Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)is a widespread synthetic persistent organic pollutant that may enrich along the food chain and affect the growth,development,reproduction,and lipid metabolism of aquatic organisms,particul...Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)is a widespread synthetic persistent organic pollutant that may enrich along the food chain and affect the growth,development,reproduction,and lipid metabolism of aquatic organisms,particularly the benthic organisms.How-ever,the toxic effects of PFOA on the half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis,a commercial benthic fish in China,have rarely been reported.Because juvenile fish are sensitive to environmental pollutants,in the present study,histological assessment and tran-scriptome sequencing were performed to determine the short-term impact of PFOA on juvenile half-smooth tongue soles.Histologi-cal analysis showed that PFOA exposure caused hepatocyte rupture,intestinal villi breakage,increased goblet cell count,and brain ab-normal.Transcriptome results showed that some interesting signaling pathways,such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,PPAR signaling pathway and GABAergic synapse signaling pathway,were enriched after PFOA exposure.In addition,some metabolic,immune and neural genes were differentially expressed,which including ependymin,hbb1-like and gad 1,and they were up-regulated after 14 days of exposure.Transcriptome results also indicated that half-smooth tongue sole might improve energy metabolism in response to PFOA toxicity after 7 days of exposure.These findings provide a basis for studying the ecological effects of PFOA on marine benthic fishes.展开更多
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil ni...Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mgkg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mgkg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mgkg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the inffuence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affliated with the alpha-and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.展开更多
The toxic effects of rare earth elements such as lanthanum, cerium and heavy metal elements such as chromium, zinc on Potamogeton malaianus Miq. were studied. The results show that the contents of chlorophyll and solu...The toxic effects of rare earth elements such as lanthanum, cerium and heavy metal elements such as chromium, zinc on Potamogeton malaianus Miq. were studied. The results show that the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein increase to a certain degree and then decrease under La3+, Ce3+, Zn2+ stress, while there is a constantly dropping tendency under Cr6+ stress. The four ions have different effects on protective enzyme systems of Potamogeton malaianus. They can induce rises of the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxides (POD) at lower concentration, however, with the increase of ions concentration, the activities decline. The change of SOD activity is exactly opposite to that of CAT and POD activity. It falls at first and rises later. An increasing tendency of MDA content appears with the increasing concentration. The toxicities of La3+, Zn2+, Ce3+ and Cr6+ become more serious in the order. The lethal concentration of Cr6+ to Potamogeton malaianus ranges from 0.5 to 1 mg·L-1, that of Ce3+ and Zn2+ ranges from 3 to 5 mg·L-1, and that of La3+ ranges from 7 to 10 mg·L-1. The toxic mechanism of La3+ and Ce3+ is similar to that of Cr6+ and Zn2+.展开更多
This study deals with the toxic effects of Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and NH3 on Chinese prawn (Penaeus orientalis). The median lethal concentrations of the toxic matters on Chinese prawn were determined. Cd2+】Cu2+】Zn2+】NH3-...This study deals with the toxic effects of Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and NH3 on Chinese prawn (Penaeus orientalis). The median lethal concentrations of the toxic matters on Chinese prawn were determined. Cd2+】Cu2+】Zn2+】NH3-Nm is the toxic order of these chemicals to Chinese prawn. The toxic order of concentrated Zn2+ and Cd2+ in tissues and organs of Chinese prawn is in the order gill 】 shell + appendage】viscera 】 muscle..展开更多
Hexachlorobenzene(HCB)is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungalgrowth on crops,and also as a component of fireworks,ammunition,and synthetic rubbers.Because o...Hexachlorobenzene(HCB)is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungalgrowth on crops,and also as a component of fireworks,ammunition,and synthetic rubbers.Because of its resistance to degradation andmobility,HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems.In thisstudy,a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial(protozoan inparticular)communities in the Fuhe River,Wuhan,a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants,using the standardized polyurethane foam units(PFU)method.Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the FuheRiver in January and August 2006.The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64,and themicrobial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88μg/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25μg/L HCB in August.Correlation analysisshowed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage,and the number of species and the diversityindex of the protozoan communities.This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB onthe level of microbial communities.展开更多
This article discusses the interaction of phthalates and ocean algae based on the standard appraisal method of chemical medicine for algae toxicity. Through the experiments on the toxic effects of dimethyl (o-) phthal...This article discusses the interaction of phthalates and ocean algae based on the standard appraisal method of chemical medicine for algae toxicity. Through the experiments on the toxic effects of dimethyl (o-) phthalate (DMP), diethyl (o-) phthalate (DEP), dibutyl (o-) phthalate (DBP) on ocean algae, the 50 % lethal concentration of the three substances in 48 h and 96 h for plaeodectylum tricornutum, platymonas sp, isochrysis galbana, and skeletonema costatum is obtained. Tolerance limits of the above ocean algae of DMP, DEP, and DBP are discussed.展开更多
The 96 h acute toxic effects of nano-CuO (N-CuO), micro-CuO (M-CuO) and 2+ on Chlorella sp. were investigated in this paper. The results showed that toxicities decreased in an order of Cu2+>N-CuO>M-CuO. The 96 h...The 96 h acute toxic effects of nano-CuO (N-CuO), micro-CuO (M-CuO) and 2+ on Chlorella sp. were investigated in this paper. The results showed that toxicities decreased in an order of Cu2+>N-CuO>M-CuO. The 96 h EC50 of Cu2+ on Chlorella sp. was 1.06 mg /L, and of N-CuO it was 74.61 mg /L, while no pronounced toxicity was observed when the concentration of M-CuO was lower than 160 mg/L. Further experiments were carried out in order to study the toxicity mechanism of nano-CuO on Chlorella sp.. The results of Cu2+ release from N-CuO showed less than 0.2 mg/L Cu2+ were released, so the release of Cu2+ was not responsible for the toxicity. Further experiments showed N-CuO inhibited formation of Chlorophyll A. Content of Chlorophyll A in the control group was 4.75 mg/108 cells, while it declined to 2.89 mg/108 cells for 160 mg/L N-CuO after 96 h, which indicated that N-CuO could inhibit photosynthesis of Chlorella sp.. Moreover, N-CuO condensed with algal cells. It affected the activity of SOD and POD, indicating that N-CuO could cause oxidant stress to Chlorella sp.. These may be the toxicity mechanism.展开更多
The main objective of this study was to investigate toxic effects of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium species,on cladocera Moina mongolica in the laboratory.Ten strains of Alexandrium species,including Alexandrium tamar...The main objective of this study was to investigate toxic effects of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium species,on cladocera Moina mongolica in the laboratory.Ten strains of Alexandrium species,including Alexandrium tamarense(AT-6,ATHK,ATCI02,ATCI03 and AT5-1),A.catenella(ACDH),A.affine(AC-1 and AS-1),A.lusitanicum and A.minutum were tested.The results showed that A.tamarense(ATHK,ATCI02 and AT5-1) and A.affine(AC-1 and AS-1),but not A.tamarense(AT-6 and ATCI02),A.catenella(ACDH),A.lusitanicum and A.minutum had significantly negative effects on the survival of M.mongolica;when exposed to these ten strains of Alexandrium species in densities of 3 000 cells/cm 3 for 7 d,respecyively.M.mongolica could feed on A.tamarense(AT-6,ATHK,ATCI02,ATCI03 and AT5-1),A.catenella,A.lusitanicum and A.minutum,but exhibited little or no grazing on A.affine(AC-1 and AS-1),based on the changes in gut pigment after exposure to alga for 1 and 12 h.A.affine AC-1,which had the strongest toxicity on the survival of M.mongolica,was chosen to further study the negative effects on M.mongolica.The results showed that the effect of A.affine AC-1 on the survival of M.mongolica was density-dependent,and its lethal effects on one-day,two-day and three-day old M.mongolica were exacerbated with increasing age;The whole algal culture,re-suspended algal cells,cell fragments and cell contents all had adverse impacts on the survival of M.mongolica.Moreover,both juvenile numbers and life-span time of M.mongolica were decreased significantly when they were cultured in A.affine AC-1 of 10 and 50 cells/cm 3 ,combined with 3 × 10 6 cells/cm 3 of Chlorella spp.,respectively.As a non-PSP producer,A.affine may produce other toxins,responsible for the strong negative effects on M.mongolica.展开更多
In this study, the joint effects of Cd(Ⅱ), Pb(Ⅱ) and atrazine (ATR) on Solidago Canadensis L. were investigated. The results showed that soil containing Cd, Pb and ATR could inhibit root elongation of Solidago Canad...In this study, the joint effects of Cd(Ⅱ), Pb(Ⅱ) and atrazine (ATR) on Solidago Canadensis L. were investigated. The results showed that soil containing Cd, Pb and ATR could inhibit root elongation of Solidago Canadensis L., and that there was a positive linear relationship between the inhibitory rate of root elongation and the concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ). The mixture of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR in soil showed a significant adverse effect on root and shoot biomass of Solidago Canadensis L. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) contents increased slightly at the lower concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR, then decreased when Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR concentrations were higher than those of 1.0 TUmix(Cd+ATR). The toxic effect of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR on the ASA contents of Solidago Canadensis L. was greater than that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR. Soluble sugar contents firstly decreased and then increased with increasing concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR and displayed fluctuation with increasing concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR. Total protein contents in-creased with increasing concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR , relative to the control sample. The NP-SH con-tents showed a significant increase up to 12.2 mg/gfw of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR, followed by a significant decline to 4.5 mg/gfw after 14 days of exposure. The effect of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR was similar to that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR but the amount of NP-SH was not higher than that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of four different agrochemicals on Arma chinensis and Picromerus lewisi. Cypermethrin·phoxim,imidacloprid and fenvalerate had higher toxic effects on A. c...This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of four different agrochemicals on Arma chinensis and Picromerus lewisi. Cypermethrin·phoxim,imidacloprid and fenvalerate had higher toxic effects on A. chinensis and P. lewisi. After the application of the agrochemicals,the released stink bugs could not well survive and propagate. Though the herbicide( glyphosate ammonium) had no direct toxic effects on A. chinensis and P. lewisi,their survival and propagation were affected after the application of the herbicide into natural environment. Therefore,to ensure better survival and propagation of the two kinds of stink bugs in natural environment,local agrochemical management should be strengthened,and the concept of green environmental protection should be constructed and popularized.展开更多
Since the beginning of the 21 st century,the increasing production and application of nano-TiO_(2)in consumer products have inevitably led to its release into aquatic systems and therefore caused the exposure of aquat...Since the beginning of the 21 st century,the increasing production and application of nano-TiO_(2)in consumer products have inevitably led to its release into aquatic systems and therefore caused the exposure of aquatic organisms,resulting in growing environmental concerns.However,the safety of nano-TiO_(2)in aquatic environments has not been systematically assessed,especially in coastal and estuary waters where a large number of filterfeeding animals live.Bivalves are considered around the world to be a unique target group for nanoparticle toxicity,and numerous studies have been conducted to test the toxic effects of nano-TiO_(2)on bivalves.The aim of this review was to systematically summarize and analyze published data concerning the toxicological effects of nano-TiO_(2)in bivalves.In particular,the toxicity of nano-TiO_(2)to the antioxidant system and cell physiology was subjected to meta-analysis to reveal the mechanism of the toxicological effects of nano-TiO_(2)and the factors affecting its toxicological effects.To reveal the cooperation,hot keywords and cocitations in this field,bibliometric analysis was conducted,and the results showed that the toxicological molecular mechanisms of nano-TiO_(2)and the combined effects of nano-TiO_(2)and other environmental factors are two major hot spots.Finally,some perspectives and insights were provided in this review for future research on nano-TiO_(2)toxicology in bivalves.展开更多
Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)tend to accumulate in adipose tissue and induce toxicity due to their high lipophilicity and persistence.Tuna play an important role in the ocean food web and human diet.PCBs can damage ...Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)tend to accumulate in adipose tissue and induce toxicity due to their high lipophilicity and persistence.Tuna play an important role in the ocean food web and human diet.PCBs can damage the growth of tuna directly and have some adverse effects on human indirectly.This review aims to provide geographic variations,bioaccumulation factors and the toxic effects of PCBs in tuna.PCB levels found were varied significantly among the different regions and it showed a trend of offshore greater than pelagic,with the northern hemisphere higher than the southern hemisphere.The highest PCB concentration of tuna was in FAO area 37.Nearly all of the specimens presented similar domain configuration,while their concentrations varied significantly.PCB congeners and concentrations in tuna were affected by a vast of factors,such as geographical distribution,tissue types,trophic level and growth stage,gender,tuna species and physical and chemical properties of PCBs.They can damage reproductive,neurologic and development systems.This review gives a systematic insight into PCBs in tuna and highlights the more attention should be paid to the long-term changes of PCBs in tuna and oceans.There is also a need to strengthen the assessment of PCB impacts on tuna ecology.展开更多
The environmental residues of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)are associated with environmental risks and health problems,the influence to environment have become a matter of public concern.In this paper,the in...The environmental residues of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)are associated with environmental risks and health problems,the influence to environment have become a matter of public concern.In this paper,the individual and joint toxicities to vibrio fischeri of three APIs,including ibuprofen,azithromycin,and triclosan were investigated.The EC50 endpoint values of the above tested APIs were 36.5×10^-5 mol L^-1,30.26×10^-5 mol L^-1,and 0.0155×10^-5 mol L^-1 respectively.It was indicated that the endpoint toxicities to vibrio fischeri for different mixtures are higher than those of the individual toxins.The joint toxicities of the multiple systems of three pharmaceuticals were evaluated by the additive index,toxicity unit,and mixed toxicity index methods.The consistent evaluation results were obtained.It was observed that antagonistic effects in binary and ternary systems were appeared different antagonistic strengths.It was deduced that different functional groups of the studied pharmaceuticals could affect the physiological and biochemical reaction processes of organisms.The obtained data of the acute toxicities of pharmaceuticals to vibrio fischeri can facilitate the evaluation of the environmental risks associated with emerging pollutants.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verd...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Paramecium</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is presented. Light microscopy in combination with computerized video tracking is employed for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">determination of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">survival time of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Up to 800 mg/L, selenium nanoparticles are not acutely toxic. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">With</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respect to a potential antidote effect, the lethality of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate, sodium hydrogen selenite, and sodium selenite to <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was decreased and survival time was extend</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed upon pre-treatment with selenium nanoparticles. Taken together, these findings suggest that administration of selenium nanoparticles attenuates</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> exposure </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> toxicants. Selenium nanoparticles could be a good functional additive for food management in animals.</span>展开更多
[Objective] Effects of sub-chronic intoxication of 1,8-cineole on body weights,routine blood indexes and biochemical indexes of mice were investigated. [Method] One hundred and sixty mice with body weights of 15- 17 g...[Objective] Effects of sub-chronic intoxication of 1,8-cineole on body weights,routine blood indexes and biochemical indexes of mice were investigated. [Method] One hundred and sixty mice with body weights of 15- 17 g were randomly divided into four groups( forty mice per group). Mice were injected to1,8- cineole with doses of 192. 45,64. 15 and 21. 38 mg / kg body weight( test groups) and the water solution of tween-80 with a volume fraction of 0. 5%( control group) respectively. Each mouse was administered orally at the dose of 0. 2 m L per 10 g body weight once a day consecutively for 90 d. The body weight,routine blood indexes and serum biochemical indexes of mice were determined on the 30 thd,60thd,90 thd and the 30 thd after stopping the administration of 1,8-cineole.[Result]The effects of 1,8-cineole on the body weight,routine blood indexes and serum biochemical indexes of mice with the doses of 64. 15 and 21. 38 mg/kg body weight had no statistically significant difference compared with the control group( P > 0. 05). 1,8-cineole with the dose of 192. 45 mg / kg body weight exhibited different influences on routine blood indexes and serum biochemical indexes of mice after the oral administration of 1,8-cineole for 60 d and 90 d,and statistically significant differences in many blood biochemical indexes were observed( P < 0. 05). However,the differences in routine blood indexes and serum biochemical indexes were not statistically significant between the test groups and the control group at the 30 thd after stopping the administration of 1,8-cineole( P > 0. 05).[Conclusion]1,8-cineole had sub-chronic oral toxicity to mice. The no observed adverse effect level( NOAEL) of 1,8-cineole was 64. 15 mg/kg body weight and the lowest observed adverse effect level( LOAEL) of 1,8-cineole was 192. 45 mg / kg body weight. Effects of 1,8-cineole on blood biochemical indexes of mice were in short term and reversible.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and sedative effect of the ethylic extract of Thymelaea lythroides (Tl) on Wistar rats. The study was based on the gavage administration of the ethylic extr...The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and sedative effect of the ethylic extract of Thymelaea lythroides (Tl) on Wistar rats. The study was based on the gavage administration of the ethylic extract of Tl with different doses (i.e. 200, 400, 500 and 5000 mg/kg), where the toxicity and the sedative activity of the plant were observed and the obtained results were analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Bonferroni test. The main results of this study showed that the lethal dose of the ethylic extract of Tl was higher than the 5000 mg/kg dose. Moreover, when compared to the control rats, the animals treated with 5000 mg/kg of the extract exhibited significant reduction in appetite for food and water in the first week. Furthermore, results of the psychotropic test conducted during this study showed visible effects on the exploratory activity of the rats. The dose of 5000 mg/kg was also found to have a significant central nervous system effect;the locomotor activities of the animals decreased in a manner similar to those administered with Zepam as control.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program(No.2018YFD0900301-03)the MNR Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology,China(No.MEEST-2021-04).
文摘Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)is a widespread synthetic persistent organic pollutant that may enrich along the food chain and affect the growth,development,reproduction,and lipid metabolism of aquatic organisms,particularly the benthic organisms.How-ever,the toxic effects of PFOA on the half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis,a commercial benthic fish in China,have rarely been reported.Because juvenile fish are sensitive to environmental pollutants,in the present study,histological assessment and tran-scriptome sequencing were performed to determine the short-term impact of PFOA on juvenile half-smooth tongue soles.Histologi-cal analysis showed that PFOA exposure caused hepatocyte rupture,intestinal villi breakage,increased goblet cell count,and brain ab-normal.Transcriptome results showed that some interesting signaling pathways,such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,PPAR signaling pathway and GABAergic synapse signaling pathway,were enriched after PFOA exposure.In addition,some metabolic,immune and neural genes were differentially expressed,which including ependymin,hbb1-like and gad 1,and they were up-regulated after 14 days of exposure.Transcriptome results also indicated that half-smooth tongue sole might improve energy metabolism in response to PFOA toxicity after 7 days of exposure.These findings provide a basis for studying the ecological effects of PFOA on marine benthic fishes.
基金supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB933404)the Science Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices (2010LBMD05)the Science Foundation of Southeast University (XJ2008335)
基金Preject supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China(No. 2004CB418503)the Overseas Fund of Institute of AppliedEcology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mgkg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mgkg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mgkg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the inffuence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affliated with the alpha-and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.
文摘The toxic effects of rare earth elements such as lanthanum, cerium and heavy metal elements such as chromium, zinc on Potamogeton malaianus Miq. were studied. The results show that the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein increase to a certain degree and then decrease under La3+, Ce3+, Zn2+ stress, while there is a constantly dropping tendency under Cr6+ stress. The four ions have different effects on protective enzyme systems of Potamogeton malaianus. They can induce rises of the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxides (POD) at lower concentration, however, with the increase of ions concentration, the activities decline. The change of SOD activity is exactly opposite to that of CAT and POD activity. It falls at first and rises later. An increasing tendency of MDA content appears with the increasing concentration. The toxicities of La3+, Zn2+, Ce3+ and Cr6+ become more serious in the order. The lethal concentration of Cr6+ to Potamogeton malaianus ranges from 0.5 to 1 mg·L-1, that of Ce3+ and Zn2+ ranges from 3 to 5 mg·L-1, and that of La3+ ranges from 7 to 10 mg·L-1. The toxic mechanism of La3+ and Ce3+ is similar to that of Cr6+ and Zn2+.
文摘This study deals with the toxic effects of Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and NH3 on Chinese prawn (Penaeus orientalis). The median lethal concentrations of the toxic matters on Chinese prawn were determined. Cd2+】Cu2+】Zn2+】NH3-Nm is the toxic order of these chemicals to Chinese prawn. The toxic order of concentrated Zn2+ and Cd2+ in tissues and organs of Chinese prawn is in the order gill 】 shell + appendage】viscera 】 muscle..
基金Project supported by the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(No.104250).
文摘Hexachlorobenzene(HCB)is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungalgrowth on crops,and also as a component of fireworks,ammunition,and synthetic rubbers.Because of its resistance to degradation andmobility,HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems.In thisstudy,a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial(protozoan inparticular)communities in the Fuhe River,Wuhan,a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants,using the standardized polyurethane foam units(PFU)method.Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the FuheRiver in January and August 2006.The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64,and themicrobial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88μg/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25μg/L HCB in August.Correlation analysisshowed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage,and the number of species and the diversityindex of the protozoan communities.This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB onthe level of microbial communities.
基金The paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Fujian(B0310001).
文摘This article discusses the interaction of phthalates and ocean algae based on the standard appraisal method of chemical medicine for algae toxicity. Through the experiments on the toxic effects of dimethyl (o-) phthalate (DMP), diethyl (o-) phthalate (DEP), dibutyl (o-) phthalate (DBP) on ocean algae, the 50 % lethal concentration of the three substances in 48 h and 96 h for plaeodectylum tricornutum, platymonas sp, isochrysis galbana, and skeletonema costatum is obtained. Tolerance limits of the above ocean algae of DMP, DEP, and DBP are discussed.
文摘The 96 h acute toxic effects of nano-CuO (N-CuO), micro-CuO (M-CuO) and 2+ on Chlorella sp. were investigated in this paper. The results showed that toxicities decreased in an order of Cu2+>N-CuO>M-CuO. The 96 h EC50 of Cu2+ on Chlorella sp. was 1.06 mg /L, and of N-CuO it was 74.61 mg /L, while no pronounced toxicity was observed when the concentration of M-CuO was lower than 160 mg/L. Further experiments were carried out in order to study the toxicity mechanism of nano-CuO on Chlorella sp.. The results of Cu2+ release from N-CuO showed less than 0.2 mg/L Cu2+ were released, so the release of Cu2+ was not responsible for the toxicity. Further experiments showed N-CuO inhibited formation of Chlorophyll A. Content of Chlorophyll A in the control group was 4.75 mg/108 cells, while it declined to 2.89 mg/108 cells for 160 mg/L N-CuO after 96 h, which indicated that N-CuO could inhibit photosynthesis of Chlorella sp.. Moreover, N-CuO condensed with algal cells. It affected the activity of SOD and POD, indicating that N-CuO could cause oxidant stress to Chlorella sp.. These may be the toxicity mechanism.
基金The Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Project under contract No. KZCX2-YW-208the National Nature Science Foundation of China under contract No. U0733006+1 种基金the National Basic Research Priorities Programme under contract No.2010CB428700the Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission under contract No. J50701(Marine Biology)
文摘The main objective of this study was to investigate toxic effects of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium species,on cladocera Moina mongolica in the laboratory.Ten strains of Alexandrium species,including Alexandrium tamarense(AT-6,ATHK,ATCI02,ATCI03 and AT5-1),A.catenella(ACDH),A.affine(AC-1 and AS-1),A.lusitanicum and A.minutum were tested.The results showed that A.tamarense(ATHK,ATCI02 and AT5-1) and A.affine(AC-1 and AS-1),but not A.tamarense(AT-6 and ATCI02),A.catenella(ACDH),A.lusitanicum and A.minutum had significantly negative effects on the survival of M.mongolica;when exposed to these ten strains of Alexandrium species in densities of 3 000 cells/cm 3 for 7 d,respecyively.M.mongolica could feed on A.tamarense(AT-6,ATHK,ATCI02,ATCI03 and AT5-1),A.catenella,A.lusitanicum and A.minutum,but exhibited little or no grazing on A.affine(AC-1 and AS-1),based on the changes in gut pigment after exposure to alga for 1 and 12 h.A.affine AC-1,which had the strongest toxicity on the survival of M.mongolica,was chosen to further study the negative effects on M.mongolica.The results showed that the effect of A.affine AC-1 on the survival of M.mongolica was density-dependent,and its lethal effects on one-day,two-day and three-day old M.mongolica were exacerbated with increasing age;The whole algal culture,re-suspended algal cells,cell fragments and cell contents all had adverse impacts on the survival of M.mongolica.Moreover,both juvenile numbers and life-span time of M.mongolica were decreased significantly when they were cultured in A.affine AC-1 of 10 and 50 cells/cm 3 ,combined with 3 × 10 6 cells/cm 3 of Chlorella spp.,respectively.As a non-PSP producer,A.affine may produce other toxins,responsible for the strong negative effects on M.mongolica.
基金supported by the Foundation of Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials Engineering and Technology (No.KFJJ1106)Foundation of Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute (No.JSIMR10E04)+1 种基金Foundation of Jiangsu university student renovation project of institution of higher education (No.1116)the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Project No.20977040)
文摘In this study, the joint effects of Cd(Ⅱ), Pb(Ⅱ) and atrazine (ATR) on Solidago Canadensis L. were investigated. The results showed that soil containing Cd, Pb and ATR could inhibit root elongation of Solidago Canadensis L., and that there was a positive linear relationship between the inhibitory rate of root elongation and the concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ). The mixture of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR in soil showed a significant adverse effect on root and shoot biomass of Solidago Canadensis L. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) contents increased slightly at the lower concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR, then decreased when Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR concentrations were higher than those of 1.0 TUmix(Cd+ATR). The toxic effect of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR on the ASA contents of Solidago Canadensis L. was greater than that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR. Soluble sugar contents firstly decreased and then increased with increasing concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR and displayed fluctuation with increasing concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR. Total protein contents in-creased with increasing concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR , relative to the control sample. The NP-SH con-tents showed a significant increase up to 12.2 mg/gfw of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR, followed by a significant decline to 4.5 mg/gfw after 14 days of exposure. The effect of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR was similar to that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR but the amount of NP-SH was not higher than that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR.
基金Supported by Self-supporting Project of Guizhou Tobacco Company Zunyi Branch(201402)
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of four different agrochemicals on Arma chinensis and Picromerus lewisi. Cypermethrin·phoxim,imidacloprid and fenvalerate had higher toxic effects on A. chinensis and P. lewisi. After the application of the agrochemicals,the released stink bugs could not well survive and propagate. Though the herbicide( glyphosate ammonium) had no direct toxic effects on A. chinensis and P. lewisi,their survival and propagation were affected after the application of the herbicide into natural environment. Therefore,to ensure better survival and propagation of the two kinds of stink bugs in natural environment,local agrochemical management should be strengthened,and the concept of green environmental protection should be constructed and popularized.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31872587)the Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program(No.18PJ1404000)+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.17ZR1412900)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0207003)。
文摘Since the beginning of the 21 st century,the increasing production and application of nano-TiO_(2)in consumer products have inevitably led to its release into aquatic systems and therefore caused the exposure of aquatic organisms,resulting in growing environmental concerns.However,the safety of nano-TiO_(2)in aquatic environments has not been systematically assessed,especially in coastal and estuary waters where a large number of filterfeeding animals live.Bivalves are considered around the world to be a unique target group for nanoparticle toxicity,and numerous studies have been conducted to test the toxic effects of nano-TiO_(2)on bivalves.The aim of this review was to systematically summarize and analyze published data concerning the toxicological effects of nano-TiO_(2)in bivalves.In particular,the toxicity of nano-TiO_(2)to the antioxidant system and cell physiology was subjected to meta-analysis to reveal the mechanism of the toxicological effects of nano-TiO_(2)and the factors affecting its toxicological effects.To reveal the cooperation,hot keywords and cocitations in this field,bibliometric analysis was conducted,and the results showed that the toxicological molecular mechanisms of nano-TiO_(2)and the combined effects of nano-TiO_(2)and other environmental factors are two major hot spots.Finally,some perspectives and insights were provided in this review for future research on nano-TiO_(2)toxicology in bivalves.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.41806126)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M653101).
文摘Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)tend to accumulate in adipose tissue and induce toxicity due to their high lipophilicity and persistence.Tuna play an important role in the ocean food web and human diet.PCBs can damage the growth of tuna directly and have some adverse effects on human indirectly.This review aims to provide geographic variations,bioaccumulation factors and the toxic effects of PCBs in tuna.PCB levels found were varied significantly among the different regions and it showed a trend of offshore greater than pelagic,with the northern hemisphere higher than the southern hemisphere.The highest PCB concentration of tuna was in FAO area 37.Nearly all of the specimens presented similar domain configuration,while their concentrations varied significantly.PCB congeners and concentrations in tuna were affected by a vast of factors,such as geographical distribution,tissue types,trophic level and growth stage,gender,tuna species and physical and chemical properties of PCBs.They can damage reproductive,neurologic and development systems.This review gives a systematic insight into PCBs in tuna and highlights the more attention should be paid to the long-term changes of PCBs in tuna and oceans.There is also a need to strengthen the assessment of PCB impacts on tuna ecology.
基金This research was financially supported by Liaoning Science Technology Project Foundation(20180550107)Basic Scientific Research Funds of DLNU(2019).
文摘The environmental residues of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)are associated with environmental risks and health problems,the influence to environment have become a matter of public concern.In this paper,the individual and joint toxicities to vibrio fischeri of three APIs,including ibuprofen,azithromycin,and triclosan were investigated.The EC50 endpoint values of the above tested APIs were 36.5×10^-5 mol L^-1,30.26×10^-5 mol L^-1,and 0.0155×10^-5 mol L^-1 respectively.It was indicated that the endpoint toxicities to vibrio fischeri for different mixtures are higher than those of the individual toxins.The joint toxicities of the multiple systems of three pharmaceuticals were evaluated by the additive index,toxicity unit,and mixed toxicity index methods.The consistent evaluation results were obtained.It was observed that antagonistic effects in binary and ternary systems were appeared different antagonistic strengths.It was deduced that different functional groups of the studied pharmaceuticals could affect the physiological and biochemical reaction processes of organisms.The obtained data of the acute toxicities of pharmaceuticals to vibrio fischeri can facilitate the evaluation of the environmental risks associated with emerging pollutants.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Paramecium</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is presented. Light microscopy in combination with computerized video tracking is employed for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">determination of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">survival time of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Up to 800 mg/L, selenium nanoparticles are not acutely toxic. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">With</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respect to a potential antidote effect, the lethality of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate, sodium hydrogen selenite, and sodium selenite to <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was decreased and survival time was extend</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed upon pre-treatment with selenium nanoparticles. Taken together, these findings suggest that administration of selenium nanoparticles attenuates</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> exposure </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> toxicants. Selenium nanoparticles could be a good functional additive for food management in animals.</span>
基金Supported by the Incubation Program for Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Sichuan Province of China(2011-JTD0035)Program of Department of Education in Sichuan Province of China(10ZB050)the Program of Department of Education in Sichuan Province of China(11ZZ022)
文摘[Objective] Effects of sub-chronic intoxication of 1,8-cineole on body weights,routine blood indexes and biochemical indexes of mice were investigated. [Method] One hundred and sixty mice with body weights of 15- 17 g were randomly divided into four groups( forty mice per group). Mice were injected to1,8- cineole with doses of 192. 45,64. 15 and 21. 38 mg / kg body weight( test groups) and the water solution of tween-80 with a volume fraction of 0. 5%( control group) respectively. Each mouse was administered orally at the dose of 0. 2 m L per 10 g body weight once a day consecutively for 90 d. The body weight,routine blood indexes and serum biochemical indexes of mice were determined on the 30 thd,60thd,90 thd and the 30 thd after stopping the administration of 1,8-cineole.[Result]The effects of 1,8-cineole on the body weight,routine blood indexes and serum biochemical indexes of mice with the doses of 64. 15 and 21. 38 mg/kg body weight had no statistically significant difference compared with the control group( P > 0. 05). 1,8-cineole with the dose of 192. 45 mg / kg body weight exhibited different influences on routine blood indexes and serum biochemical indexes of mice after the oral administration of 1,8-cineole for 60 d and 90 d,and statistically significant differences in many blood biochemical indexes were observed( P < 0. 05). However,the differences in routine blood indexes and serum biochemical indexes were not statistically significant between the test groups and the control group at the 30 thd after stopping the administration of 1,8-cineole( P > 0. 05).[Conclusion]1,8-cineole had sub-chronic oral toxicity to mice. The no observed adverse effect level( NOAEL) of 1,8-cineole was 64. 15 mg/kg body weight and the lowest observed adverse effect level( LOAEL) of 1,8-cineole was 192. 45 mg / kg body weight. Effects of 1,8-cineole on blood biochemical indexes of mice were in short term and reversible.
文摘The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and sedative effect of the ethylic extract of Thymelaea lythroides (Tl) on Wistar rats. The study was based on the gavage administration of the ethylic extract of Tl with different doses (i.e. 200, 400, 500 and 5000 mg/kg), where the toxicity and the sedative activity of the plant were observed and the obtained results were analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Bonferroni test. The main results of this study showed that the lethal dose of the ethylic extract of Tl was higher than the 5000 mg/kg dose. Moreover, when compared to the control rats, the animals treated with 5000 mg/kg of the extract exhibited significant reduction in appetite for food and water in the first week. Furthermore, results of the psychotropic test conducted during this study showed visible effects on the exploratory activity of the rats. The dose of 5000 mg/kg was also found to have a significant central nervous system effect;the locomotor activities of the animals decreased in a manner similar to those administered with Zepam as control.
