As a basic color in human languages,the red color shares the common visual impression.Studying the color term can be traced to different social and cultural features.This article mainly discusses the universality and ...As a basic color in human languages,the red color shares the common visual impression.Studying the color term can be traced to different social and cultural features.This article mainly discusses the universality and individuality of red color in languages,aiming to help the second language learners and the multicultural interlocutors.展开更多
After calculation on the fracture angles under various conditions of specific surface energies with different symmetry operations of rotation, the complicated behavior of dependence of fractal dimension on the strudur...After calculation on the fracture angles under various conditions of specific surface energies with different symmetry operations of rotation, the complicated behavior of dependence of fractal dimension on the strudure of crystal is shown. It is found that the crack propagates along the weakest crystal plane no matter what the direction of the maximum stress is if the anisotropy is sufficiently strong; and then, the fractal dimension of the fractured surfaces might be determined by the approximate fractal Structure already existed in the material. Specificity of the fractal dimension of fractured surfaces would be easy to appear in this case. Reversely, the crack propagates along the direction of the maximum stress no matter what direction of the weakest crystal plane is if the anisotropy is sufficiently weak. Universality of the fractal dimension of fractured surfaces would be possible to appear in this case. In many real materials, universality and specificity of the materials are associated. The fractal dimension measured may more or less be influenced by the Structure of materials and it shows its universality through the specificity of materials.展开更多
From the study of polysemy of coordinate conjunctions, it can be found that there are grammaticalization processes from coordination to transition and from coordination to succession. It is a general evolutionary proc...From the study of polysemy of coordinate conjunctions, it can be found that there are grammaticalization processes from coordination to transition and from coordination to succession. It is a general evolutionary process in connective structures to go from non-specific semantic relationship to specific semantic relationship. This was caused by the cognitive tendency of approximately substituting typical functions for atypical functions.展开更多
In the linguistic field,there are disputes on the view of contextual research and the goal of universality.Some scholars believe that common features of linguistic phenomena are significant while others are in favor o...In the linguistic field,there are disputes on the view of contextual research and the goal of universality.Some scholars believe that common features of linguistic phenomena are significant while others are in favor of the perception that it is more applicable and practical to carry out contextual researches.The author tends to analyze the reality and significance of contextual researches and with the goal of universality explained,the relationship between them and further suggestion will be discussed.展开更多
For classical billiards, we suggest that a matrix of action or length of trajectories in conjunction with statistical measures, level spacing distribution and spectral rigidity, can be used to distinguish chaotic from...For classical billiards, we suggest that a matrix of action or length of trajectories in conjunction with statistical measures, level spacing distribution and spectral rigidity, can be used to distinguish chaotic from integrable systems. As examples of 2D chaotic billiards, we considered the Bunimovich stadium billiard and the Sinai billiard. In the level spacing distribution and spectral rigidity, we found GOE behaviour consistent with predictions from random matrix theory. We studied transport properties and computed a diffusion coefficient. For the Sinai billiard, we found normal diffusion, while the stadium billiard showed anomalous diffusion behaviour. As example of a 2D integrable billiard, we considered the rectangular billiard. We found very rigid behaviour with strongly correlated spectra similar to a Dirac comb. These findings present numerical evidence for universality in level spacing fluctuations to hold in classically integrable systems and in classically fully chaotic systems.展开更多
The purpose of this work is to identify the universality class of the nonequilibrium phase transition in the two-dimensional kinetic Ising ferromagnet driven by propagating magnetic field wave. To address this issue, ...The purpose of this work is to identify the universality class of the nonequilibrium phase transition in the two-dimensional kinetic Ising ferromagnet driven by propagating magnetic field wave. To address this issue, the finite size analysis of the nonequilibrium phase transition, in two-dimensional Ising ferromagnet driven by plane propagating magnetic wave, is studied by Monte Carlo simulation. It is observed that the system undergoes a nonequilibrium dynamic phase transition from a high temperature dynamically symmetric (propagating) phase to a low temperature dynamically symmetry-broken (pinned) phase as the system is cooled below the transition temperature. This transition temperature is determined precisely by studying the fourth-order Binder Cumulant of the dynamic order parameter as a function of temperature for different system sizes (L). From the finite size analysis of dynamic order parameter ?and the dynamic susceptibility , we have estimated the critical exponents and ?(measured from the data read at the critical temperature obtained from Binder cumulant), and (measured from the peak positions of dynamic susceptibility). Our results indicate that such driven Ising ferromagnet belongs to the same universality class of the two-dimensional equilibrium Ising ferromagnet (where and ), within the limits of statistical errors.展开更多
It has been observed that period doubling route to chaos during a dislocation multiplication process exhibits universal characteristics that compare favourably with established values.
There are many arguments about Hume in the history of philosophy,especially after Kant criticized Hume,Kant believed that there is no concept of“universality”in Hume’s ethics.By analyzing Hume’s text,this article ...There are many arguments about Hume in the history of philosophy,especially after Kant criticized Hume,Kant believed that there is no concept of“universality”in Hume’s ethics.By analyzing Hume’s text,this article points out that Hume also pursues“universality”,and his“universality”is a universality in the sense of usefulness.Not only does his ethics have the concept of universality,but Hume also pursues universality in the field of nature science.This is helpful for the academic community to re-recognize Hume and further promote the study of Hume.展开更多
This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. A beauty meson (B<sup>+</sup>) transforms into a...This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. A beauty meson (B<sup>+</sup>) transforms into a strange meson (K<sup>+</sup>) with the emission of either electron-positron (e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>) or muon-antimuon (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>μ</em></span><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>). The ratio (<em>R</em><sub>K</sub>) of branching fractions for B<sup>+ </sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>- </sup>and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> decays is measured to be <em>R</em><sub>K</sub> = 0.846 instead of 1 in the violation of lepton universality in the Standard Model. This paper proposes that the violation is derived from the binary isotope mixture of two beauty-quarks, b<sub>7</sub> (4979 MeV mass) and b<sub>8</sub> (143,258 MeV mass) whose masses are calculated from the periodic table of elementary particles. b<sub>7</sub> is the observable B, while b<sub>8</sub> is the hidden B to preserve the generation number symmetry between the three lepton family generations and the three quark family generations in the Standard Model. The preservation of the generation number symmetry forbids b<sub>8</sub> to decay into K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>. In the transition state involving the virtual particles (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>γ</em></span>, W± and Z<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>) before the decay, b<sub>7</sub> and b<sub>8</sub> emerge to form the binary isotope mixture from B. The rates of emergence as the rates of diffuse in Graham’s law of diffusion are proportional to inverse square root of mass. The rate ratio between b<sub>8</sub>/b<sub>7</sub> is (4979/143,258)<sup>1/2</sup> = 0.1864. Since b<sub>7</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, while b<sub>8</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and forbidden <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, the calculated ratio (RK) of branching fractions for B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup> and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>- </sup>is 0.5/(0.1864 × 0.5+ 0.5) = 0.843 in excellent agreement with the observed 0.846. The agreement between the calculated RK and the observed RK confirms the validity of the periodic table of elementary particles which provides the answers for the dominance of matter over antimatter, dark-matter, and the mass hierarchy of elementary particles.展开更多
The distribution function is an important tool in the study of the stochastic variances. The normal distribution is very popular in the nature and our society. The idea of membership functions is the foundation of the...The distribution function is an important tool in the study of the stochastic variances. The normal distribution is very popular in the nature and our society. The idea of membership functions is the foundation of the fuzzy sets theory. While the fuzzy theory is widely used, the completely certain membership function that has no any fuzziness at all has been the bottleneck of the applications of this theory. Cloud models are the effective tools in transforming between qualitative concepts and their quantitative expressions. It can represent the fuzziness and randomness and their relations of uncertain concepts. Also cloud models can show the concept granularity in multi-scale spaces by the digital characteristic Entropy (En). The normal cloud model not only broadens the form conditions of the normal distribution but also makes the normal membership function be the expectation of the random membership degree. In this paper, the universality of the normal cloud model is proved, which is more superior and easier, and can fit the fuzziness and gentleness of human cognitive processing. It would be more applicable and universal in the representation of uncertain notions.展开更多
We present a stochastic critical slope sandpile model, where the amount of grains that fall in an overturning event is stochastic variable. The model is local, conservative, and Abelian. We apply the moment analysis t...We present a stochastic critical slope sandpile model, where the amount of grains that fall in an overturning event is stochastic variable. The model is local, conservative, and Abelian. We apply the moment analysis to evaluate critical exponents and finite size scaling method to consistently test the obtained results. Numerical results show that this model, Oslo model, and one-dimensional Abelian Manna model have the same critical behavior although the three models have different stochastic toppling rules, which provides evidences suggesting that Abelian sandpile models with different stochastic toppling rules are in the same universality class.展开更多
Exploration of the QCD phase diagram and critical point is one of the main goals in current relativistic heavy-ion collisions.The QCD critical point is expected to belong to a three-dimensional(3D)Ising universality c...Exploration of the QCD phase diagram and critical point is one of the main goals in current relativistic heavy-ion collisions.The QCD critical point is expected to belong to a three-dimensional(3D)Ising universality class.Machine learning techniques are found to be powerful in distinguishing different phases of matter and provide a new way to study the phase diagram.We investigate phase transitions in the 3D cubic Ising model using supervised learning methods.It is found that a 3D convolutional neural network can be trained to effectively predict physical quantities in different spin configurations.With a uniform neural network architecture,it can encode phases of matter and identify both second-and first-order phase transitions.The important features that discriminate different phases in the classification processes are investigated.These findings can help study and understand QCD phase transitions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.展开更多
Herein,percolation phase transitions on a two-dimensional lattice were studied using machine learning techniques.Results reveal that different phase transitions belonging to the same universality class can be identifi...Herein,percolation phase transitions on a two-dimensional lattice were studied using machine learning techniques.Results reveal that different phase transitions belonging to the same universality class can be identified using the same neural networks(NNs),whereas phase transitions of different universality classes require different NNs.Based on this finding,we proposed the universality class of machine learning for critical phenomena.Furthermore,we investigated and discussed the NNs of different universality classes.Our research contributes to machine learning by relating the NNs with the universality class.展开更多
Modernisation is a worldwide phenomenon.It marks a revolution-ary transformation in all fields of human endeavour,including politics,society,culture,thought,and values.In many ways,China’s modernisation has the commo...Modernisation is a worldwide phenomenon.It marks a revolution-ary transformation in all fields of human endeavour,including politics,society,culture,thought,and values.In many ways,China’s modernisation has the common characteristics of modern-isation,including the nature of being developmental and trans-formative,institutional innovation,the guiding role of values,consciousness of material exchange between man and nature,and global openness.It also has the unique characteristics of catching up with and surpassing the modernisation of other countries through institutional construction and reform under the leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC).In the new era,China will build itself into a strong and modernised country through the Chinese path to modernisation.展开更多
Context: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires modeling prior to its implementation in algorithms for most human skills. This observation requires us to have a detailed and precise understanding of the i...Context: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires modeling prior to its implementation in algorithms for most human skills. This observation requires us to have a detailed and precise understanding of the interfaces of verbal and emotional communications. The progress of AI is significant on the verbal level but modest in terms of the recognition of facial emotions even if this functionality is one of the oldest in humans and is omnipresent in our daily lives. Dysfunction in the ability for facial emotional expressions is present in many brain pathologies encountered by psychiatrists, neurologists, psychotherapists, mental health professionals including social workers. It cannot be objectively verified and measured due to a lack of reliable tools that are valid and consistently sensitive. Indeed, the articles in the scientific literature dealing with Visual-Facial-Emotions-Recognition (ViFaEmRe), suffer from the absence of 1) consensual and rational tools for continuous quantified measurement, 2) operational concepts. We have invented a software that can use computer-morphing attempting to respond to these two obstacles. It is identified as the Method of Analysis and Research of the Integration of Emotions (M.A.R.I.E.). Our primary goal is to use M.A.R.I.E. to understand the physiology of ViFaEmRe in normal healthy subjects by standardizing the measurements. Then, it will allow us to focus on subjects manifesting abnormalities in this ability. Our second goal is to make our contribution to the progress of AI hoping to add the dimension of recognition of facial emotional expressions. Objective: To study: 1) categorical vs dimensional aspects of recognition of ViFaEmRe, 2) universality vs idiosyncrasy, 3) immediate vs ambivalent Emotional-Decision-Making, 4) the Emotional-Fingerprint of a face and 5) creation of population references data. Methods: With M.A.R.I.E. enable a rational quantified measurement of Emotional-Visual-Acuity (EVA) of 1) a) an individual observer, b) in a population aged 20 to 70 years old, 2) measure the range and intensity of expressed emotions by 3 Face-Tests, 3) quantify the performance of a sample of 204 observers with hyper normal measures of cognition, “thymia,” (ibid. defined elsewhere) and low levels of anxiety 4) analysis of the 6 primary emotions. Results: We have individualized the following continuous parameters: 1) “Emotional-Visual-Acuity”, 2) “Visual-Emotional-Feeling”, 3) “Emotional-Quotient”, 4) “Emotional-Deci-sion-Making”, 5) “Emotional-Decision-Making Graph” or “Individual-Gun-Trigger”6) “Emotional-Fingerprint” or “Key-graph”, 7) “Emotional-Finger-print-Graph”, 8) detecting “misunderstanding” and 9) detecting “error”. This allowed us a taxonomy with coding of the face-emotion pair. Each face has specific measurements and graphics. The EVA improves from ages of 20 to 55 years, then decreases. It does not depend on the sex of the observer, nor the face studied. In addition, 1% of people endowed with normal intelligence do not recognize emotions. The categorical dimension is a variable for everyone. The range and intensity of ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic and not universally uniform. The recognition of emotions is purely categorical for a single individual. It is dimensional for a population sample. Conclusions: Firstly, M.A.R.I.E. has made possible to bring out new concepts and new continuous measurements variables. The comparison between healthy and abnormal individuals makes it possible to take into consideration the significance of this line of study. From now on, these new functional parameters will allow us to identify and name “emotional” disorders or illnesses which can give additional dimension to behavioral disorders in all pathologies that affect the brain. Secondly, the ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic, categorical, and a function of the identity of the observer and of the observed face. These findings stack up against Artificial Intelligence, which cannot have a globalist or regionalist algorithm that can be programmed into a robot, nor can AI compete with human abilities and judgment in this domain. *Here “Emotional disorders” refers to disorders of emotional expressions and recognition.展开更多
文摘As a basic color in human languages,the red color shares the common visual impression.Studying the color term can be traced to different social and cultural features.This article mainly discusses the universality and individuality of red color in languages,aiming to help the second language learners and the multicultural interlocutors.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China!59671093 National Natural Science Foundation of China !19874064
文摘After calculation on the fracture angles under various conditions of specific surface energies with different symmetry operations of rotation, the complicated behavior of dependence of fractal dimension on the strudure of crystal is shown. It is found that the crack propagates along the weakest crystal plane no matter what the direction of the maximum stress is if the anisotropy is sufficiently strong; and then, the fractal dimension of the fractured surfaces might be determined by the approximate fractal Structure already existed in the material. Specificity of the fractal dimension of fractured surfaces would be easy to appear in this case. Reversely, the crack propagates along the direction of the maximum stress no matter what direction of the weakest crystal plane is if the anisotropy is sufficiently weak. Universality of the fractal dimension of fractured surfaces would be possible to appear in this case. In many real materials, universality and specificity of the materials are associated. The fractal dimension measured may more or less be influenced by the Structure of materials and it shows its universality through the specificity of materials.
文摘From the study of polysemy of coordinate conjunctions, it can be found that there are grammaticalization processes from coordination to transition and from coordination to succession. It is a general evolutionary process in connective structures to go from non-specific semantic relationship to specific semantic relationship. This was caused by the cognitive tendency of approximately substituting typical functions for atypical functions.
文摘In the linguistic field,there are disputes on the view of contextual research and the goal of universality.Some scholars believe that common features of linguistic phenomena are significant while others are in favor of the perception that it is more applicable and practical to carry out contextual researches.The author tends to analyze the reality and significance of contextual researches and with the goal of universality explained,the relationship between them and further suggestion will be discussed.
文摘For classical billiards, we suggest that a matrix of action or length of trajectories in conjunction with statistical measures, level spacing distribution and spectral rigidity, can be used to distinguish chaotic from integrable systems. As examples of 2D chaotic billiards, we considered the Bunimovich stadium billiard and the Sinai billiard. In the level spacing distribution and spectral rigidity, we found GOE behaviour consistent with predictions from random matrix theory. We studied transport properties and computed a diffusion coefficient. For the Sinai billiard, we found normal diffusion, while the stadium billiard showed anomalous diffusion behaviour. As example of a 2D integrable billiard, we considered the rectangular billiard. We found very rigid behaviour with strongly correlated spectra similar to a Dirac comb. These findings present numerical evidence for universality in level spacing fluctuations to hold in classically integrable systems and in classically fully chaotic systems.
文摘The purpose of this work is to identify the universality class of the nonequilibrium phase transition in the two-dimensional kinetic Ising ferromagnet driven by propagating magnetic field wave. To address this issue, the finite size analysis of the nonequilibrium phase transition, in two-dimensional Ising ferromagnet driven by plane propagating magnetic wave, is studied by Monte Carlo simulation. It is observed that the system undergoes a nonequilibrium dynamic phase transition from a high temperature dynamically symmetric (propagating) phase to a low temperature dynamically symmetry-broken (pinned) phase as the system is cooled below the transition temperature. This transition temperature is determined precisely by studying the fourth-order Binder Cumulant of the dynamic order parameter as a function of temperature for different system sizes (L). From the finite size analysis of dynamic order parameter ?and the dynamic susceptibility , we have estimated the critical exponents and ?(measured from the data read at the critical temperature obtained from Binder cumulant), and (measured from the peak positions of dynamic susceptibility). Our results indicate that such driven Ising ferromagnet belongs to the same universality class of the two-dimensional equilibrium Ising ferromagnet (where and ), within the limits of statistical errors.
文摘It has been observed that period doubling route to chaos during a dislocation multiplication process exhibits universal characteristics that compare favourably with established values.
文摘There are many arguments about Hume in the history of philosophy,especially after Kant criticized Hume,Kant believed that there is no concept of“universality”in Hume’s ethics.By analyzing Hume’s text,this article points out that Hume also pursues“universality”,and his“universality”is a universality in the sense of usefulness.Not only does his ethics have the concept of universality,but Hume also pursues universality in the field of nature science.This is helpful for the academic community to re-recognize Hume and further promote the study of Hume.
文摘This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. A beauty meson (B<sup>+</sup>) transforms into a strange meson (K<sup>+</sup>) with the emission of either electron-positron (e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>) or muon-antimuon (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>μ</em></span><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>). The ratio (<em>R</em><sub>K</sub>) of branching fractions for B<sup>+ </sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>- </sup>and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> decays is measured to be <em>R</em><sub>K</sub> = 0.846 instead of 1 in the violation of lepton universality in the Standard Model. This paper proposes that the violation is derived from the binary isotope mixture of two beauty-quarks, b<sub>7</sub> (4979 MeV mass) and b<sub>8</sub> (143,258 MeV mass) whose masses are calculated from the periodic table of elementary particles. b<sub>7</sub> is the observable B, while b<sub>8</sub> is the hidden B to preserve the generation number symmetry between the three lepton family generations and the three quark family generations in the Standard Model. The preservation of the generation number symmetry forbids b<sub>8</sub> to decay into K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>. In the transition state involving the virtual particles (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>γ</em></span>, W± and Z<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>) before the decay, b<sub>7</sub> and b<sub>8</sub> emerge to form the binary isotope mixture from B. The rates of emergence as the rates of diffuse in Graham’s law of diffusion are proportional to inverse square root of mass. The rate ratio between b<sub>8</sub>/b<sub>7</sub> is (4979/143,258)<sup>1/2</sup> = 0.1864. Since b<sub>7</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, while b<sub>8</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and forbidden <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, the calculated ratio (RK) of branching fractions for B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup> and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>- </sup>is 0.5/(0.1864 × 0.5+ 0.5) = 0.843 in excellent agreement with the observed 0.846. The agreement between the calculated RK and the observed RK confirms the validity of the periodic table of elementary particles which provides the answers for the dominance of matter over antimatter, dark-matter, and the mass hierarchy of elementary particles.
文摘The distribution function is an important tool in the study of the stochastic variances. The normal distribution is very popular in the nature and our society. The idea of membership functions is the foundation of the fuzzy sets theory. While the fuzzy theory is widely used, the completely certain membership function that has no any fuzziness at all has been the bottleneck of the applications of this theory. Cloud models are the effective tools in transforming between qualitative concepts and their quantitative expressions. It can represent the fuzziness and randomness and their relations of uncertain concepts. Also cloud models can show the concept granularity in multi-scale spaces by the digital characteristic Entropy (En). The normal cloud model not only broadens the form conditions of the normal distribution but also makes the normal membership function be the expectation of the random membership degree. In this paper, the universality of the normal cloud model is proved, which is more superior and easier, and can fit the fuzziness and gentleness of human cognitive processing. It would be more applicable and universal in the representation of uncertain notions.
基金国家自然科学基金，the State Key Laboratory of Laser of China
文摘We present a stochastic critical slope sandpile model, where the amount of grains that fall in an overturning event is stochastic variable. The model is local, conservative, and Abelian. We apply the moment analysis to evaluate critical exponents and finite size scaling method to consistently test the obtained results. Numerical results show that this model, Oslo model, and one-dimensional Abelian Manna model have the same critical behavior although the three models have different stochastic toppling rules, which provides evidences suggesting that Abelian sandpile models with different stochastic toppling rules are in the same universality class.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12275102)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1604900)。
文摘Exploration of the QCD phase diagram and critical point is one of the main goals in current relativistic heavy-ion collisions.The QCD critical point is expected to belong to a three-dimensional(3D)Ising universality class.Machine learning techniques are found to be powerful in distinguishing different phases of matter and provide a new way to study the phase diagram.We investigate phase transitions in the 3D cubic Ising model using supervised learning methods.It is found that a 3D convolutional neural network can be trained to effectively predict physical quantities in different spin configurations.With a uniform neural network architecture,it can encode phases of matter and identify both second-and first-order phase transitions.The important features that discriminate different phases in the classification processes are investigated.These findings can help study and understand QCD phase transitions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12135003,and 12275020)。
文摘Herein,percolation phase transitions on a two-dimensional lattice were studied using machine learning techniques.Results reveal that different phase transitions belonging to the same universality class can be identified using the same neural networks(NNs),whereas phase transitions of different universality classes require different NNs.Based on this finding,we proposed the universality class of machine learning for critical phenomena.Furthermore,we investigated and discussed the NNs of different universality classes.Our research contributes to machine learning by relating the NNs with the universality class.
基金sponsored by Renmin University of China’s Research Programme of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era[Grant No.22XNQ002].
文摘Modernisation is a worldwide phenomenon.It marks a revolution-ary transformation in all fields of human endeavour,including politics,society,culture,thought,and values.In many ways,China’s modernisation has the common characteristics of modern-isation,including the nature of being developmental and trans-formative,institutional innovation,the guiding role of values,consciousness of material exchange between man and nature,and global openness.It also has the unique characteristics of catching up with and surpassing the modernisation of other countries through institutional construction and reform under the leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC).In the new era,China will build itself into a strong and modernised country through the Chinese path to modernisation.
文摘Context: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires modeling prior to its implementation in algorithms for most human skills. This observation requires us to have a detailed and precise understanding of the interfaces of verbal and emotional communications. The progress of AI is significant on the verbal level but modest in terms of the recognition of facial emotions even if this functionality is one of the oldest in humans and is omnipresent in our daily lives. Dysfunction in the ability for facial emotional expressions is present in many brain pathologies encountered by psychiatrists, neurologists, psychotherapists, mental health professionals including social workers. It cannot be objectively verified and measured due to a lack of reliable tools that are valid and consistently sensitive. Indeed, the articles in the scientific literature dealing with Visual-Facial-Emotions-Recognition (ViFaEmRe), suffer from the absence of 1) consensual and rational tools for continuous quantified measurement, 2) operational concepts. We have invented a software that can use computer-morphing attempting to respond to these two obstacles. It is identified as the Method of Analysis and Research of the Integration of Emotions (M.A.R.I.E.). Our primary goal is to use M.A.R.I.E. to understand the physiology of ViFaEmRe in normal healthy subjects by standardizing the measurements. Then, it will allow us to focus on subjects manifesting abnormalities in this ability. Our second goal is to make our contribution to the progress of AI hoping to add the dimension of recognition of facial emotional expressions. Objective: To study: 1) categorical vs dimensional aspects of recognition of ViFaEmRe, 2) universality vs idiosyncrasy, 3) immediate vs ambivalent Emotional-Decision-Making, 4) the Emotional-Fingerprint of a face and 5) creation of population references data. Methods: With M.A.R.I.E. enable a rational quantified measurement of Emotional-Visual-Acuity (EVA) of 1) a) an individual observer, b) in a population aged 20 to 70 years old, 2) measure the range and intensity of expressed emotions by 3 Face-Tests, 3) quantify the performance of a sample of 204 observers with hyper normal measures of cognition, “thymia,” (ibid. defined elsewhere) and low levels of anxiety 4) analysis of the 6 primary emotions. Results: We have individualized the following continuous parameters: 1) “Emotional-Visual-Acuity”, 2) “Visual-Emotional-Feeling”, 3) “Emotional-Quotient”, 4) “Emotional-Deci-sion-Making”, 5) “Emotional-Decision-Making Graph” or “Individual-Gun-Trigger”6) “Emotional-Fingerprint” or “Key-graph”, 7) “Emotional-Finger-print-Graph”, 8) detecting “misunderstanding” and 9) detecting “error”. This allowed us a taxonomy with coding of the face-emotion pair. Each face has specific measurements and graphics. The EVA improves from ages of 20 to 55 years, then decreases. It does not depend on the sex of the observer, nor the face studied. In addition, 1% of people endowed with normal intelligence do not recognize emotions. The categorical dimension is a variable for everyone. The range and intensity of ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic and not universally uniform. The recognition of emotions is purely categorical for a single individual. It is dimensional for a population sample. Conclusions: Firstly, M.A.R.I.E. has made possible to bring out new concepts and new continuous measurements variables. The comparison between healthy and abnormal individuals makes it possible to take into consideration the significance of this line of study. From now on, these new functional parameters will allow us to identify and name “emotional” disorders or illnesses which can give additional dimension to behavioral disorders in all pathologies that affect the brain. Secondly, the ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic, categorical, and a function of the identity of the observer and of the observed face. These findings stack up against Artificial Intelligence, which cannot have a globalist or regionalist algorithm that can be programmed into a robot, nor can AI compete with human abilities and judgment in this domain. *Here “Emotional disorders” refers to disorders of emotional expressions and recognition.
