To evaluate the influence of urban non-uniformity on precipitation, the area of a city was divided into three categories （commercial, high-density residential, and low-density residential） according to the building ...To evaluate the influence of urban non-uniformity on precipitation, the area of a city was divided into three categories （commercial, high-density residential, and low-density residential） according to the building density data from Landsat satel- lites. Numerical simulations of three corresponding scenarios （urban non-uniformity, urban uniformity, and non-urban） were performed in Nanjing using the WRF model. The results demonstrate that the existence of the city results in more precip- itation, and that urban heterogeneity enhances this phenomenon. For the urban non-uniformity, uniformity, and non-urban experiments, the mean cumulative summer precipitation was 423.09 mm, 407.40 mm, and 389.67 mm, respectively. Urban non-uniformity has a significant effect on the amount of heavy rainfall in summer. The cumulative precipitation from heavy rain in the summer for the three numerical experiments was 278.2 mm, 250.6 mm, and 236.5 mm, respectively. In the non- uniformity experiments, the amount of precipitation between 1500 and 2200 （LST） increased significantly. Furthermore, the adoption of urban non-uniformity into the WRF model could improve the numerical simulation of summer rain and its daily variation.展开更多
Urbanization-related precipitation and surface runoff changes have been widely investigated,but few studies have directly quantified these changes and their link to urbanization in the hydrological cycle.A two-way dyn...Urbanization-related precipitation and surface runoff changes have been widely investigated,but few studies have directly quantified these changes and their link to urbanization in the hydrological cycle.A two-way dynamically coupled atmospheric–hydrological modeling system,Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)-Hydro,has been applied in this study to perform the quantification.The offline WRF-Hydro was first calibrated and validated for several flooding events against gauge observed streamflow data,with the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency reaching 0.9.Compared to the WRF model,WRF-Hydro resolves more detailed rainfall pattern features and reproduces the gauge rainfall with a correlation coefficient of 0.8.Then,the impact of urbanization on hydrometeorological processes was investigated with coupled WRF-Hydro sensitivity simulations over the Qinhuai River basin of China during 2 June–31 July 2015.The results indicate that urbanization enhances regional precipitation,resulting in an indirect increase in surface runoff,overland flow,and streamflow by 16.7,93.5,and 111.2 mm,respectively;however,the impervious area results in higher surface runoff,overland flow,and streamflow.Moreover,changes in main hydrometeorological processes further impact the atmospheric–terrestrial water budget,resulting in a decrease in terrestrial water storage and an increase(a decrease)in precipitable water storage in the middle(lower)parts of the lower troposphere.These changes are likely associated with the warmer urban environment than rural areas.Increased water vapor and strengthened convective conditions in the middle part of the lower troposphere due to urban warming are advantageous to the formation of precipitation in urban areas,which in turn increases surface runoff,thereby facilitating the water cycle and altering the atmospheric–terrestrial water budget.展开更多
The combined effects of global warming and the urban heat islands exacerbate the risk of urban heat stress. It is crucial to implement effective cooling measures in urban areas to improve the comfort of the thermal en...The combined effects of global warming and the urban heat islands exacerbate the risk of urban heat stress. It is crucial to implement effective cooling measures in urban areas to improve the comfort of the thermal environment. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF), coupled with a single-layer Urban Canopy Model(UCM), was used to study the impact of heat mitigation strategies. In addition, a 5-km resolution land-cover dataset for China(ChinaLC), which is based on satellite remote sensing data, was adjusted and used, and 18 groups of numerical experiments were designed, to increase the albedo and vegetation fraction of roof/ground parameters. The experiments were conducted for four heatwave events that occurred in the summer of 2013 in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration of China. The simulated results demonstrated that, for the single roof/ground schemes, the mitigation effects were directly proportional to the albedo and greening. Among all the experimental schemes, the superposed schemes presented better cooling effects. For the ground greening scheme, with similar net radiation flux and latent heat flux, its storage heat was lower than that of the roof greening scheme, resulting in more energy flux into the atmosphere, and its daytime cooling effect was not as good as that of the roof greening scheme. In terms of human thermal comfort(HTC), the improvement achieved by the ground greening scheme was better than any other single roof/ground schemes, because the increase in the relative humidity was small. The comprehensive evaluation of the mitigation effects of different schemes on the thermal environment presented in this paper provides a theoretical basis for improving the urban environment through rational urban planning and construction.展开更多
In this paper, the online Weather Research and Forecasting and Chemistry （WRF/CHEM） model, coupled with urban canopy （UCM） and biogenic-emission models, is used to explore impacts of urban expansion on secondary o...In this paper, the online Weather Research and Forecasting and Chemistry （WRF/CHEM） model, coupled with urban canopy （UCM） and biogenic-emission models, is used to explore impacts of urban expansion on secondary organic aerosols （SOA） formation. Two scenarios of urban maps are used in WRF/CHEM to represent early 1990s （pre-urbanization） and current urban distribution in the Pearl River Delta （PRD）. Month-long simulation results using the above land-use scenarios for March 2001 show： （1） urbanization can increase monthly averaged temperatures by about 0.63 ℃, decrease monthly averaged 10-m wind speeds by 38%, increase monthly averaged boundary-layer depths by 80 m, and decrease monthly aver- aged water mixing ratio by 0.2g/kg. （2） Changes in meteorological conditions can result in detectable concentration changes of NOx, VOC, O3 and NO3 radicals. Urbanization decreases surface NOx and VOC concentrations by a maximum of 4 ppbv and 1.5 ppbv, respectively. Surface O3 and NO3 radical concentrations over major cities increase by about 2-4 ppbv and 4-12 pptv, respectively; areas with increasing O3 and NO3 radical concentrations generally coincide with the areas of temperature increase and wind speed reduction where NOx and VOC decrease. （3） Urbanization can induce 9% increase of SOA in Foshan, Zhongshan and west Guangzhou and 3% decrease in Shenzhen and Dongguan. Over PRD major cities, SOA from Aitken mode reduces by 30% but with more than 70% SOA from accumulate mode. Urbanization has stronger influence on SOA formation from Aitken mode. （4） Over the PRD, 55-65% SOA comes from aromatics precursors. Urbanization has strongest influence on aromatics precursors to produce SOA （14% increase）, while there is less influence on alkane precursors. Alkene precursors have negative contribution to SOA formation under urbanization situation.展开更多
土地利用和土地覆盖变化(Land Use and Land Cover Chang,LUCC)通过影响局地陆面过程及陆气相互作用进而影响局地天气和气候。为探究LUCC产品对陆气相互作用的影响,本文采用了三套LUCC产品,包括USGS、Landsat和MODIS,模拟研究不同LUCC...土地利用和土地覆盖变化(Land Use and Land Cover Chang,LUCC)通过影响局地陆面过程及陆气相互作用进而影响局地天气和气候。为探究LUCC产品对陆气相互作用的影响,本文采用了三套LUCC产品,包括USGS、Landsat和MODIS,模拟研究不同LUCC产品对华东地区土壤和近地面温度、湿度的影响。结果表明,不同LUCC产品的土地利用类型差异主要在城市、农田和以草地、森林为主的自然植被。与USGS产品相比,Landsat和MODIS产品的城市和森林面积分别增加了2%和15%以上,农田面积则减少了17%左右。模拟结果表明,Landsat和MODIS产品的城市面积增加导致该区域的土壤温度和湿度增加,感热通量分别增加了28.1 W·m^(-2)、68.3 W·m^(-2),潜热通量分别减少了28.3 W·m^(-2)、81 W·m^(-2),这使得2 m气温增加了1.5℃左右,相对湿度减小了约9%。USGS产品中的农田和草地在Landsat和MODIS中改变为森林也使得土壤温度、湿度和近地面能量通量、温度和湿度的空间分布随之产生变化,但相比于城市面积改变导致的变化较为复杂。此外,不同LUCC产品之间的城市面积变化对土壤温度、湿度和近地面能量通量、温度和湿度的影响要大于农田和自然植被变化产生的影响。最后,对比三个试验模拟的土壤温度、土壤湿度、2 m气温和相对湿度结果与GLDAS(the Global Land Data Assimilation System)或站点观测资料的相关性、均方根误差、平均偏差和认同指数可以发现,使用更准确、细致的Landsat产品的模式对近地面气象条件的模拟性能要优于USGS和MODIS产品模拟结果。展开更多
The Pearl River Delta(PRD)is one of the three urban agglomerations in China that have experienced rapid development.For this study,a core area of the PRD was identified,comprising the highly urbanized areas of Guangzh...The Pearl River Delta(PRD)is one of the three urban agglomerations in China that have experienced rapid development.For this study,a core area of the PRD was identified,comprising the highly urbanized areas of Guangzhou,Foshan,Zhongshan,Zhuhai,Shenzhen,and Dongguan Cities.The expansion of these urban areas was tracked across three time periods—the year population urbanization rate exceeded 70%(2000),18 years before(1982),and 18 years after(2018).This study used the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model to explore summer rainfall changes across different urbanization periods in the PRD core area.The results show that urban land expansion mainly occurred in the post urbanization period.Rainfall changes acros s different urbanization periods were roughly consistent with previously observed spatial and temporal changes accompanying urban expansion in the PRD core area.Extreme rainfall mainly increased in the post urbanization period,shifting rainstorm center towards the PRD core area.Further causal analysis revealed that land use changes affected rainfall by altering thermodynamics and water vapor transfer.The urban expansion changed the surface energy balance,resulting in increased surface heating and heat island effects.The heat island effects thickened the planetary boundary layer and increased vertical wind speeds,which initiated dry island effects,thereby causing more water vapor transportation to the atmosphere.Consequently,rainstorms and extreme rainfall events have become concentrated in urban areas.展开更多
对耦合了Noah陆面模式和单层城市冠层模式的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式系统进行了改进和优化,通过对2010年8月6-7日北京地区晴天个例的模拟试验,检验了优化前后模式系统的模拟能力,分析研究了该个例中城市边界层的特征...对耦合了Noah陆面模式和单层城市冠层模式的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式系统进行了改进和优化,通过对2010年8月6-7日北京地区晴天个例的模拟试验,检验了优化前后模式系统的模拟能力,分析研究了该个例中城市边界层的特征及日变化.另外,使用优化后的模拟系统通过两组敏感性试验研究了京津城市下垫面对海风的影响.结果表明,优化方案能够显著提高模式系统对该个例的模拟性能,模式系统基本能够模拟出北京夏季边界层的日变化特征,精确的地表使用类型分类等地理信息数据对提高模式预报的准确度有着至关重要的作用,京津城市对海风的发展和推进过程有明显影响,能够阻碍海风的推进、加强风场的水平辐合和垂直上升气流,北京城市下垫面还能在海风到达前增加其强度和推进速度,并在海风经过后延缓其消亡、增加其推进距离.展开更多
针对城市化对极端降水空间分布的影响问题,利用城市冠层模型结合WRF(weather research and forecasting)中尺度天气预报模式对河南省2021年"7·20"特大暴雨进行数值模拟,并结合国家级地面观测站实测降水数据对该模型的模...针对城市化对极端降水空间分布的影响问题,利用城市冠层模型结合WRF(weather research and forecasting)中尺度天气预报模式对河南省2021年"7·20"特大暴雨进行数值模拟,并结合国家级地面观测站实测降水数据对该模型的模拟精度进行了验证。结果表明,考虑城市冠层影响的耦合模型能更好地模拟出区域极端降水的强度和落区,与实测降水的空间分布更为接近,耦合模拟得到的平均降水量比未考虑城市冠层影响的模拟结果高12.1 mm;人工耗水改变了区域的水热耦合平衡,促进了城市区域对流性降水的形成。展开更多
为了探究昆明地区城市化对降水的影响,利用中尺度气象模式WRF(the weather research and forecasting model)耦合单层城市冠层模块,对2012年5月24日夜间发生在昆明城区西部的一次强降水过程进行数值模拟研究。通过与卫星观测得到的降水...为了探究昆明地区城市化对降水的影响,利用中尺度气象模式WRF(the weather research and forecasting model)耦合单层城市冠层模块,对2012年5月24日夜间发生在昆明城区西部的一次强降水过程进行数值模拟研究。通过与卫星观测得到的降水空间分布进行对比,发现WRF模式能较好地再现此次降水过程。城市的存在会较显著地改变城市地区的潜热和低层垂直运动,使得位于城区的降水中心降水强度略有减小,而城区下风向的降水有所增加,降水增加的区域与750 hPa高度上的水汽通量辐合加强的区域相对应。城区降水中心降水量减少可能是由于城市下垫面抑制了低层大气的水汽供给。城区下风向降水增加的可能原因是该区域相对较强的垂直运动使得更多的水汽被输送到高层大气中,有利于降水的增强。在目前的城市化水平上,若昆明地区的城市进一步扩张,城区下风向地区的垂直对流运动和大气不稳定度均会增强,但城市下垫面对低层水汽供给的抑制作用也会增强,这两种作用的同时存在会使得城市下风向地区降水的变化存在不确定性。展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Program 973)(Grant Nos.2010CB428501 and 2014CB441203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41575141)
文摘To evaluate the influence of urban non-uniformity on precipitation, the area of a city was divided into three categories （commercial, high-density residential, and low-density residential） according to the building density data from Landsat satel- lites. Numerical simulations of three corresponding scenarios （urban non-uniformity, urban uniformity, and non-urban） were performed in Nanjing using the WRF model. The results demonstrate that the existence of the city results in more precip- itation, and that urban heterogeneity enhances this phenomenon. For the urban non-uniformity, uniformity, and non-urban experiments, the mean cumulative summer precipitation was 423.09 mm, 407.40 mm, and 389.67 mm, respectively. Urban non-uniformity has a significant effect on the amount of heavy rainfall in summer. The cumulative precipitation from heavy rain in the summer for the three numerical experiments was 278.2 mm, 250.6 mm, and 236.5 mm, respectively. In the non- uniformity experiments, the amount of precipitation between 1500 and 2200 （LST） increased significantly. Furthermore, the adoption of urban non-uniformity into the WRF model could improve the numerical simulation of summer rain and its daily variation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42205193 and 42330608)Open Fundation of China Meteorological Administration Hydro-Meteorology Key Laboratory(23SWQXM001)Young Beijing Scholars Program(2018-007)。
文摘Urbanization-related precipitation and surface runoff changes have been widely investigated,but few studies have directly quantified these changes and their link to urbanization in the hydrological cycle.A two-way dynamically coupled atmospheric–hydrological modeling system,Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)-Hydro,has been applied in this study to perform the quantification.The offline WRF-Hydro was first calibrated and validated for several flooding events against gauge observed streamflow data,with the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency reaching 0.9.Compared to the WRF model,WRF-Hydro resolves more detailed rainfall pattern features and reproduces the gauge rainfall with a correlation coefficient of 0.8.Then,the impact of urbanization on hydrometeorological processes was investigated with coupled WRF-Hydro sensitivity simulations over the Qinhuai River basin of China during 2 June–31 July 2015.The results indicate that urbanization enhances regional precipitation,resulting in an indirect increase in surface runoff,overland flow,and streamflow by 16.7,93.5,and 111.2 mm,respectively;however,the impervious area results in higher surface runoff,overland flow,and streamflow.Moreover,changes in main hydrometeorological processes further impact the atmospheric–terrestrial water budget,resulting in a decrease in terrestrial water storage and an increase(a decrease)in precipitable water storage in the middle(lower)parts of the lower troposphere.These changes are likely associated with the warmer urban environment than rural areas.Increased water vapor and strengthened convective conditions in the middle part of the lower troposphere due to urban warming are advantageous to the formation of precipitation in urban areas,which in turn increases surface runoff,thereby facilitating the water cycle and altering the atmospheric–terrestrial water budget.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42021004 and 42175032)。
文摘The combined effects of global warming and the urban heat islands exacerbate the risk of urban heat stress. It is crucial to implement effective cooling measures in urban areas to improve the comfort of the thermal environment. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF), coupled with a single-layer Urban Canopy Model(UCM), was used to study the impact of heat mitigation strategies. In addition, a 5-km resolution land-cover dataset for China(ChinaLC), which is based on satellite remote sensing data, was adjusted and used, and 18 groups of numerical experiments were designed, to increase the albedo and vegetation fraction of roof/ground parameters. The experiments were conducted for four heatwave events that occurred in the summer of 2013 in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration of China. The simulated results demonstrated that, for the single roof/ground schemes, the mitigation effects were directly proportional to the albedo and greening. Among all the experimental schemes, the superposed schemes presented better cooling effects. For the ground greening scheme, with similar net radiation flux and latent heat flux, its storage heat was lower than that of the roof greening scheme, resulting in more energy flux into the atmosphere, and its daytime cooling effect was not as good as that of the roof greening scheme. In terms of human thermal comfort(HTC), the improvement achieved by the ground greening scheme was better than any other single roof/ground schemes, because the increase in the relative humidity was small. The comprehensive evaluation of the mitigation effects of different schemes on the thermal environment presented in this paper provides a theoretical basis for improving the urban environment through rational urban planning and construction.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40875076 and U0833001)
文摘In this paper, the online Weather Research and Forecasting and Chemistry （WRF/CHEM） model, coupled with urban canopy （UCM） and biogenic-emission models, is used to explore impacts of urban expansion on secondary organic aerosols （SOA） formation. Two scenarios of urban maps are used in WRF/CHEM to represent early 1990s （pre-urbanization） and current urban distribution in the Pearl River Delta （PRD）. Month-long simulation results using the above land-use scenarios for March 2001 show： （1） urbanization can increase monthly averaged temperatures by about 0.63 ℃, decrease monthly averaged 10-m wind speeds by 38%, increase monthly averaged boundary-layer depths by 80 m, and decrease monthly aver- aged water mixing ratio by 0.2g/kg. （2） Changes in meteorological conditions can result in detectable concentration changes of NOx, VOC, O3 and NO3 radicals. Urbanization decreases surface NOx and VOC concentrations by a maximum of 4 ppbv and 1.5 ppbv, respectively. Surface O3 and NO3 radical concentrations over major cities increase by about 2-4 ppbv and 4-12 pptv, respectively; areas with increasing O3 and NO3 radical concentrations generally coincide with the areas of temperature increase and wind speed reduction where NOx and VOC decrease. （3） Urbanization can induce 9% increase of SOA in Foshan, Zhongshan and west Guangzhou and 3% decrease in Shenzhen and Dongguan. Over PRD major cities, SOA from Aitken mode reduces by 30% but with more than 70% SOA from accumulate mode. Urbanization has stronger influence on SOA formation from Aitken mode. （4） Over the PRD, 55-65% SOA comes from aromatics precursors. Urbanization has strongest influence on aromatics precursors to produce SOA （14% increase）, while there is less influence on alkane precursors. Alkene precursors have negative contribution to SOA formation under urbanization situation.
文摘土地利用和土地覆盖变化(Land Use and Land Cover Chang,LUCC)通过影响局地陆面过程及陆气相互作用进而影响局地天气和气候。为探究LUCC产品对陆气相互作用的影响,本文采用了三套LUCC产品,包括USGS、Landsat和MODIS,模拟研究不同LUCC产品对华东地区土壤和近地面温度、湿度的影响。结果表明,不同LUCC产品的土地利用类型差异主要在城市、农田和以草地、森林为主的自然植被。与USGS产品相比,Landsat和MODIS产品的城市和森林面积分别增加了2%和15%以上,农田面积则减少了17%左右。模拟结果表明,Landsat和MODIS产品的城市面积增加导致该区域的土壤温度和湿度增加,感热通量分别增加了28.1 W·m^(-2)、68.3 W·m^(-2),潜热通量分别减少了28.3 W·m^(-2)、81 W·m^(-2),这使得2 m气温增加了1.5℃左右,相对湿度减小了约9%。USGS产品中的农田和草地在Landsat和MODIS中改变为森林也使得土壤温度、湿度和近地面能量通量、温度和湿度的空间分布随之产生变化,但相比于城市面积改变导致的变化较为复杂。此外,不同LUCC产品之间的城市面积变化对土壤温度、湿度和近地面能量通量、温度和湿度的影响要大于农田和自然植被变化产生的影响。最后,对比三个试验模拟的土壤温度、土壤湿度、2 m气温和相对湿度结果与GLDAS(the Global Land Data Assimilation System)或站点观测资料的相关性、均方根误差、平均偏差和认同指数可以发现,使用更准确、细致的Landsat产品的模式对近地面气象条件的模拟性能要优于USGS和MODIS产品模拟结果。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52279015)。
文摘The Pearl River Delta(PRD)is one of the three urban agglomerations in China that have experienced rapid development.For this study,a core area of the PRD was identified,comprising the highly urbanized areas of Guangzhou,Foshan,Zhongshan,Zhuhai,Shenzhen,and Dongguan Cities.The expansion of these urban areas was tracked across three time periods—the year population urbanization rate exceeded 70%(2000),18 years before(1982),and 18 years after(2018).This study used the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model to explore summer rainfall changes across different urbanization periods in the PRD core area.The results show that urban land expansion mainly occurred in the post urbanization period.Rainfall changes acros s different urbanization periods were roughly consistent with previously observed spatial and temporal changes accompanying urban expansion in the PRD core area.Extreme rainfall mainly increased in the post urbanization period,shifting rainstorm center towards the PRD core area.Further causal analysis revealed that land use changes affected rainfall by altering thermodynamics and water vapor transfer.The urban expansion changed the surface energy balance,resulting in increased surface heating and heat island effects.The heat island effects thickened the planetary boundary layer and increased vertical wind speeds,which initiated dry island effects,thereby causing more water vapor transportation to the atmosphere.Consequently,rainstorms and extreme rainfall events have become concentrated in urban areas.
文摘对耦合了Noah陆面模式和单层城市冠层模式的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式系统进行了改进和优化,通过对2010年8月6-7日北京地区晴天个例的模拟试验,检验了优化前后模式系统的模拟能力,分析研究了该个例中城市边界层的特征及日变化.另外,使用优化后的模拟系统通过两组敏感性试验研究了京津城市下垫面对海风的影响.结果表明,优化方案能够显著提高模式系统对该个例的模拟性能,模式系统基本能够模拟出北京夏季边界层的日变化特征,精确的地表使用类型分类等地理信息数据对提高模式预报的准确度有着至关重要的作用,京津城市对海风的发展和推进过程有明显影响,能够阻碍海风的推进、加强风场的水平辐合和垂直上升气流,北京城市下垫面还能在海风到达前增加其强度和推进速度,并在海风经过后延缓其消亡、增加其推进距离.
文摘针对城市化对极端降水空间分布的影响问题,利用城市冠层模型结合WRF(weather research and forecasting)中尺度天气预报模式对河南省2021年"7·20"特大暴雨进行数值模拟,并结合国家级地面观测站实测降水数据对该模型的模拟精度进行了验证。结果表明,考虑城市冠层影响的耦合模型能更好地模拟出区域极端降水的强度和落区,与实测降水的空间分布更为接近,耦合模拟得到的平均降水量比未考虑城市冠层影响的模拟结果高12.1 mm;人工耗水改变了区域的水热耦合平衡,促进了城市区域对流性降水的形成。
文摘为了探究昆明地区城市化对降水的影响,利用中尺度气象模式WRF(the weather research and forecasting model)耦合单层城市冠层模块,对2012年5月24日夜间发生在昆明城区西部的一次强降水过程进行数值模拟研究。通过与卫星观测得到的降水空间分布进行对比,发现WRF模式能较好地再现此次降水过程。城市的存在会较显著地改变城市地区的潜热和低层垂直运动,使得位于城区的降水中心降水强度略有减小,而城区下风向的降水有所增加,降水增加的区域与750 hPa高度上的水汽通量辐合加强的区域相对应。城区降水中心降水量减少可能是由于城市下垫面抑制了低层大气的水汽供给。城区下风向降水增加的可能原因是该区域相对较强的垂直运动使得更多的水汽被输送到高层大气中,有利于降水的增强。在目前的城市化水平上,若昆明地区的城市进一步扩张,城区下风向地区的垂直对流运动和大气不稳定度均会增强,但城市下垫面对低层水汽供给的抑制作用也会增强,这两种作用的同时存在会使得城市下风向地区降水的变化存在不确定性。
