With the increasing development of English globalization,the trend of combining English with local cultures has become more evident.This research focuses on five schools in the Wenzhou overseas Chinese hometown to inv...With the increasing development of English globalization,the trend of combining English with local cultures has become more evident.This research focuses on five schools in the Wenzhou overseas Chinese hometown to investigate the current status of English education from the perspectives of teachers,students,and textbooks.The aim was to propose bilingual education strategies for the education of transnational left-behind children(TLC).By examining the situation of English education in this specific context,this study sought to address the unique challenges faced by TLC and provide effective educational approaches.Interviews,observations,and document analysis were employed to gather data by means of questionnaire research methods.The findings of this study settled on the improvement of bilingual education for TLC and insights into enhancing English education in multicultural settings.展开更多
As China’s overseas investment and business operations continue to expand,the issue of human rights risks faced by Chinese transnational corporations abroad has attracted sustained attention from society.In recent ye...As China’s overseas investment and business operations continue to expand,the issue of human rights risks faced by Chinese transnational corporations abroad has attracted sustained attention from society.In recent years,China has enacted a series of laws,regulations,and policies to better regulate the overseas business conduct of transnational corporations,urging them to respect the human rights of the people in host countries and fulfill their social responsibilities to achieve sustainable development.Meanwhile,China has actively participated in the formulation of the Legally Binding Instrument on Activities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises in International Human Rights Law,providing a Chinese solution to promote global governance of transnational corporations.However,in practice,the lack of institutional mechanisms,systems,and industry rules to supervise and guide transnational enterprises in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities,as well as the limited awareness of human rights risks among these enterprises,have resulted in ongoing human rights risks in their overseas business operations,particularly regarding labor rights and environmental rights.In response,China should take its national conditions into consideration and focus on the development trends of human rights issues in the business sector at the international level.Drawing on the experiences of other countries,China should explore and establish institutional and practical measures to regulate the human rights responsibilities of transnational enterprises through legislation,administration,and judiciary actions,in order to address the risks and challenges faced by Chinese enterprises in foreign investments and contribute to the sustainable development of the world and global human rights governance.展开更多
Understanding the spatial patterns of land-use and land-cover(LULC)and their driving forces in transnational areas is important for the sustainable development of these regions.However,the spatial patterns of LULC and...Understanding the spatial patterns of land-use and land-cover(LULC)and their driving forces in transnational areas is important for the sustainable development of these regions.However,the spatial patterns of LULC and their driving forces across multiple scales are poorly understood in transnational areas.In this study,we analyzed the spatial patterns of LULC and driving forces in the transnational area of Tumen River(TATR)in 2016 across two scales:the entire region and the sub-regions of China,the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK),and Russia.Results showed that the LULC was dominated by broadleaf forest and dry farmland in the TATR in 2016,which accounted for 66.86%and 13.60%of the entire region,respectively.Meanwhile,the LULC in the three sub-regions exhibited noticeable differences.In the Chinese and the DPRK’s sub-regions,the area of broadleaf forest was greater than those for the other LULC types,while the Russian sub-region was dominated by broadleaf forest and grassland.The spatial patterns of LULC were mainly influenced by topography,climate,soil properties,and human activities.In addition,the driving forces of the spatial patterns of LULC in the TATR had an obvious scaling effect.Therefore,we suggest that effective policies and regulations with cooperation among China,the DPRK,and Russia are needed to plan the spatial patterns of LULC and improve the sustainable development of the TATR.展开更多
Transnational education(TNE),responding to the growing global demand for education,plays a fundamental role in the current debate on the internationalisation and globalisation of higher education.Conducting a systemat...Transnational education(TNE),responding to the growing global demand for education,plays a fundamental role in the current debate on the internationalisation and globalisation of higher education.Conducting a systematic literature review,this paper examines the characteristics of German transnational education,which has little in common with the American and British models,the reasons for its limited presence in the Gulf and its potential for having a stronger footprint.Since education for Germany is a public good,financial gain has never been a decisive factor for German universities to venture abroad.Whilst the Gulf Region is the largest importer of foreign education,German TNE is only represented by one university there,compared to the overwhelming number of US,UK and Australian higher education institutions.Although the Gulf Region is considered as a lucrative and appealing market for foreign education,lack of engagement of German TNE there could be interpreted through public policy-related reasons.Since Germany has already established its footprint in creating a unique brand of TNE,the paper recommends to build upon the country’s expertise in low-risk option for Germany to invest in the Gulf.For this to materialise,Germany must build awareness of its unique brand to stand out among the competition.展开更多
This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study...This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.展开更多
Central Asia(including five countries:Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan,and Tajikistan)is rich in oil reserves and has become one of the most important target regions for global oil investment.The construc...Central Asia(including five countries:Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan,and Tajikistan)is rich in oil reserves and has become one of the most important target regions for global oil investment.The construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt has prompted Central Asia to look outwards for more collaborations in the oil industry.China's need for oil investment in Central Asia has also increased significantly.This research established a comprehensive index system for assessing the risks of transnational oil investment in Central Asia.The system incorporated political,regulatory,economic,social,and infrastructural indices.Based on the Delphi method and fuzzy comprehension evaluation method,we qualitatively and quantitatively assessed and analyzed the risks of transnational oil investment in Central Asia.The results indicate that the risk score for regulatory risk was highest with the value of 6.1670,indicating a high risk level in transnational oil investment,followed by economic,social,political,and infrastructural risk indices.Of the 18 secondary risk indices calculated,there were seven indices with the probability of high risk occurrence exceeded 30.0%and the descending order was as follows:establishment of mining rights;host country intervention in operations;taxing system;stability of regulations;war and turmoil;labor capital;and ethnic,cultural,and religious differences.These seven critical risks should be watched closely and avoided during transnational oil investment in Central Asia.This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential risks of investing oil in Central Asia.The findings demonstrate the causes of these risks and provide a scientific basis for reasonably avoiding oil investment risk and improving investment benefits for both host and investing countries.展开更多
This paper discusses the challenges for small and medium-sized transnational companies in China, because they have no international experience and need to preparemore in China.
The extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions is the legal basis for states to regulate the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations.In recent years,it has b...The extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions is the legal basis for states to regulate the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations.In recent years,it has been increasingly challenged by the new trend of the United Nations governing the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.A study of existing international rules and practices shows that the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions depends on the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the States Parties,which mainly includes the actual control over extraterritorial territories and individuals as well as the execution of authority outside the territories.In view of the above,if human rights violations by individuals or transnational corporations occur in areas outside their home territories or are authorized and orchestrated by the home state,the home state shall bear the corresponding human rights responsibilities.Given the restrictive scope of the abovementioned extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions,the international cooperation obligation and the"do no harm"principle may become a new legal basis for states to fulfill their extraterritorial human rights obligations in the future,thereby expanding the basis for the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions to deal with more serious issues of human rights violations by transnational corporations.However,on the whole,the current identification and codification of states regulating the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations should respect the existing rules of international human rights law and should not add any new human rights obligations on states.展开更多
Customer is important equity of an enterprise. Customer equity is the total combined customer lifetime values of all of the company's customers. In the context of invasion of transnational seed companies,how to co...Customer is important equity of an enterprise. Customer equity is the total combined customer lifetime values of all of the company's customers. In the context of invasion of transnational seed companies,how to cope with huge crisis and challenge is a problem to be solved by national companies and government. From the perspective of customer equity driving factors and sub-driving factors,this paper made an empirical study on transnational and national maize seed enterprises using principal component analysis( PCA). Results indicated that the driving factors for customer equity of national and transnational maize seed enterprises are basically similar,while there are large differences in ranking of importance of principal components. Besides,there are great differences in sub-driving factors of customer equity.展开更多
Ⅰ. The present Situation of Transnational Corporations’ Investment in TEDA (1 ) General situation Since its founding ten years ago, especially since 1992. TEDA has achieved encouraging successesin undertaking major ...Ⅰ. The present Situation of Transnational Corporations’ Investment in TEDA (1 ) General situation Since its founding ten years ago, especially since 1992. TEDA has achieved encouraging successesin undertaking major projects. drawing the attention of leading consortia, omnibearingly solicitingbusiness and drawing foreign capital. By September 30, 1994, TEDA had approved 2054 solely for-展开更多
The term transnational originated in the historical field when, in the late 1990s, lan Tyrrell wrote a seminal essay entitled ＂What is Transnational History？＂ and changed the course of the academic discipline, clai...The term transnational originated in the historical field when, in the late 1990s, lan Tyrrell wrote a seminal essay entitled ＂What is Transnational History？＂ and changed the course of the academic discipline, claiming that studying the history of a nation from inside its borders was outmoded because the study of history concerns the movements of peoples, ideas, technologies, and institutions across national boundaries. The study of cross-national influences and the focus on the relationship between nation and factors beyond the nation spilled over into many other fields, especially into cinematic studies. Today transnational refers to the impossibility of assigning a fixed national identity to much cinema, to the dissolution of any stable connection between film＇s place of production and the nationality of its makers and performers. Because there is a lot of critical debate about what constitutes national and transnational cinema, the study of international remakes is a promising method to map the field with some accuracy. This essay will analyze the journey from Hammett＇s novel to Kurosawa＇s film and then to Leone＇s western, and will demonstrate how the process of adaptation functions and what happens to a ＂text＂ when it becomes tmnsnational and polysemic. Because Leone is the creator of the Italian western, the one who initiated the cycle that was copied many times over for a decade, we must look at A Fistful of Dollars as a prototype, a movie that when dissected can shed light on the national-transnational dichotomy of the spaghetti western. However, before studying the prototype, we must look at the complex history of the origin of the first spaghetti western, taking into account that A Fistful of Dollars was ＂transcoded＂ by Leone from Kurosawa＇s Yojimbo （1961） that derived his script from Dashiell Hammett＇s RedHarvest （1929）.展开更多
Entry into WTO means that Chinese enterprises, which were deeply influenced by planned economy, will scramble for profits with those world famous transnational companies of strong strength. Facing such competitive sit...Entry into WTO means that Chinese enterprises, which were deeply influenced by planned economy, will scramble for profits with those world famous transnational companies of strong strength. Facing such competitive situation, how can China cultivate more famous and strong Chinese transnational companies on the international market? This is a question for many economists and enterprisers to make serious research.展开更多
The volume of e-commerce trade is surging, mobile payment is taking over the world, and the sharing economy is a worldwide phenomenon. In recent years, China has made remarkable achievements in the digital economy dom...The volume of e-commerce trade is surging, mobile payment is taking over the world, and the sharing economy is a worldwide phenomenon. In recent years, China has made remarkable achievements in the digital economy domain, which has garnered attention from a wide range of sources.展开更多
The paper firstly discussed the strategic implication of the establishment of China Xinhua News Network Co. Ltd. （referred to as CNC in the paper）. Then, the paper explored the opportunity and threat in the CNC＇s c...The paper firstly discussed the strategic implication of the establishment of China Xinhua News Network Co. Ltd. （referred to as CNC in the paper）. Then, the paper explored the opportunity and threat in the CNC＇s competitive environment, and evaluated the news TV competitiveness of CNC compared with world main news network media based on Delphi method. Based on the strategic management framework of SWOT （strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat）, the paper proposed the developmental strategies of transnational business operation for CNC from the following three area： further expand the coverage and the number of countries entered by CNC, enhance brand effects across the world, and build more new technology experience in the world.展开更多
A well-known fact about the Nigerian Niger Delta region is incessant conflicts between the oil transnational corporations （Oil TNCs） and the oil producing communities. This could be attributed to the fact that the a...A well-known fact about the Nigerian Niger Delta region is incessant conflicts between the oil transnational corporations （Oil TNCs） and the oil producing communities. This could be attributed to the fact that the activities of Oil TNCs have continued to unleash untold devastation on the environment of the oil producing communities and its consequences on the local economy and by extension the total obliteration of the livelihood of the inhabitants of the area. Therefore, the Oil TNCs are increasingly becoming conscious of their devastating impact on the ecology of the area and their blatant disregard for the socio-economic development of the host communities. Consequently, the Oil TNCs have come to embrace the idea of executing Corporate Social Responsibility （CSR） projects as a vehicle to intervene meaningfully in order to mitigate the adverse effect of their operations in host communities. This paper attempts a review and analysis of CSR practices of the two major Oil TNCs in Bayelsa State： Shell and Agip in six host communities： Olugboboro, Olugbobiri, Ikebiri 1, Oporoma, Angiama, and Peremabiri in Southern ljaw local government area. The key question explored in this study is： Has the practice of CSR in the Nigerian Niger Delta region by Oil TNCs brought about socio-economic development and drastic reduction in conflict between the host communities and the Oil TNCs？ The paper argues that CSR projects of transnational oil corporations in Nigeria are driven by short-term expediency rather than the long term development needs of host communities through the provision of poor quality social amenities to these communities in order to secure social license to operate. For transnational oil corporations to make positive impact in the Nigerian Niger Delta Region, their CSR projects should be long tern in nature, taking into consideration the sustainable development needs of the local communities. The CSR projects should be in the form of high quality social amenities and environmental rehabilitation and protection, which could serve the needs of the present and future generations.展开更多
A goal of transfer pricing may be to maximize after tax revenue by setting transfer prices that reduce the total tax paid. ＂Transfer pricing＂ is the pricing of products or services provided by one division to other ...A goal of transfer pricing may be to maximize after tax revenue by setting transfer prices that reduce the total tax paid. ＂Transfer pricing＂ is the pricing of products or services provided by one division to other division of the same corporate entity. Most of the corporate entities are using the method of ＂Window dressing＂, which is a technique used in preparation of financial statements of corporate entities. A transnational corporation is any enterprise that undertakes Foreign Direct Investment （FDI）, owns or controls income gathering assets in more than one country, produces goods or services outsides its country of origin, or engages in international production. Profitability of the transnational corporate entities is being manipulated by the technique of transfer pricing. Abuse of transfer prices is a key tool used by the corporate entities to think that they have virtually no profit; hence, they shouldn＇t pay any taxes. India needs to realize the fundamental need for co-operation among tax administrations in order to remove the obstacles that international double taxation presents to the free movement of goods, services and capital between various countries. In this context, one needs to consider that transactions among associated enterprises may take place under different conditions from those taking place among independent enterprises, while enforcing the act of transfer price mechanism. This paper focuses on transfer pricing and its implications in transnational transactions.展开更多
China’s deepening economic reform has started a new upsurge of development, providing a broad investment market for foreign industrial enterprises and finance circles, especially those transnational companies with ad...China’s deepening economic reform has started a new upsurge of development, providing a broad investment market for foreign industrial enterprises and finance circles, especially those transnational companies with advantages of high technology and scale. Asia and the Pacific are the focal point for world economic展开更多
About 1.S million Somalis live in the diaspora and first Somali asylum seekers came to Finland in 1990. Then they were the first large refugee group in Finland. They have got integration problems with Finnish society ...About 1.S million Somalis live in the diaspora and first Somali asylum seekers came to Finland in 1990. Then they were the first large refugee group in Finland. They have got integration problems with Finnish society and from that perspective the author started to doubt that whether migrants adopted the same kinds of relationship with the local places and which kind of influence it would have on their integration. The author＇s aim for this study has been to explore their sense of belonging from transnational family and geographical perspectives. Relph argued that placelessness could be created either by individual itself or urban planning. With the content analyses the author analyzed 50 questions from seven respondents. The questionnaire includes the part of transnational contact keeping among kin members of transnational family, migration and respondents＇ sense toward urban surrounding where they lives. Emotional ties play a maior role in Finnish Somalis＇ diasporic life. Emotions intertwine around their life as members of transnational family and toward sense of place. Transnational family affects their perspectives toward western society and urban places. Placelessness is the first step toward integration and positive sense of place. With the integration placelessness turns to placeness.展开更多
This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of ...This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of risk and reward,the article not only distinguishes Chinese women’s experiences from those of their male counterparts but also delineates the special contours of the Chinese case within the global advancement of women in science.The article begins by outlining some of the features and dynamics of early Chinese girls’schools that affected students’interest in and preparation for further scientific study.Then it traces the emerging college-level opportunities that made it possible for women who were studying science in China to contemplate advanced work overseas.Turning to study abroad,the article highlights the radicalness of the decision to study abroad by examining the impact of both family background and national circumstances on Chinese women’s strategies of mobility.The article argues that if we are to take women’s experiences seriously,we cannot just look at scientific pursuits in terms of achievements in the development of Chinese science,we also need to consider the ways that·scientific ambitions forced individuals—both male and female—to navigate and reimagine multiple social norms and expectations.展开更多
A ccording to the Beijing Municipal Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Commission, the number of certified regional headquarters of transnational companies in Beijing had reached 20 by August, and in the first seven...A ccording to the Beijing Municipal Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Commission, the number of certified regional headquarters of transnational companies in Beijing had reached 20 by August, and in the first seven months of this year utilized foreign investment in the city amounted to US $3.3 billion. This year Yamaha, Sony-Ericsson and British Petroleum entered Beijing,展开更多
基金the result of a general project titled“Research on the Spread of Chinese Characteristic Culture from the Perspective of English Glocalization”(23WSK133YBM)funded by the Annual Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of Wenzhou City.It is also the result of a horizontal project titled“Research on Improving the Overall Education Level of Ouhai District-Taking Junior High Education as an Example”(2021031)+1 种基金funded by Ouhai District of Wenzhou City.Additionally,it includes the achievements of“I am Chinese”bilingual innovation practice team of the School of Foreign Languages of Wenzhou University in constructing the practice base for the spiritual and civilized education of underage children in Wenzhouthe results of a horizontal project titled“Research on the Bilingual Patriotic Education Path for Overseas Left-behind Children on the Basis of Volunteer Practice of the Team Titled‘I am Chinese’”(2023-152),funded by Ouhai District of Wenzhou City。
文摘With the increasing development of English globalization,the trend of combining English with local cultures has become more evident.This research focuses on five schools in the Wenzhou overseas Chinese hometown to investigate the current status of English education from the perspectives of teachers,students,and textbooks.The aim was to propose bilingual education strategies for the education of transnational left-behind children(TLC).By examining the situation of English education in this specific context,this study sought to address the unique challenges faced by TLC and provide effective educational approaches.Interviews,observations,and document analysis were employed to gather data by means of questionnaire research methods.The findings of this study settled on the improvement of bilingual education for TLC and insights into enhancing English education in multicultural settings.
基金a phased result of the Project“China’s Regulation on the Extraterritorial Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations”undertaken by China Society for Human Rights Studies(Project No.CSHRS2020-25YB)。
文摘As China’s overseas investment and business operations continue to expand,the issue of human rights risks faced by Chinese transnational corporations abroad has attracted sustained attention from society.In recent years,China has enacted a series of laws,regulations,and policies to better regulate the overseas business conduct of transnational corporations,urging them to respect the human rights of the people in host countries and fulfill their social responsibilities to achieve sustainable development.Meanwhile,China has actively participated in the formulation of the Legally Binding Instrument on Activities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises in International Human Rights Law,providing a Chinese solution to promote global governance of transnational corporations.However,in practice,the lack of institutional mechanisms,systems,and industry rules to supervise and guide transnational enterprises in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities,as well as the limited awareness of human rights risks among these enterprises,have resulted in ongoing human rights risks in their overseas business operations,particularly regarding labor rights and environmental rights.In response,China should take its national conditions into consideration and focus on the development trends of human rights issues in the business sector at the international level.Drawing on the experiences of other countries,China should explore and establish institutional and practical measures to regulate the human rights responsibilities of transnational enterprises through legislation,administration,and judiciary actions,in order to address the risks and challenges faced by Chinese enterprises in foreign investments and contribute to the sustainable development of the world and global human rights governance.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41771094,41871185,41801184)。
文摘Understanding the spatial patterns of land-use and land-cover(LULC)and their driving forces in transnational areas is important for the sustainable development of these regions.However,the spatial patterns of LULC and their driving forces across multiple scales are poorly understood in transnational areas.In this study,we analyzed the spatial patterns of LULC and driving forces in the transnational area of Tumen River(TATR)in 2016 across two scales:the entire region and the sub-regions of China,the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK),and Russia.Results showed that the LULC was dominated by broadleaf forest and dry farmland in the TATR in 2016,which accounted for 66.86%and 13.60%of the entire region,respectively.Meanwhile,the LULC in the three sub-regions exhibited noticeable differences.In the Chinese and the DPRK’s sub-regions,the area of broadleaf forest was greater than those for the other LULC types,while the Russian sub-region was dominated by broadleaf forest and grassland.The spatial patterns of LULC were mainly influenced by topography,climate,soil properties,and human activities.In addition,the driving forces of the spatial patterns of LULC in the TATR had an obvious scaling effect.Therefore,we suggest that effective policies and regulations with cooperation among China,the DPRK,and Russia are needed to plan the spatial patterns of LULC and improve the sustainable development of the TATR.
文摘Transnational education(TNE),responding to the growing global demand for education,plays a fundamental role in the current debate on the internationalisation and globalisation of higher education.Conducting a systematic literature review,this paper examines the characteristics of German transnational education,which has little in common with the American and British models,the reasons for its limited presence in the Gulf and its potential for having a stronger footprint.Since education for Germany is a public good,financial gain has never been a decisive factor for German universities to venture abroad.Whilst the Gulf Region is the largest importer of foreign education,German TNE is only represented by one university there,compared to the overwhelming number of US,UK and Australian higher education institutions.Although the Gulf Region is considered as a lucrative and appealing market for foreign education,lack of engagement of German TNE there could be interpreted through public policy-related reasons.Since Germany has already established its footprint in creating a unique brand of TNE,the paper recommends to build upon the country’s expertise in low-risk option for Germany to invest in the Gulf.For this to materialise,Germany must build awareness of its unique brand to stand out among the competition.
文摘This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road(XDA20040402).
文摘Central Asia(including five countries:Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan,and Tajikistan)is rich in oil reserves and has become one of the most important target regions for global oil investment.The construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt has prompted Central Asia to look outwards for more collaborations in the oil industry.China's need for oil investment in Central Asia has also increased significantly.This research established a comprehensive index system for assessing the risks of transnational oil investment in Central Asia.The system incorporated political,regulatory,economic,social,and infrastructural indices.Based on the Delphi method and fuzzy comprehension evaluation method,we qualitatively and quantitatively assessed and analyzed the risks of transnational oil investment in Central Asia.The results indicate that the risk score for regulatory risk was highest with the value of 6.1670,indicating a high risk level in transnational oil investment,followed by economic,social,political,and infrastructural risk indices.Of the 18 secondary risk indices calculated,there were seven indices with the probability of high risk occurrence exceeded 30.0%and the descending order was as follows:establishment of mining rights;host country intervention in operations;taxing system;stability of regulations;war and turmoil;labor capital;and ethnic,cultural,and religious differences.These seven critical risks should be watched closely and avoided during transnational oil investment in Central Asia.This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential risks of investing oil in Central Asia.The findings demonstrate the causes of these risks and provide a scientific basis for reasonably avoiding oil investment risk and improving investment benefits for both host and investing countries.
文摘This paper discusses the challenges for small and medium-sized transnational companies in China, because they have no international experience and need to preparemore in China.
基金the phased achievement of the CSHRS(China Society for Human Rights Studies)project“Human Rights Obligations of States Regulating the Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations of Transnational Corporations”(CSHRS2020-25YB)
文摘The extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions is the legal basis for states to regulate the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations.In recent years,it has been increasingly challenged by the new trend of the United Nations governing the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.A study of existing international rules and practices shows that the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions depends on the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the States Parties,which mainly includes the actual control over extraterritorial territories and individuals as well as the execution of authority outside the territories.In view of the above,if human rights violations by individuals or transnational corporations occur in areas outside their home territories or are authorized and orchestrated by the home state,the home state shall bear the corresponding human rights responsibilities.Given the restrictive scope of the abovementioned extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions,the international cooperation obligation and the"do no harm"principle may become a new legal basis for states to fulfill their extraterritorial human rights obligations in the future,thereby expanding the basis for the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions to deal with more serious issues of human rights violations by transnational corporations.However,on the whole,the current identification and codification of states regulating the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations should respect the existing rules of international human rights law and should not add any new human rights obligations on states.
基金Supported by Project of National Natural Science Foundation(71573098&71173085)Social Science Foundation for The Excellent Youths of Huazhong Agricultural Universitythe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(52902-0900202876)
文摘Customer is important equity of an enterprise. Customer equity is the total combined customer lifetime values of all of the company's customers. In the context of invasion of transnational seed companies,how to cope with huge crisis and challenge is a problem to be solved by national companies and government. From the perspective of customer equity driving factors and sub-driving factors,this paper made an empirical study on transnational and national maize seed enterprises using principal component analysis( PCA). Results indicated that the driving factors for customer equity of national and transnational maize seed enterprises are basically similar,while there are large differences in ranking of importance of principal components. Besides,there are great differences in sub-driving factors of customer equity.
文摘Ⅰ. The present Situation of Transnational Corporations’ Investment in TEDA (1 ) General situation Since its founding ten years ago, especially since 1992. TEDA has achieved encouraging successesin undertaking major projects. drawing the attention of leading consortia, omnibearingly solicitingbusiness and drawing foreign capital. By September 30, 1994, TEDA had approved 2054 solely for-
文摘The term transnational originated in the historical field when, in the late 1990s, lan Tyrrell wrote a seminal essay entitled ＂What is Transnational History？＂ and changed the course of the academic discipline, claiming that studying the history of a nation from inside its borders was outmoded because the study of history concerns the movements of peoples, ideas, technologies, and institutions across national boundaries. The study of cross-national influences and the focus on the relationship between nation and factors beyond the nation spilled over into many other fields, especially into cinematic studies. Today transnational refers to the impossibility of assigning a fixed national identity to much cinema, to the dissolution of any stable connection between film＇s place of production and the nationality of its makers and performers. Because there is a lot of critical debate about what constitutes national and transnational cinema, the study of international remakes is a promising method to map the field with some accuracy. This essay will analyze the journey from Hammett＇s novel to Kurosawa＇s film and then to Leone＇s western, and will demonstrate how the process of adaptation functions and what happens to a ＂text＂ when it becomes tmnsnational and polysemic. Because Leone is the creator of the Italian western, the one who initiated the cycle that was copied many times over for a decade, we must look at A Fistful of Dollars as a prototype, a movie that when dissected can shed light on the national-transnational dichotomy of the spaghetti western. However, before studying the prototype, we must look at the complex history of the origin of the first spaghetti western, taking into account that A Fistful of Dollars was ＂transcoded＂ by Leone from Kurosawa＇s Yojimbo （1961） that derived his script from Dashiell Hammett＇s RedHarvest （1929）.
文摘Entry into WTO means that Chinese enterprises, which were deeply influenced by planned economy, will scramble for profits with those world famous transnational companies of strong strength. Facing such competitive situation, how can China cultivate more famous and strong Chinese transnational companies on the international market? This is a question for many economists and enterprisers to make serious research.
文摘The volume of e-commerce trade is surging, mobile payment is taking over the world, and the sharing economy is a worldwide phenomenon. In recent years, China has made remarkable achievements in the digital economy domain, which has garnered attention from a wide range of sources.
文摘The paper firstly discussed the strategic implication of the establishment of China Xinhua News Network Co. Ltd. （referred to as CNC in the paper）. Then, the paper explored the opportunity and threat in the CNC＇s competitive environment, and evaluated the news TV competitiveness of CNC compared with world main news network media based on Delphi method. Based on the strategic management framework of SWOT （strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat）, the paper proposed the developmental strategies of transnational business operation for CNC from the following three area： further expand the coverage and the number of countries entered by CNC, enhance brand effects across the world, and build more new technology experience in the world.
文摘A well-known fact about the Nigerian Niger Delta region is incessant conflicts between the oil transnational corporations （Oil TNCs） and the oil producing communities. This could be attributed to the fact that the activities of Oil TNCs have continued to unleash untold devastation on the environment of the oil producing communities and its consequences on the local economy and by extension the total obliteration of the livelihood of the inhabitants of the area. Therefore, the Oil TNCs are increasingly becoming conscious of their devastating impact on the ecology of the area and their blatant disregard for the socio-economic development of the host communities. Consequently, the Oil TNCs have come to embrace the idea of executing Corporate Social Responsibility （CSR） projects as a vehicle to intervene meaningfully in order to mitigate the adverse effect of their operations in host communities. This paper attempts a review and analysis of CSR practices of the two major Oil TNCs in Bayelsa State： Shell and Agip in six host communities： Olugboboro, Olugbobiri, Ikebiri 1, Oporoma, Angiama, and Peremabiri in Southern ljaw local government area. The key question explored in this study is： Has the practice of CSR in the Nigerian Niger Delta region by Oil TNCs brought about socio-economic development and drastic reduction in conflict between the host communities and the Oil TNCs？ The paper argues that CSR projects of transnational oil corporations in Nigeria are driven by short-term expediency rather than the long term development needs of host communities through the provision of poor quality social amenities to these communities in order to secure social license to operate. For transnational oil corporations to make positive impact in the Nigerian Niger Delta Region, their CSR projects should be long tern in nature, taking into consideration the sustainable development needs of the local communities. The CSR projects should be in the form of high quality social amenities and environmental rehabilitation and protection, which could serve the needs of the present and future generations.
文摘A goal of transfer pricing may be to maximize after tax revenue by setting transfer prices that reduce the total tax paid. ＂Transfer pricing＂ is the pricing of products or services provided by one division to other division of the same corporate entity. Most of the corporate entities are using the method of ＂Window dressing＂, which is a technique used in preparation of financial statements of corporate entities. A transnational corporation is any enterprise that undertakes Foreign Direct Investment （FDI）, owns or controls income gathering assets in more than one country, produces goods or services outsides its country of origin, or engages in international production. Profitability of the transnational corporate entities is being manipulated by the technique of transfer pricing. Abuse of transfer prices is a key tool used by the corporate entities to think that they have virtually no profit; hence, they shouldn＇t pay any taxes. India needs to realize the fundamental need for co-operation among tax administrations in order to remove the obstacles that international double taxation presents to the free movement of goods, services and capital between various countries. In this context, one needs to consider that transactions among associated enterprises may take place under different conditions from those taking place among independent enterprises, while enforcing the act of transfer price mechanism. This paper focuses on transfer pricing and its implications in transnational transactions.
文摘China’s deepening economic reform has started a new upsurge of development, providing a broad investment market for foreign industrial enterprises and finance circles, especially those transnational companies with advantages of high technology and scale. Asia and the Pacific are the focal point for world economic
文摘About 1.S million Somalis live in the diaspora and first Somali asylum seekers came to Finland in 1990. Then they were the first large refugee group in Finland. They have got integration problems with Finnish society and from that perspective the author started to doubt that whether migrants adopted the same kinds of relationship with the local places and which kind of influence it would have on their integration. The author＇s aim for this study has been to explore their sense of belonging from transnational family and geographical perspectives. Relph argued that placelessness could be created either by individual itself or urban planning. With the content analyses the author analyzed 50 questions from seven respondents. The questionnaire includes the part of transnational contact keeping among kin members of transnational family, migration and respondents＇ sense toward urban surrounding where they lives. Emotional ties play a maior role in Finnish Somalis＇ diasporic life. Emotions intertwine around their life as members of transnational family and toward sense of place. Transnational family affects their perspectives toward western society and urban places. Placelessness is the first step toward integration and positive sense of place. With the integration placelessness turns to placeness.
文摘This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of risk and reward,the article not only distinguishes Chinese women’s experiences from those of their male counterparts but also delineates the special contours of the Chinese case within the global advancement of women in science.The article begins by outlining some of the features and dynamics of early Chinese girls’schools that affected students’interest in and preparation for further scientific study.Then it traces the emerging college-level opportunities that made it possible for women who were studying science in China to contemplate advanced work overseas.Turning to study abroad,the article highlights the radicalness of the decision to study abroad by examining the impact of both family background and national circumstances on Chinese women’s strategies of mobility.The article argues that if we are to take women’s experiences seriously,we cannot just look at scientific pursuits in terms of achievements in the development of Chinese science,we also need to consider the ways that·scientific ambitions forced individuals—both male and female—to navigate and reimagine multiple social norms and expectations.
文摘A ccording to the Beijing Municipal Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Commission, the number of certified regional headquarters of transnational companies in Beijing had reached 20 by August, and in the first seven months of this year utilized foreign investment in the city amounted to US $3.3 billion. This year Yamaha, Sony-Ericsson and British Petroleum entered Beijing,
