With the continuous development of mineral resources to high altitude areas,the study of sulfide ore flotation in unconventional systems has been emphasized.There is a consensus that moderate oxidation of sulfide ore ...With the continuous development of mineral resources to high altitude areas,the study of sulfide ore flotation in unconventional systems has been emphasized.There is a consensus that moderate oxidation of sulfide ore is beneficial to flotation,but the specific suitable dissolved oxygen value is inconclusive,and there are few studies on sulfide ore flotation under low dissolved oxygen environment at high altitude.In this paper,we designed and assembled an atmosphere simulation flotation equipment to simulate the flotation of pyrite at high altitude by controlling the partial pressure of N_(2)/O_(2) and dissolved oxygen under atmospheric conditions.X-ray photoelectron spec-troscopy(XPS),atomic force microscope(AFM),Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR),UV-vis spectrophotometer,zeta po-tential,and contact angle measurements were used to reveal the effects of surface oxidation and agent adsorption on pyrite at high altitude(4600 m dissolved oxygen(DO)=4.0 mg/L).The results of pure mineral flotation indicated that the high altitude and low dissolved oxy-gen environment is favorable for pyrite flotation.Contact angle measurements and XPS analysis showed that the high altitude atmosphere nslows down the oxidation of pyrite surface,facilitates S_(n)^(2-)/S^(0) production and enhances surface hydrophobicity.Electrochemical calcula-tions and zeta potential analysis showed that the influence of atmosphere on the form of pyrite adsorption is small,and the different atmo-spheric conditions are consistent with dixanthogen electrochemical adsorption,with lower Zeta potential under high altitude atmosphere and significant potential shift after sodium isobutyl xanthate(SIBX)adsorption.The results of FT-IR,UV-vis,and AFM analysis showed that SIBX adsorbed more on the surface of pyrite under high altitude atmosphere and adsorbed on the surface in a mesh structure com-posed of column/block.The results of the experimental study revealed the reasons for the easy flotation of sulfide ores at high altitude with less collector dosage,and confirmed that the combined DO-pH regulation is beneficial to achieve more efficient flotation of pyrite.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the abundance of AMF according to soil properties and altitudes in different cacao plantations of Cameroon. Physico-chemical analyses were made on soil samples collected from three agro-...This study aims to investigate the abundance of AMF according to soil properties and altitudes in different cacao plantations of Cameroon. Physico-chemical analyses were made on soil samples collected from three agro-ecological zones. Soil samples were also used to evaluate directly the AMF abundance following the various altitudes and after trapping by sorghum plant. The results showed that soil properties, AMF spore abundances and colonization fluctuated significantly at different altitudes. The most represented texture was sandy loam. The bimodal zone presented a homogeneous texture (sandy loam) in all its localities. Cacao soil chemical characteristics showed that, the highest nitrogen rate (0.47%;p 0.05, Scott-Knott test) was recorded at Melong in a monomodal zone while Tonga in the Western highlands displayed the lowest rate (0.13%). Soil P concentration was significantly high in monomodal zones (Mbanga and Melong). Soil pH level indicated that the soil from Tonga in the Western highlands was neutral (pH = 6.67), and soils of other localities under study were acidic with the lowest (4.75) pH level recorded at Melong in a monomodal zone. In soil samples, the highest spore density (1.03 spores/g soil) was observed at Ntui in Bimodal zone, while the lowest spore density (0.26 spores/g soil) was observed at Bafang in the Western highlands. Root colonization showed that the sample from Bokito in a bimodal zone displayed the best frequency of mycorrhization (86.11%) while the sample from Bafang in the Western highlands recorded the lowest (27.11%). The PCA analysis highlighted that available phosphorus, pH and altitude all strongly correlated with AMF root colonization ability and can be used as a predictor of AMF colonization ability in cacao rhizosphere.展开更多
In this paper,a comprehensive overview of radar detection methods for low-altitude targets in maritime environments is presented,focusing on the challenges posed by sea clutter and multipath scattering.The performance...In this paper,a comprehensive overview of radar detection methods for low-altitude targets in maritime environments is presented,focusing on the challenges posed by sea clutter and multipath scattering.The performance of the radar detection methods under sea clutter,multipath,and combined conditions is categorized and summarized,and future research directions are outlined to enhance radar detection performance for low-altitude targets in maritime environments.展开更多
The corona discharge from transmission lines in high-altitude areas is more severe than at lower altitudes. The radio interference caused thereby is a key factor to be considered when designing transmission lines. To ...The corona discharge from transmission lines in high-altitude areas is more severe than at lower altitudes. The radio interference caused thereby is a key factor to be considered when designing transmission lines. To study the influence of altitude on negative corona characteristics, an experimental platform comprising a movable small corona cage was established: experiments were conducted at four altitudes in the range of 1120-4320 m, and data on the corona current pulse and radio interference level of 0.8-mm diameter fine copper wire under different negative voltages were collected. The experimental results show that the average amplitude, repetition frequency and average current of the corona current pulse increase with increasing altitude. The dispersion of pulse amplitude increases with increase in altitude, while the randomness of the pulse interval decreases continuously. Taking the average current as an intermediate variable,the relationship between radio interference level and altitude is obtained. The result of this research has some significance for understanding the corona discharge characteristics of ultra-highvoltage lines.展开更多
BACKGROUND When exposed to high-altitude environments,the cardiovascular system undergoes various changes,the performance and mechanisms of which remain controversial.AIM To summarize the latest research advancements ...BACKGROUND When exposed to high-altitude environments,the cardiovascular system undergoes various changes,the performance and mechanisms of which remain controversial.AIM To summarize the latest research advancements and hot research points in the cardiovascular system at high altitude by conducting a bibliometric and visualization analysis.METHODS The literature was systematically retrieved and filtered using the Web of Science Core Collection of Science Citation Index Expanded.A visualization analysis of the identified publications was conducted employing CiteSpace and VOSviewer.RESULTS A total of 1674 publications were included in the study,with an observed annual increase in the number of publications spanning from 1990 to 2022.The United States of America emerged as the predominant contributor,while Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia stood out as the institution with the highest publication output.Notably,Jean-Paul Richalet demonstrated the highest productivity among researchers focusing on the cardiovascular system at high altitude.Furthermore,Peter Bärtsch emerged as the author with the highest number of cited articles.Keyword analysis identified hypoxia,exercise,acclimatization,acute and chronic mountain sickness,pulmonary hypertension,metabolism,and echocardiography as the primary research hot research points and emerging directions in the study of the cardiovascular system at high altitude.CONCLUSION Over the past 32 years,research on the cardiovascular system in high-altitude regions has been steadily increasing.Future research in this field may focus on areas such as hypoxia adaptation,metabolism,and cardiopulmonary exercise.Strengthening interdisciplinary and multi-team collaborations will facilitate further exploration of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular changes in high-altitude environments and provide a theoretical basis for standardized disease diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Historically,streamer-to-leader transition studies mainly focused on the rod-plane gap and low altitude analysis,with limited attention paid to the sphere-plane gap at high altitude analysis.In this work,sphere-plane ...Historically,streamer-to-leader transition studies mainly focused on the rod-plane gap and low altitude analysis,with limited attention paid to the sphere-plane gap at high altitude analysis.In this work,sphere-plane gap discharge tests were carried out under the gap distance of 5 m at the Qinghai Ultra High Voltage(UHV)test base at an altitude of 2200 m.The experiments measured the physical parameters such as the discharge current,electric field intensity and instantaneous optical power.The duration of the dark period and the critical charge of streamer-toleader transition were obtained at high altitude.Based on radial thermal expansion of the streamer stem,we established a modified streamer-to-leader transition model of the sphere-plane gap discharge at high altitude,and calculated the stem temperature,stem radii and the duration of streamer-to-leader transition.Compared with the measured duration of sphere-plane electrode discharge at an altitude of 2200 m,the error rate of the modified model was 0.94%,while the classical model was 6.97%,demonstrating the effectiveness of the modified model.From the comparisons and analysis,several suggestions are proposed to improve the numerical model for further quantitative investigations of the leader inception.展开更多
Background,aim,and scope Certain physicochemical indexes of topsoil are closely related to climatic factors including temperature,and precipitation.Understanding the relationship between modern topsoil properties and ...Background,aim,and scope Certain physicochemical indexes of topsoil are closely related to climatic factors including temperature,and precipitation.Understanding the relationship between modern topsoil properties and climatic factors is essential for quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction.Motuo located in the eastern Himalayas,exhibits a significant elevation gradient of over 7000 m from Nnamjagbarwa Peak(7782 m a.s.l.)to the Baxika(150 m a.s.l.).This region features a complete vertical zonation of vegetation,from alpine meadow to tropical forest,presenting an ideal place to investigate the relationships among vegetation,soil and climate conditions across altitudinal gradients.This study aims to explore the vertical variations in the physicochemical composition of topsoil and its relationship with temperature and precipitation.Materials and methods Twenty-seven topsoil samples were collected at 100 m intervals from 800 m to 3600 m a.s.l.along the southern slope of the Himalayas.Grain size,magnetic susceptibility and geochemical elements were measured to discuss the vertical variation characteristics of topsoil composition and their correlation with climatic factors.Results(1)The grain size of topsoil at different altitudes in Motuo is mainly composed of sand accounting for an averaged 53.2%,followed by silt and clay.(2)In the mixed forest zone,frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility(χfd%)shows a clear relationship with altitude,and clay is positively correlated with both altitude and climatic factors.(3)The oxides of topsoil in this area mainly consist of SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3) and Fe_(2)O_(3),followed by MgO,CaO,Na_(2)O and K_(2)O,with slight variations in the primary components at different altitudes.The sensitivity of elements to climate varies across different altitudes and vegetation zone,likely due to the region’s complex topography and vegetation.(4)Physical and biological weathering dominates in the broad-leaved forest zone of Motuo,while chemical weathering is more prominent in the coniferous forest zone,with the mixed forest zone falling in between.Discussion The formation of topsoil across the three vegetation zones is influenced by various factors,including parent material,vegetation,and climate.In the broad-leaved forest zone,physical weathering(precipitation,root wedging etc.)and pedogenesis dominate,resulting in finer grain size.The χ_(fd)% increases with altitude likely due to the high temperature and abundant precipitation in this zone,which facilitate the transformation of strong magnetic miners into weaker ones,particularly when the soil is oversaturated.Zirconium(Zr),primarily found in zircon,is depleted at lower altitudes by strong current erosion.Barium(Ba)is similarly reduced at low altitudes in this zone.In mixed forest zone,clay content is the lowest,indicating weaker physical weathering conditions than broad-leaved forest zone.The coarser grain size may result from the combined effects of topography and vegetation coverage.Magnetic susceptibility and organic matter show a positive correlation with altitude.Zr concentration is higher than that in the broad-leaved forest zone,likely resulting from decreased precipitation.In the coniferous zone,the clay content shows considerable fluctuations,with grain size generally becoming finer as altitude increases.This trend may be explained by intensified soil disintegration from seasonal freeze-thaw cycles.The χ_(fd)% values lack a clear trend or pattern,possibly due to soil erosion causing the migration of magnetic minerals or insufficient iron precipitation,which reduces the concentration of magnetic minerals in the soil.Additionally,a positive correlation is observed between altitude and organic matter content,with higher altitudes associated with greater organic matter accumulation.This may be attributed to lower microbial activity in colder conditions,which slows the decomposition and transformation of organic matter.Conclusions The variations in grain size,magnetic susceptibility,and geochemical elements differ across altitudes and vegetation zones,closely connected to the complex interplay of terrain,vegetation,and climate in Motuo.In the mixed forest,altitude has a significant impact onχfd%,and the clay component is particularly sensitive to changes in altitude,mean annual temperature,and precipitation.Zr shows a strong correlation with altitude and climate factors,making it a valuable indicator for assessing changes in atmospheric precipitation within specific altitude ranges.Recommendations and perspectives This study enhances our understanding of the relationships between the physicochemical properties of topsoil and climate conditions,offering valuable insights for paleoclimate reconstruction in Motuo.展开更多
Since the inclusion of the low-altitude economy in the government work report during the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in March,many cities have sought to ente...Since the inclusion of the low-altitude economy in the government work report during the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in March,many cities have sought to enter this area first to seize the benefits of the low-altitude economy.According to incomplete statistics,17 provinces(municipalities,autonomous regions)in China have currently written the low-altitude economy into their 2024 government work report.In addition,cities such as Shenzhen,Guangzhou,Chengdu,Suzhou,Zhuhai,and Ganzhou have also included the low-altitude economy in their government work reports.More than 20 provincial and municipal governments,represented by Shenzhen,Hefei,Guangzhou and Chengdu,have introduced also policies to support the development of the low-altitude economy and its business ecosystem.展开更多
An autonomous altitude adjustment system for a stratospheric satellite(StratoSat)platform is proposed.This platform consists of a helium balloon,a ballonet,and a two-way blower.The helium balloon generates lift to bal...An autonomous altitude adjustment system for a stratospheric satellite(StratoSat)platform is proposed.This platform consists of a helium balloon,a ballonet,and a two-way blower.The helium balloon generates lift to balance the platform gravity.The two-way blower inflates and deflates the ballonet to regulate the buoyancy.Altitude adjustment is achieved by tracking the differential pressure difference(DPD),and a threshold switching strategy is used to achieve blower flow control.The vertical acceleration regulation ability is decided not only by the blower flow rate,but also by the designed margin of pressure difference(MPD).Pressure difference is a slow-varying variable compared with altitude,and it is adopted as the control variable.The response speed of the actuator to disturbance can be delayed,and the overshoot caused by the large inertia of the platform is inhibited.This method can maintain a high tracking accuracy and reduce the complexity of model calculation,thus improving the robustness of controller design.展开更多
The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%eth...The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.展开更多
There are great differences in the distribution characteristics of shock waves produced by ammunition explosions at different altitudes.At present,there are many studies on plain explosion shock waves,but there are fe...There are great differences in the distribution characteristics of shock waves produced by ammunition explosions at different altitudes.At present,there are many studies on plain explosion shock waves,but there are few studies on the distribution characteristics of plateau explosion shock waves,and there is still a lack of complete analysis and evaluation methods.This paper compares and analyzes shock wave overpressure data at different altitudes,obtains the attenuation effect of different altitudes on the shock wave propagation process and proposes a calculation formula for shock wave overpressure considering the effect of altitude.The data analysis results show that at the same TNT equivalent and the same distance from the measuring point,the shock wave overpressure at high altitude is lower than that at low altitude.With the increase in the explosion center distance of the measuring point,the peak attenuation rate of the shock wave overpressure at high altitudes is smaller than that at low altitudes,and the peak attenuation rate of the shock wave overpressure at high altitudes gradually intensifies with increasing proportional distance.The average error between the shock wave overpressure and measured shock wave overpressure in a high-altitude environment obtained by using the above calculation formula is 11.1389%.Therefore,this method can effectively predict explosion shock wave overpressure in plateau environments and provides an effective calculation method for practical engineering tests.展开更多
Power deterioration is a major problem for diesel engines operating at high altitudes.This problem stems from the limited availability of turbocharger energy,which is not enough to increase the boost pressure to the r...Power deterioration is a major problem for diesel engines operating at high altitudes.This problem stems from the limited availability of turbocharger energy,which is not enough to increase the boost pressure to the required level.In this study,a control strategy is introduced in order to achieve engine power recovery at different altitudes.It is shown that as the altitude increases from 0 to 4500 m,the required boost pressure ratio increases from 2.4 to 4.3.The needed turbocharger energy should be increased accordingly by 240%,and the TCC(turbine characterization coefficient)should be adjusted within wide ranges.A 12%decrease in the TCC can lead to a rise of the intake air pressure,which can compensate the pressure decrease due to a 1000 m altitude increase.The fluctuation range of boost pressure was within 14.5 kPa for variations in altitude from 0 to 4500 m.展开更多
In this study, 22 leaf samples of 22 Lilieae species were collected in six Province at 90 - 3740 m to study the variations of leaf characteristics with altitude change. The Qualitative character of leaf epidermis and ...In this study, 22 leaf samples of 22 Lilieae species were collected in six Province at 90 - 3740 m to study the variations of leaf characteristics with altitude change. The Qualitative character of leaf epidermis and two stomatal indexes, viz. stomatal area (SA), stomatal index (SI), were analyzed in laboratory. The results show that: 1) the shape of the leaf epidermis cells and the pattern of the anticlinal walls provide some useful taxonomic information to distinguish the genus, however, none of the stable traits are exclusive to a genus;2) there are significant or even very significant linear correlations between the two indexes and altitude, of which SA exhibit a negative correlation with altitude (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.294, p = 0.009), while SI exhibit a positive correlation with altitude (r<sup>2</sup> = -0.254, p = 0.017). As a result, the pattern of leaf cells and anticlinal walls is influenced by genetic factors, while the stomatal area and stomatal index are influenced by environmental factors. Members of the tribe Lilieae have a relatively stable elevation range, which is related to their long-term adaptation to the local environment in the structure of their leaf epidermis.展开更多
To study the effects of geoclimatic variables of provenances on growth phenotypes and selected plus provenances,over 3000 trees of 22-year-old Larix kaempferi were evaluated from trials established in two climate zone...To study the effects of geoclimatic variables of provenances on growth phenotypes and selected plus provenances,over 3000 trees of 22-year-old Larix kaempferi were evaluated from trials established in two climate zones for provenance selection and to explore the influence of climate variables on provenance performance.The material was replicated plantings of 84 open pollinated families from six provenances distributed in the mountains of central Japan.Provenance variation was observed in most age groups and the heritability of growth traits showed large differences.The phenotypic maximum value of height and diameter were significantly positive with altitude,and mean annual precipitation being important factors.Diameter at breast height growth was significantly negative with altitude and spring rainfall.The Ina provenance of relatively high altitudes,was well adapted to a variety of climates.Altitude might be the driving force for phenotypic and genetic variations and local adaptation.展开更多
This paper discusses the significance and prospects of low altitude small satellite aerial vehicles to ensure smooth aerial-ground communications for next-generation broadband networks.To achieve the generic goals of ...This paper discusses the significance and prospects of low altitude small satellite aerial vehicles to ensure smooth aerial-ground communications for next-generation broadband networks.To achieve the generic goals of fifthgeneration and beyondwireless networks,the existing aerial network architecture needs to be revisited.The detailed architecture of low altitude aerial networks and the challenges in resource management have been illustrated in this paper.Moreover,we have studied the coordination between promising communication technologies and low altitude aerial networks to provide robust network coverage.We talk about the techniques that can ensure userfriendly control and monitoring of the low altitude aerial networks to bring forth wireless broadband connectivity to a new dimension.In the end,we highlight the future research directions of aerial-ground communications in terms of access technologies,machine learning,compressed sensing,and quantum communications.展开更多
The environmental characteristics of hypothermia and hypoxia exert great selective pressure on the energy metabolism of high-altitude animals,especially the ectotherms.Current research on energy-limited adaptation of ...The environmental characteristics of hypothermia and hypoxia exert great selective pressure on the energy metabolism of high-altitude animals,especially the ectotherms.Current research on energy-limited adaptation of high-altitude ectotherms has focused on energy expenditures.However,the mechanisms of increasing energy intake in high-altitude ectotherms have been studied rarely.In order to investigate the adaptation mechanism of the small intestine,the key part of energy acquisition for animals,to energy limitation at high altitude in ectotherms,the gut proteins of Phrynocephalus vlangalii from high-and low-altitude populations were compared using label free proteomics.GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that proteins associated with energy intake,such as those involved in oxidation-reduction processes,glutathione metabolism,oxidoreductase activity,cofactor binding,catalytic activity and metabolic pathways,were significantly up-regulated in high-altitude populations;while proteins associated with energy expenditure,such as immune responses and processes,membrane attack complexes,natural killer pathway and other immune-related processes,were significantly down-regulated in expression.展开更多
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO),a major project as part of China’s national scientific and technological infrastructure,passed the national acceptance assessment and formally went into operatio...The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO),a major project as part of China’s national scientific and technological infrastructure,passed the national acceptance assessment and formally went into operation on May 10.Dedicated to cosmic ray observation and research,the design of LHAASO was approved by the national authorities on December 31,2015.Jointly sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the People’s Government of Sichuan Province,the construction of the principal part of the facility began in 2017 and was completed in 2021.展开更多
Based on low-altitude remote sensing images,this paper established sample set of typical river vegetation elements and proposed river vegetation extraction technical solution to adaptively extract typical vegetation e...Based on low-altitude remote sensing images,this paper established sample set of typical river vegetation elements and proposed river vegetation extraction technical solution to adaptively extract typical vegetation elements of river basins.The main research of this paper were as follows:(1)a typical vegetation extraction sample set based on low-altitude remote sensing images was established.(2)A low-altitude remote sensing image vegetation extraction model based on the focus perception module was designed to realize the end-to-end automatic extraction of different types of vegetation areas of low-altitude remote sensing images to fully learn the spectral spatial texture information and deep semantic information of the images.(3)By comparison with the baseline method,baseline method with embedded focus perception module showed an improvement in the precision by 7.37%and mIoU by 49.49%.Through visual interpretation and quantitative calculation analysis,the typical river vegetation adaptive extraction network has effectiveness and generalization ability,consistent with the needs of practical applications of vegetation extraction.展开更多
To investigate genetic mechanisms of high altitude adaptations of animals living in the Tibetan Plateau, three mitochondrial genomes （mt-genome） of Tibetan horses living in Naqu （4,500 m） of Tibetan, Zhongdian （3...To investigate genetic mechanisms of high altitude adaptations of animals living in the Tibetan Plateau, three mitochondrial genomes （mt-genome） of Tibetan horses living in Naqu （4,500 m） of Tibetan, Zhongdian （3,300 m） and Deqin （3,100 m） of Yunnan province were sequenced. The structures and lengths of these three mt-genomes are similar to the Cheju horse, which is related to Tibetan horses, but little shorter than the Swedish horse. The pair-wise identity of these three horses on nucleotide level is more than 99.3%. When the gene encoding the mitochondrial protein of Tibetan horses was analyzed, we found that NADH6 has higher non-synonymous mutation rate in all of three Tibetan horses. This implies that NADH6 may play a role in Tibetan horses＇ high altitude adaptation. NADH6 is one of the subunits of the complex I in the respiratory chain. Furthermore, 7 D-loop sequences of Tibetan horse from different areas were sequenced, and the phylogeny tree was constructed to study the origin and evolutionary history of Tibetan horses. The result showed that the genetic diverse was high among Tibetan horses. All of Tibetan horses from Naqu were clustered into one clade, and Tibetan horses from Zhongdian and Deqin were clustered into others clades. The first molecular evidence of Tibetan horses indicated in this study is that Tibetan horse population might have multiple origins.展开更多
By the method of gradient pattern analysis, twenty plots were set at altitudes of 700-2600 m with an interval of 100 m on the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain. The dissimilarity of respective sub-plots in the s...By the method of gradient pattern analysis, twenty plots were set at altitudes of 700-2600 m with an interval of 100 m on the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain. The dissimilarity of respective sub-plots in the same community was measured and the complexity of plant communities at different altitudes was analyzed. The result from binary data of tree species in canopy tree indicated that the sub-plots in the communities, except subalpine Betula ermanii forest, showed comparatively high dissimilarity in species composition. Especially, the dissimilarity index (0.7) of broadleaved/Korean pine forest at low altitudes was obviously higher than other communities. The differences are not obvious between communities referring to dark coniferous forest. Comparatively, the dissimilarity in sub-plots of the communities at altitude of 1400 m was slightly higher than that of other communities, which reflected the complexity of tree species compositions of transitory-type communities. For subalpine Betula ermanii forest, tree species composition was simple and showed a high similarity between sub-plots. The results derived from binary data of shrub showed that the dissimilarity index of shrub species in broadleaved/Korean pine forest at low altitudes was higher than that in other communities, but the divergence tendency wasn抰 so obvious as that of arbor species. The dissimilarity derived from binary data of herb and all plant species at different altitudes showed greatly close tendency, and the differences in herb and all plant species between sub-plots were the greatest for the communities of broad-leaved-Korean pine forest and alpine tundra zone..展开更多
基金supported by of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFC 2904601)
文摘With the continuous development of mineral resources to high altitude areas,the study of sulfide ore flotation in unconventional systems has been emphasized.There is a consensus that moderate oxidation of sulfide ore is beneficial to flotation,but the specific suitable dissolved oxygen value is inconclusive,and there are few studies on sulfide ore flotation under low dissolved oxygen environment at high altitude.In this paper,we designed and assembled an atmosphere simulation flotation equipment to simulate the flotation of pyrite at high altitude by controlling the partial pressure of N_(2)/O_(2) and dissolved oxygen under atmospheric conditions.X-ray photoelectron spec-troscopy(XPS),atomic force microscope(AFM),Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR),UV-vis spectrophotometer,zeta po-tential,and contact angle measurements were used to reveal the effects of surface oxidation and agent adsorption on pyrite at high altitude(4600 m dissolved oxygen(DO)=4.0 mg/L).The results of pure mineral flotation indicated that the high altitude and low dissolved oxy-gen environment is favorable for pyrite flotation.Contact angle measurements and XPS analysis showed that the high altitude atmosphere nslows down the oxidation of pyrite surface,facilitates S_(n)^(2-)/S^(0) production and enhances surface hydrophobicity.Electrochemical calcula-tions and zeta potential analysis showed that the influence of atmosphere on the form of pyrite adsorption is small,and the different atmo-spheric conditions are consistent with dixanthogen electrochemical adsorption,with lower Zeta potential under high altitude atmosphere and significant potential shift after sodium isobutyl xanthate(SIBX)adsorption.The results of FT-IR,UV-vis,and AFM analysis showed that SIBX adsorbed more on the surface of pyrite under high altitude atmosphere and adsorbed on the surface in a mesh structure com-posed of column/block.The results of the experimental study revealed the reasons for the easy flotation of sulfide ores at high altitude with less collector dosage,and confirmed that the combined DO-pH regulation is beneficial to achieve more efficient flotation of pyrite.
文摘This study aims to investigate the abundance of AMF according to soil properties and altitudes in different cacao plantations of Cameroon. Physico-chemical analyses were made on soil samples collected from three agro-ecological zones. Soil samples were also used to evaluate directly the AMF abundance following the various altitudes and after trapping by sorghum plant. The results showed that soil properties, AMF spore abundances and colonization fluctuated significantly at different altitudes. The most represented texture was sandy loam. The bimodal zone presented a homogeneous texture (sandy loam) in all its localities. Cacao soil chemical characteristics showed that, the highest nitrogen rate (0.47%;p 0.05, Scott-Knott test) was recorded at Melong in a monomodal zone while Tonga in the Western highlands displayed the lowest rate (0.13%). Soil P concentration was significantly high in monomodal zones (Mbanga and Melong). Soil pH level indicated that the soil from Tonga in the Western highlands was neutral (pH = 6.67), and soils of other localities under study were acidic with the lowest (4.75) pH level recorded at Melong in a monomodal zone. In soil samples, the highest spore density (1.03 spores/g soil) was observed at Ntui in Bimodal zone, while the lowest spore density (0.26 spores/g soil) was observed at Bafang in the Western highlands. Root colonization showed that the sample from Bokito in a bimodal zone displayed the best frequency of mycorrhization (86.11%) while the sample from Bafang in the Western highlands recorded the lowest (27.11%). The PCA analysis highlighted that available phosphorus, pH and altitude all strongly correlated with AMF root colonization ability and can be used as a predictor of AMF colonization ability in cacao rhizosphere.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62171447)。
文摘In this paper,a comprehensive overview of radar detection methods for low-altitude targets in maritime environments is presented,focusing on the challenges posed by sea clutter and multipath scattering.The performance of the radar detection methods under sea clutter,multipath,and combined conditions is categorized and summarized,and future research directions are outlined to enhance radar detection performance for low-altitude targets in maritime environments.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China (No.5200202155587A-0-5-GC)。
文摘The corona discharge from transmission lines in high-altitude areas is more severe than at lower altitudes. The radio interference caused thereby is a key factor to be considered when designing transmission lines. To study the influence of altitude on negative corona characteristics, an experimental platform comprising a movable small corona cage was established: experiments were conducted at four altitudes in the range of 1120-4320 m, and data on the corona current pulse and radio interference level of 0.8-mm diameter fine copper wire under different negative voltages were collected. The experimental results show that the average amplitude, repetition frequency and average current of the corona current pulse increase with increasing altitude. The dispersion of pulse amplitude increases with increase in altitude, while the randomness of the pulse interval decreases continuously. Taking the average current as an intermediate variable,the relationship between radio interference level and altitude is obtained. The result of this research has some significance for understanding the corona discharge characteristics of ultra-highvoltage lines.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province,No.2022NSFSC1295the 2021 Annal Project of the General Hospital of Western Theater Command,No.2021-XZYG-B31.
文摘BACKGROUND When exposed to high-altitude environments,the cardiovascular system undergoes various changes,the performance and mechanisms of which remain controversial.AIM To summarize the latest research advancements and hot research points in the cardiovascular system at high altitude by conducting a bibliometric and visualization analysis.METHODS The literature was systematically retrieved and filtered using the Web of Science Core Collection of Science Citation Index Expanded.A visualization analysis of the identified publications was conducted employing CiteSpace and VOSviewer.RESULTS A total of 1674 publications were included in the study,with an observed annual increase in the number of publications spanning from 1990 to 2022.The United States of America emerged as the predominant contributor,while Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia stood out as the institution with the highest publication output.Notably,Jean-Paul Richalet demonstrated the highest productivity among researchers focusing on the cardiovascular system at high altitude.Furthermore,Peter Bärtsch emerged as the author with the highest number of cited articles.Keyword analysis identified hypoxia,exercise,acclimatization,acute and chronic mountain sickness,pulmonary hypertension,metabolism,and echocardiography as the primary research hot research points and emerging directions in the study of the cardiovascular system at high altitude.CONCLUSION Over the past 32 years,research on the cardiovascular system in high-altitude regions has been steadily increasing.Future research in this field may focus on areas such as hypoxia adaptation,metabolism,and cardiopulmonary exercise.Strengthening interdisciplinary and multi-team collaborations will facilitate further exploration of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular changes in high-altitude environments and provide a theoretical basis for standardized disease diagnosis and treatment.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Scientific Funds for Young Scientists)(No.52007064)。
文摘Historically,streamer-to-leader transition studies mainly focused on the rod-plane gap and low altitude analysis,with limited attention paid to the sphere-plane gap at high altitude analysis.In this work,sphere-plane gap discharge tests were carried out under the gap distance of 5 m at the Qinghai Ultra High Voltage(UHV)test base at an altitude of 2200 m.The experiments measured the physical parameters such as the discharge current,electric field intensity and instantaneous optical power.The duration of the dark period and the critical charge of streamer-toleader transition were obtained at high altitude.Based on radial thermal expansion of the streamer stem,we established a modified streamer-to-leader transition model of the sphere-plane gap discharge at high altitude,and calculated the stem temperature,stem radii and the duration of streamer-to-leader transition.Compared with the measured duration of sphere-plane electrode discharge at an altitude of 2200 m,the error rate of the modified model was 0.94%,while the classical model was 6.97%,demonstrating the effectiveness of the modified model.From the comparisons and analysis,several suggestions are proposed to improve the numerical model for further quantitative investigations of the leader inception.
文摘Background,aim,and scope Certain physicochemical indexes of topsoil are closely related to climatic factors including temperature,and precipitation.Understanding the relationship between modern topsoil properties and climatic factors is essential for quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction.Motuo located in the eastern Himalayas,exhibits a significant elevation gradient of over 7000 m from Nnamjagbarwa Peak(7782 m a.s.l.)to the Baxika(150 m a.s.l.).This region features a complete vertical zonation of vegetation,from alpine meadow to tropical forest,presenting an ideal place to investigate the relationships among vegetation,soil and climate conditions across altitudinal gradients.This study aims to explore the vertical variations in the physicochemical composition of topsoil and its relationship with temperature and precipitation.Materials and methods Twenty-seven topsoil samples were collected at 100 m intervals from 800 m to 3600 m a.s.l.along the southern slope of the Himalayas.Grain size,magnetic susceptibility and geochemical elements were measured to discuss the vertical variation characteristics of topsoil composition and their correlation with climatic factors.Results(1)The grain size of topsoil at different altitudes in Motuo is mainly composed of sand accounting for an averaged 53.2%,followed by silt and clay.(2)In the mixed forest zone,frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility(χfd%)shows a clear relationship with altitude,and clay is positively correlated with both altitude and climatic factors.(3)The oxides of topsoil in this area mainly consist of SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3) and Fe_(2)O_(3),followed by MgO,CaO,Na_(2)O and K_(2)O,with slight variations in the primary components at different altitudes.The sensitivity of elements to climate varies across different altitudes and vegetation zone,likely due to the region’s complex topography and vegetation.(4)Physical and biological weathering dominates in the broad-leaved forest zone of Motuo,while chemical weathering is more prominent in the coniferous forest zone,with the mixed forest zone falling in between.Discussion The formation of topsoil across the three vegetation zones is influenced by various factors,including parent material,vegetation,and climate.In the broad-leaved forest zone,physical weathering(precipitation,root wedging etc.)and pedogenesis dominate,resulting in finer grain size.The χ_(fd)% increases with altitude likely due to the high temperature and abundant precipitation in this zone,which facilitate the transformation of strong magnetic miners into weaker ones,particularly when the soil is oversaturated.Zirconium(Zr),primarily found in zircon,is depleted at lower altitudes by strong current erosion.Barium(Ba)is similarly reduced at low altitudes in this zone.In mixed forest zone,clay content is the lowest,indicating weaker physical weathering conditions than broad-leaved forest zone.The coarser grain size may result from the combined effects of topography and vegetation coverage.Magnetic susceptibility and organic matter show a positive correlation with altitude.Zr concentration is higher than that in the broad-leaved forest zone,likely resulting from decreased precipitation.In the coniferous zone,the clay content shows considerable fluctuations,with grain size generally becoming finer as altitude increases.This trend may be explained by intensified soil disintegration from seasonal freeze-thaw cycles.The χ_(fd)% values lack a clear trend or pattern,possibly due to soil erosion causing the migration of magnetic minerals or insufficient iron precipitation,which reduces the concentration of magnetic minerals in the soil.Additionally,a positive correlation is observed between altitude and organic matter content,with higher altitudes associated with greater organic matter accumulation.This may be attributed to lower microbial activity in colder conditions,which slows the decomposition and transformation of organic matter.Conclusions The variations in grain size,magnetic susceptibility,and geochemical elements differ across altitudes and vegetation zones,closely connected to the complex interplay of terrain,vegetation,and climate in Motuo.In the mixed forest,altitude has a significant impact onχfd%,and the clay component is particularly sensitive to changes in altitude,mean annual temperature,and precipitation.Zr shows a strong correlation with altitude and climate factors,making it a valuable indicator for assessing changes in atmospheric precipitation within specific altitude ranges.Recommendations and perspectives This study enhances our understanding of the relationships between the physicochemical properties of topsoil and climate conditions,offering valuable insights for paleoclimate reconstruction in Motuo.
文摘Since the inclusion of the low-altitude economy in the government work report during the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in March,many cities have sought to enter this area first to seize the benefits of the low-altitude economy.According to incomplete statistics,17 provinces(municipalities,autonomous regions)in China have currently written the low-altitude economy into their 2024 government work report.In addition,cities such as Shenzhen,Guangzhou,Chengdu,Suzhou,Zhuhai,and Ganzhou have also included the low-altitude economy in their government work reports.More than 20 provincial and municipal governments,represented by Shenzhen,Hefei,Guangzhou and Chengdu,have introduced also policies to support the development of the low-altitude economy and its business ecosystem.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52175103)。
文摘An autonomous altitude adjustment system for a stratospheric satellite(StratoSat)platform is proposed.This platform consists of a helium balloon,a ballonet,and a two-way blower.The helium balloon generates lift to balance the platform gravity.The two-way blower inflates and deflates the ballonet to regulate the buoyancy.Altitude adjustment is achieved by tracking the differential pressure difference(DPD),and a threshold switching strategy is used to achieve blower flow control.The vertical acceleration regulation ability is decided not only by the blower flow rate,but also by the designed margin of pressure difference(MPD).Pressure difference is a slow-varying variable compared with altitude,and it is adopted as the control variable.The response speed of the actuator to disturbance can be delayed,and the overshoot caused by the large inertia of the platform is inhibited.This method can maintain a high tracking accuracy and reduce the complexity of model calculation,thus improving the robustness of controller design.
文摘The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.
文摘There are great differences in the distribution characteristics of shock waves produced by ammunition explosions at different altitudes.At present,there are many studies on plain explosion shock waves,but there are few studies on the distribution characteristics of plateau explosion shock waves,and there is still a lack of complete analysis and evaluation methods.This paper compares and analyzes shock wave overpressure data at different altitudes,obtains the attenuation effect of different altitudes on the shock wave propagation process and proposes a calculation formula for shock wave overpressure considering the effect of altitude.The data analysis results show that at the same TNT equivalent and the same distance from the measuring point,the shock wave overpressure at high altitude is lower than that at low altitude.With the increase in the explosion center distance of the measuring point,the peak attenuation rate of the shock wave overpressure at high altitudes is smaller than that at low altitudes,and the peak attenuation rate of the shock wave overpressure at high altitudes gradually intensifies with increasing proportional distance.The average error between the shock wave overpressure and measured shock wave overpressure in a high-altitude environment obtained by using the above calculation formula is 11.1389%.Therefore,this method can effectively predict explosion shock wave overpressure in plateau environments and provides an effective calculation method for practical engineering tests.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant Nos.51576129 and 12102298]the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[Grant No.2021M702443]the State Key Laboratory of Engines(Tianjin University)[Grant No.K2022-09].
文摘Power deterioration is a major problem for diesel engines operating at high altitudes.This problem stems from the limited availability of turbocharger energy,which is not enough to increase the boost pressure to the required level.In this study,a control strategy is introduced in order to achieve engine power recovery at different altitudes.It is shown that as the altitude increases from 0 to 4500 m,the required boost pressure ratio increases from 2.4 to 4.3.The needed turbocharger energy should be increased accordingly by 240%,and the TCC(turbine characterization coefficient)should be adjusted within wide ranges.A 12%decrease in the TCC can lead to a rise of the intake air pressure,which can compensate the pressure decrease due to a 1000 m altitude increase.The fluctuation range of boost pressure was within 14.5 kPa for variations in altitude from 0 to 4500 m.
文摘In this study, 22 leaf samples of 22 Lilieae species were collected in six Province at 90 - 3740 m to study the variations of leaf characteristics with altitude change. The Qualitative character of leaf epidermis and two stomatal indexes, viz. stomatal area (SA), stomatal index (SI), were analyzed in laboratory. The results show that: 1) the shape of the leaf epidermis cells and the pattern of the anticlinal walls provide some useful taxonomic information to distinguish the genus, however, none of the stable traits are exclusive to a genus;2) there are significant or even very significant linear correlations between the two indexes and altitude, of which SA exhibit a negative correlation with altitude (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.294, p = 0.009), while SI exhibit a positive correlation with altitude (r<sup>2</sup> = -0.254, p = 0.017). As a result, the pattern of leaf cells and anticlinal walls is influenced by genetic factors, while the stomatal area and stomatal index are influenced by environmental factors. Members of the tribe Lilieae have a relatively stable elevation range, which is related to their long-term adaptation to the local environment in the structure of their leaf epidermis.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Forest Scientific Research in the Public Welfare(201504104)the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971652)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Non-profit Research Institution of CAF(CAFYBB2017ZA001-4)。
文摘To study the effects of geoclimatic variables of provenances on growth phenotypes and selected plus provenances,over 3000 trees of 22-year-old Larix kaempferi were evaluated from trials established in two climate zones for provenance selection and to explore the influence of climate variables on provenance performance.The material was replicated plantings of 84 open pollinated families from six provenances distributed in the mountains of central Japan.Provenance variation was observed in most age groups and the heritability of growth traits showed large differences.The phenotypic maximum value of height and diameter were significantly positive with altitude,and mean annual precipitation being important factors.Diameter at breast height growth was significantly negative with altitude and spring rainfall.The Ina provenance of relatively high altitudes,was well adapted to a variety of climates.Altitude might be the driving force for phenotypic and genetic variations and local adaptation.
文摘This paper discusses the significance and prospects of low altitude small satellite aerial vehicles to ensure smooth aerial-ground communications for next-generation broadband networks.To achieve the generic goals of fifthgeneration and beyondwireless networks,the existing aerial network architecture needs to be revisited.The detailed architecture of low altitude aerial networks and the challenges in resource management have been illustrated in this paper.Moreover,we have studied the coordination between promising communication technologies and low altitude aerial networks to provide robust network coverage.We talk about the techniques that can ensure userfriendly control and monitoring of the low altitude aerial networks to bring forth wireless broadband connectivity to a new dimension.In the end,we highlight the future research directions of aerial-ground communications in terms of access technologies,machine learning,compressed sensing,and quantum communications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31471988 and 31200287)。
文摘The environmental characteristics of hypothermia and hypoxia exert great selective pressure on the energy metabolism of high-altitude animals,especially the ectotherms.Current research on energy-limited adaptation of high-altitude ectotherms has focused on energy expenditures.However,the mechanisms of increasing energy intake in high-altitude ectotherms have been studied rarely.In order to investigate the adaptation mechanism of the small intestine,the key part of energy acquisition for animals,to energy limitation at high altitude in ectotherms,the gut proteins of Phrynocephalus vlangalii from high-and low-altitude populations were compared using label free proteomics.GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that proteins associated with energy intake,such as those involved in oxidation-reduction processes,glutathione metabolism,oxidoreductase activity,cofactor binding,catalytic activity and metabolic pathways,were significantly up-regulated in high-altitude populations;while proteins associated with energy expenditure,such as immune responses and processes,membrane attack complexes,natural killer pathway and other immune-related processes,were significantly down-regulated in expression.
文摘The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO),a major project as part of China’s national scientific and technological infrastructure,passed the national acceptance assessment and formally went into operation on May 10.Dedicated to cosmic ray observation and research,the design of LHAASO was approved by the national authorities on December 31,2015.Jointly sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the People’s Government of Sichuan Province,the construction of the principal part of the facility began in 2017 and was completed in 2021.
文摘Based on low-altitude remote sensing images,this paper established sample set of typical river vegetation elements and proposed river vegetation extraction technical solution to adaptively extract typical vegetation elements of river basins.The main research of this paper were as follows:(1)a typical vegetation extraction sample set based on low-altitude remote sensing images was established.(2)A low-altitude remote sensing image vegetation extraction model based on the focus perception module was designed to realize the end-to-end automatic extraction of different types of vegetation areas of low-altitude remote sensing images to fully learn the spectral spatial texture information and deep semantic information of the images.(3)By comparison with the baseline method,baseline method with embedded focus perception module showed an improvement in the precision by 7.37%and mIoU by 49.49%.Through visual interpretation and quantitative calculation analysis,the typical river vegetation adaptive extraction network has effectiveness and generalization ability,consistent with the needs of practical applications of vegetation extraction.
基金This work was supported by a grant from Special Foundation of President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & the Grant of Sub-project of National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2006CB504103).
文摘To investigate genetic mechanisms of high altitude adaptations of animals living in the Tibetan Plateau, three mitochondrial genomes （mt-genome） of Tibetan horses living in Naqu （4,500 m） of Tibetan, Zhongdian （3,300 m） and Deqin （3,100 m） of Yunnan province were sequenced. The structures and lengths of these three mt-genomes are similar to the Cheju horse, which is related to Tibetan horses, but little shorter than the Swedish horse. The pair-wise identity of these three horses on nucleotide level is more than 99.3%. When the gene encoding the mitochondrial protein of Tibetan horses was analyzed, we found that NADH6 has higher non-synonymous mutation rate in all of three Tibetan horses. This implies that NADH6 may play a role in Tibetan horses＇ high altitude adaptation. NADH6 is one of the subunits of the complex I in the respiratory chain. Furthermore, 7 D-loop sequences of Tibetan horse from different areas were sequenced, and the phylogeny tree was constructed to study the origin and evolutionary history of Tibetan horses. The result showed that the genetic diverse was high among Tibetan horses. All of Tibetan horses from Naqu were clustered into one clade, and Tibetan horses from Zhongdian and Deqin were clustered into others clades. The first molecular evidence of Tibetan horses indicated in this study is that Tibetan horse population might have multiple origins.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Science(grand KZCX2-406)founded by Chinese Science of Academy undred People’Project.
文摘By the method of gradient pattern analysis, twenty plots were set at altitudes of 700-2600 m with an interval of 100 m on the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain. The dissimilarity of respective sub-plots in the same community was measured and the complexity of plant communities at different altitudes was analyzed. The result from binary data of tree species in canopy tree indicated that the sub-plots in the communities, except subalpine Betula ermanii forest, showed comparatively high dissimilarity in species composition. Especially, the dissimilarity index (0.7) of broadleaved/Korean pine forest at low altitudes was obviously higher than other communities. The differences are not obvious between communities referring to dark coniferous forest. Comparatively, the dissimilarity in sub-plots of the communities at altitude of 1400 m was slightly higher than that of other communities, which reflected the complexity of tree species compositions of transitory-type communities. For subalpine Betula ermanii forest, tree species composition was simple and showed a high similarity between sub-plots. The results derived from binary data of shrub showed that the dissimilarity index of shrub species in broadleaved/Korean pine forest at low altitudes was higher than that in other communities, but the divergence tendency wasn抰 so obvious as that of arbor species. The dissimilarity derived from binary data of herb and all plant species at different altitudes showed greatly close tendency, and the differences in herb and all plant species between sub-plots were the greatest for the communities of broad-leaved-Korean pine forest and alpine tundra zone..
