slip rate,while the maximum friction forces were used to evaluate tire grip performance.Physical mechanism of tire grip performance was also analyzed through the frictional force generated from the adhesion region and sliding region by considering the contact differences between the longitudinal slip and the lateral slip,and the deformation characteristics of tire pattern were also investigated.In order to improve tire grip performance,carbon fiber material was added to the tread pattern grooves.The results show that carbon fiber has a significant influence on stiffness distribution of tread patterns and friction force vector in the contact zone.Tire grip performance can be improved by controlling the stiffness distribution and deformation direction of the tread pattern.展开更多
Wear and mileage performance are the foremost performances for truck bus radial (TBR) tires. There are a lot of researches about the tire wear performance as well as the contact patch phenomenon by using finite elemen...Wear and mileage performance are the foremost performances for truck bus radial (TBR) tires. There are a lot of researches about the tire wear performance as well as the contact patch phenomenon by using finite element analysis (FEA) method or testing. But there is little published data on the correlations between the footprint geometry and the tread wear performance of tires. In this paper, an experiment on tire-ground performance of TBR tires is carried out by using Tekscan. The real-time changes of contact-area pressure distribution that occurred during the process of continuous load and unload are recorded. Three types of tires that act differently in behavior under normal usage are analyzed. A new method of researching in tire tread wear, which focuses on the geometrical characters of the footprint, is put forward. The experimental results of the three tires are described by using footprint geometrical characters. On the basis of studying the changing laws of footprint geometrical characters during the loading process and considering consumer survey and factory feedback information, the correlations between the geometrical character of footprints and tread destruction form are built. The analyzed results show that a greater contact area coefficient and a steady coefficient of contact result in a better wear performance for TBR tires. The footprint-shape coefficient changing laws in the process of loading are found to have a very good coincidence with the tread wear of the three types of tires. Tires with a smaller footprint-shape coefficient are likely to have an average tread wear while avoiding the shoulder wear first. The proposed research provides a new solution to predict tire-ground performance at the point of footprint and several useful references for improving tire design.展开更多
The performance of a well-designed layer of sand, and composites like layer of sand mixed with shredded rubber tire(RSM) as low cost base isolators, is studied in shake table tests in the laboratory. The building foun...The performance of a well-designed layer of sand, and composites like layer of sand mixed with shredded rubber tire(RSM) as low cost base isolators, is studied in shake table tests in the laboratory. The building foundation is modeled by a 200 mm by 200 mm and 40 mm thick rigid plexi-glass block. The block is placed in the middle of a 1m by 1m tank filled with sand. The selected base isolator is placed between the block and the sand foundation. Accelerometers are placed on top of the footing and foundation sand layer. The displacement of the footing is also measured by LVDT. The whole setup is mounted on a shake table and subjected to sinusoidal motions with varying amplitude and frequency. Sand is found to be effective only at very high amplitude(> 0.65 g) of motions. The performance of a composite consisting of sand and 50% shredded rubber tire placed under the footing is found to be most promising as a low-cost effective base isolator.展开更多
文摘The presence of waste tires poses an environmental challenge as they occupy a significant amount of land and are expensive to dispose in landfills.However,reusing waste tires can address this issue when waste tires are used in geotechnical applications.To determine the viability of this approach,laboratoryscale tests were conducted to investigate load-bearing capacity of circular footings on sand-tire shred(STS)mixtures with shredded waste tire contents of 5%e15%by weight and three different widths of shreds.The investigation focused on analyzing the thickness of layers composed of STS mixtures,the soil cap,and the impact of geogrids on bearing capacity.The results indicate that a specific mixture of sand and tire shreds provides the highest footing-bearing capacity.In addition,the optimal shred content and size were found to be 10%by weight and 2 cm×10 cm,respectively.Furthermore,for a given tire shred width,a particular length provides the largest bearing capacity.The results agree well with that of previous research conducted by the first author and his colleagues in direct shear and California bearing ratio(CBR)tests.The primary finding of this research is that the use of two-layered STS mixtures reinforced by geogrids significantly enhances the bearing capacity.
文摘Pneumatic tire modeling and validation have been the topic of several research papers, however, most of these papers only deal with pneumatic passenger and truck tires. In recent years, wheeled-scaled vehicles have gained lots of attention as a feasible testing platform, nonetheless up to the authors’ knowledge there has been no research regarding the use of scaled tires and their effect on the overall vehicle performance characteristics. This paper presents a novel scaled electric combat vehicle tire model and validation technique. The pro-line lockdown tire size 3.00 × 7.35 is modeled using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique and several materials including layered membrane, beam elements, and Mooney-Rivlin for rubber. The tire-rim assembly is then described, and the rigid body analysis is presented. The tire is then validated using an in-house custom-made static tire testing machine. The tire test rig is made specifically to test the pro-line tire model and is designed and manufactured in the laboratory. The tire is validated using vertical stiffness and footprint tests in the static domain at different operating conditions including several vertical loads. Then the tire is used to perform rolling resistance and steering analysis including the rolling resistance coefficient and the cornering stiffness. The analysis is performed at different operating conditions including longitudinal speeds of 5, 10, and 15 km/h. This tire model will be further used to determine the tractive and braking performance of the tire. Furthermore, the tire test rig will also be modified to perform cornering stiffness tests.
文摘The research provides valuable insights into the intricate world of Non-Pneumatic (NP) tire technology, covering various facets from modeling and validation to material properties, design optimization, and tire-soil interactions. It begins with an exploration of existing NP tire modeling techniques, emphasizing the importance of accurate and reliable models for NP tires, including static and dynamic validation methods, and demonstrating the influence of structural features and material properties on tire performance. The review emphasizes the challenges and prospects of NP tires and aims to support the development of innovative airless tire solutions. The reviewed papers collectively contribute to a deeper understanding of NP tires, their applications, and potential enhancements in performance and efficiency across various industries.
基金funded by the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China (Nos.11902229,11502181)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos.XDB22040502,XDC06030200).
文摘The comprehensive tire building and shaping processes are investigated through the finite element method(FEM)in this article.The mechanical properties of the uncured rubber from different tire components are investigated through cyclic loading-unloading experiments under different strain rates.Based on the experiments,an elastoviscoplastic constitutive model is adopted to describe themechanical behaviors of the uncured rubber.The distinct mechanical properties,including the stress level,hysteresis and residual strain,of the uncured rubber can all be well characterized.The whole tire building process(including component winding,rubber bladder inflation,component stitching and carcass band folding-back)and the shaping process are simulated using this constitutive model.The simulated green tire profile is in good agreement with the actual profile obtained through 3D scanning.The deformation and stress of the rubber components and the cord reinforcements during production can be obtained fromthe FE simulation,which is helpful for judging the rationality of the tire construction design.Finally,the influence of the parameter“drum width”is investigated,and the simulated result is found to be consistent with the experimental observations,which verifies the effectiveness of the simulation.The established simulation strategy provides some guiding significance for the improvement of tire design parameters and the elimination of tire production defects.
基金supported by the financial support received from Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province of China(Grant No.20IRTSTHN009)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2040224,52179145)Natural Science Foundation of Henan(Grant Nos.212300410018,222300420081).
文摘Environmental problems caused by waste tires are becoming increasingly prominent.There is an urgent need to find a green way to dispose of waste tires,and scholars have made considerable efforts in this regard.In the construction industry,rubber extracted from waste tires can be added to concrete to alleviate environmental problems to a certain extent.As a new building material,rubber concrete has superior properties compared to ordinary concrete and has been widely used in many fields.Numerous studies have been conducted worldwide to investigate the effect of waste tire rubber on the performance of concrete.It has been reported that the addition of waste tire rubber has a significant influence on the performance of concrete.Workability influences the hardened performance of rubber concrete,especially the durability.Based on the current research results,the workability and durability of concrete manufactured with waste tire rubber,including water absorption and permeability,carbonation resistance,chloride ion permeability resistance,and freeze-thaw resistance,are summarized in this paper.It is concluded that the addition of waste tires has a negative effect on the workability of concrete.In terms of durability,concrete exhibits better chloride ion penetration resistance and frost resistance,with a higher water absorption rate,and lower anti-permeability and carbonation resistance owing to the addition of waste tire rubber.
文摘There are different types of pollutants that are harmful to the environment, including smog, chemicals that are dumped into rivers, scrap tires, etc. The latter have the particularity that it is not possible to recycle them to manufacture new tires. In the present work, hydraulic concrete plates added with waste tire rubber were manufactured to modify their sound absorption capacity. It was found that the rubber additions produce changes in the density of the material and in the sound absorption capacity. When the material is exposed to high-frequency sounds that correspond to high-pitched sounds, its absorption capacity increases. On the contrary, when the test frequency is low, that is, bass sounds, the sound absorption capacity decreases. The results obtained in this work suggest that the proposed mixtures are suitable for the possible manufacture of acoustic insulating shields.
文摘This paper outlines a mechanical transformation process for rubber recycling, demonstrating the development of a new material from used tires. With the crumbs obtained using a crusher-compactor, a novel material for the manufacture of O-rings has been developed, with properties close to those found on the market. The process includes an experimental methodology of a sulfur vulcanization system choice and the quantification of ingredients, as well as the experimental determination of cure parameters. Mechanical tests on the samples completed the work by providing the mechanical characteristics of both unaged and aged (thermo-oxidative ageing) novel material. This process has a high potential for sustainable development and industrialization, making it a valuable contribution to the recycling of rubber in African developing countries.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51775224).
文摘Combined with the tire dynamics theoretical model,a rapid test method to obtain tire lateral and longitudinal both steady-state and transient characteristics only based on the tire quasi-steady-state test results is proposed.For steady state data extraction,the test time of the rapid test method is half that of the conventional test method.For transient tire characteristics the rapid test method omits the traditional tire test totally.At the mean time the accuracy of the two method is much closed.The rapid test method is explained theoretically and the test process is designed.The key parameters of tire are extracted and the comparison is made between rapid test and traditional test method.The result show that the identification accuracy based on the rapid test method is almost equal to the accuracy of the conventional one.Then,the heat generated during the rapid test method and that generated during the conventional test are calculated separately.The comparison shows that the heat generated during the rapid test is much smaller than the heat generated during the conventional test process.This benefits to the reduction of tire wear and the consistency of test results.Finally,it can be concluded that the fast test method can efficiently,accurately and energy-efficiently measure the steady-state and transient characteristics of the tire.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51405201)
文摘The simulation of 295/80R22. 5 tire building process from tire building to curing was developed using ABAQUS software,which covered four stages: gluing of components on main drum,gluing of components on auxiliary drum,building process of green tire and shaping process of green tire. Results showed that material distribution of the simulated structure had good consistence with the real tire structure. Therefore,the tire building process simulation can be used to judge the rationality of tire construction design and to determine the shapes of different tire components. In order to optimize the construction design,a reverse simulation method was proposed to design the semi-product components such as apex,tread,and shoulder pad. The semi-product components determined by utilizing the reverse simulation method were assembled again into a tire. Results show that the simulated material distribution is consistent with the material distribution of design tire,which proves effectiveness and reliability of the reverse simulation method.
文摘The grip performance of radial tires on dry roads was simulated with the software ABAQUS.A sliding-velocity-dependent friction coefficient on the contact behavior at the tire-pavement interface was selected to describe friction phenomenon for tire and road interface.Anti-lock brake system(ABS) process was achieved by controlling the tire angular velocity to obtain the relationship between friction force and slip rate,while the maximum friction forces were used to evaluate tire grip performance.Physical mechanism of tire grip performance was also analyzed through the frictional force generated from the adhesion region and sliding region by considering the contact differences between the longitudinal slip and the lateral slip,and the deformation characteristics of tire pattern were also investigated.In order to improve tire grip performance,carbon fiber material was added to the tread pattern grooves.The results show that carbon fiber has a significant influence on stiffness distribution of tread patterns and friction force vector in the contact zone.Tire grip performance can be improved by controlling the stiffness distribution and deformation direction of the tread pattern.
基金supported by Jiangsu Provincial Innovation Program of Graduate Student of China (Grant No. CXZZ11_0551 )
文摘Wear and mileage performance are the foremost performances for truck bus radial (TBR) tires. There are a lot of researches about the tire wear performance as well as the contact patch phenomenon by using finite element analysis (FEA) method or testing. But there is little published data on the correlations between the footprint geometry and the tread wear performance of tires. In this paper, an experiment on tire-ground performance of TBR tires is carried out by using Tekscan. The real-time changes of contact-area pressure distribution that occurred during the process of continuous load and unload are recorded. Three types of tires that act differently in behavior under normal usage are analyzed. A new method of researching in tire tread wear, which focuses on the geometrical characters of the footprint, is put forward. The experimental results of the three tires are described by using footprint geometrical characters. On the basis of studying the changing laws of footprint geometrical characters during the loading process and considering consumer survey and factory feedback information, the correlations between the geometrical character of footprints and tread destruction form are built. The analyzed results show that a greater contact area coefficient and a steady coefficient of contact result in a better wear performance for TBR tires. The footprint-shape coefficient changing laws in the process of loading are found to have a very good coincidence with the tread wear of the three types of tires. Tires with a smaller footprint-shape coefficient are likely to have an average tread wear while avoiding the shoulder wear first. The proposed research provides a new solution to predict tire-ground performance at the point of footprint and several useful references for improving tire design.
基金funding by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC),Mumbai
文摘The performance of a well-designed layer of sand, and composites like layer of sand mixed with shredded rubber tire(RSM) as low cost base isolators, is studied in shake table tests in the laboratory. The building foundation is modeled by a 200 mm by 200 mm and 40 mm thick rigid plexi-glass block. The block is placed in the middle of a 1m by 1m tank filled with sand. The selected base isolator is placed between the block and the sand foundation. Accelerometers are placed on top of the footing and foundation sand layer. The displacement of the footing is also measured by LVDT. The whole setup is mounted on a shake table and subjected to sinusoidal motions with varying amplitude and frequency. Sand is found to be effective only at very high amplitude(> 0.65 g) of motions. The performance of a composite consisting of sand and 50% shredded rubber tire placed under the footing is found to be most promising as a low-cost effective base isolator.
