Water borne ailments are of serious public health concern in Gilgit Baltistan’s (GB) region of Pakistan. The pollution load on the glacio-fluvial streams and surface water resources of the Chapurson Valley in the Hun...Water borne ailments are of serious public health concern in Gilgit Baltistan’s (GB) region of Pakistan. The pollution load on the glacio-fluvial streams and surface water resources of the Chapurson Valley in the Hunza Nagar area of the GB is increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities and tourism. The present study focuses on the public health quality of drinking water of Chapurson valley. The study addressed the fundamental drinking water quality criteria in order to understand the state of the public health in the valley. To ascertain the current status of physico-chemical, metals, and bacteriological parameters, 25 water samples were collected through deterministic sampling strategy and examined accordingly. The physico-chemical parameters of the water samples collected from the valley were found to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of drinking water. The water samples showed a pattern of mean metal concentrations in order of Arsenic (As) > Lead (Pb) > Iron (Fe) > Zinc (Zn) > Copper (Cu) > Magnesium (Mg) > Calcium (Ca). As, Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg concentration were under the WHO guidelines range. However, results showed that Pb and Fe are present at much higher concentrations than recommended WHO guidelines. Similarly, the results of the bacteriological analysis indicate that the water samples are heavily contaminated with the organisms of public health importance (including total coliforms (TCC), total faecal coliforms (TFC) and total fecal streptococci (TFS) are more than 3 MPN/100mL). Three principal components, accounting for 48.44% of the total variance, were revealed using principal component analysis (PCA). Bacteriological parameters were shown to be the main determinants of the water quality as depicted by the PCA analysis. The dendrogram of Cluster analysis using the Ward’s method validated the same traits of the sampling locations that were found to be contaminated during geospatial analysis using the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method. Based on these findings, it is most likely that those anthropogenic activities and essentially the tourism results in pollution load from upstream channels. Metals may be released into surface and groundwater from a few underlying sources as a result of weathering and erosion. This study suggests that the valley water resources are more susceptible to bacteriological contamination and as such no water treatment facilities or protective measure have been taken to encounter the pollution load. People are drinking the contaminated water without questioning about the quality. It is recommended that the water resources of the valley should be monitored using standard protocol so as to protect not only the public health but to safe guard sustainable tourism in the valley.展开更多
The water pollution situation in Balihe Lake, the biggest tributary of Shaying River Basin in Anhui Province, China, has brought a huge pressure on the improvement of water quality in Huai River. On October 16th, 2017...The water pollution situation in Balihe Lake, the biggest tributary of Shaying River Basin in Anhui Province, China, has brought a huge pressure on the improvement of water quality in Huai River. On October 16th, 2017, 11 major pollution indexes were observed at 15 sampling points in Balihe Lake. Based on the data experimentally measured, the water quality in Balihe Lake was analyzed utilizing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of SPSS. The result suggested that the major components were oxygenated pollutants, water eutrophication pollutants and ammonia nitrogen, in which oxygenated pollutants played a dominant role. In addition, the upper part of Balihe Lake suffered serious situation and needed a focus on oxygenated pollutants.展开更多
Survey and analysis were conducted on water quality of offshore seas in eastern region of Shenzhen by principal component analysis with SPSS. Then, 8 pollutants indices were then reduced to 5. Based on weighted analys...Survey and analysis were conducted on water quality of offshore seas in eastern region of Shenzhen by principal component analysis with SPSS. Then, 8 pollutants indices were then reduced to 5. Based on weighted analysis of principal component weights, comprehensive scores of different monitored stations were com- puted and sequenced in order to make evaluation on sea quality of eastern region of Shenzhen.展开更多
In order to comprehensively understand the water quality in Yinma River Basin,and to analyze the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of water quality over the years and the causes of water pollution,15 sections...In order to comprehensively understand the water quality in Yinma River Basin,and to analyze the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of water quality over the years and the causes of water pollution,15 sections were selected in the Yinma River Basin.Based on the water quality monitoring data in the past decade,7 evaluation indexes including dissolved oxygen(DO),5-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD_(5)),permanganate index(COD_(MN)),chemical oxygen demand(COD),ammonia nitrogen(NH_(4)-N),total phosphorus(TP)and total nitrogen(TN)were determined,according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water(GB3838-2002)and the historical monitoring data of rivers.The water quality of 15 sections in Yinma River Basin was comprehensively evaluated,and the water quality categories and the evolution of river water quality were analyzed.The pollution sources of Yinma River Basin were analyzed,and the constructive countermeasures were put forward according to the conclusions.展开更多
Dynamic variation of water quality in Meiliang Bay and part of West Taihu Lake has been analysed based on data from 1991 to 1992. Principal Component Analysis is used to reveal the mutual relationships of various fact...Dynamic variation of water quality in Meiliang Bay and part of West Taihu Lake has been analysed based on data from 1991 to 1992. Principal Component Analysis is used to reveal the mutual relationships of various factors. It is shown that there existis an obvious spatial and temporal variation in the main factors of water quality. Annual values of TP, CON, TN, Chl-a and conductivity decrease evidently from inner Meiliang Bay to the outer from north to south. TP and TN fluctuate seasonally with much higher value in winter. This is particularly true for the mouth of Liangxi River. In addition, the Chl-1 has a synchronous variation with water temperature, although being lagged a little, and closely relates to TP and TN. Finally, the results from Principal Component Analysis show that TP, TN, SS (or SD), water temperature and Chl-a are the most influential factors to water qualuty in this area, and both suspensions and algae can contribute to transparency to Taihu Lake.展开更多
Water resources in the form of rivers, oceans and seas are prime natural resources that man has either explored or exploited. The need for clean water is on the increase and water degradation due to industrialization ...Water resources in the form of rivers, oceans and seas are prime natural resources that man has either explored or exploited. The need for clean water is on the increase and water degradation due to industrialization and development has further exacerbated the state of water bodies’ degradation. The need to assess the quality status of the Benin River prior to the seaport development was inherent to document the baseline of the physicochemical parameters of the study stretch. Four stations were studied from Ajoki to opposite Young Town between January 2019 and December 2020. Physicochemical parameters and heavy metals for water were collected and analyzed adhering to quality assurance/control measures and standard procedures. Significant spatial variations (P < 0.001) were observed in water physicochemical parameters, except pH across the four stations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Pollution Load Index and Water Quality Index (WQI) were used to establish a relationship among water quality parameters and determine the water quality status. The first six components of PCA accounted for 87.77% of observed variations. WQI for sampling Station 2 was very poor for drinking (90.46) and Stations 1, 3 and 4 were unsuitable (113.13 - 188.21) for human consumption. PLI showed turbidity as the major pollutant across stations. The concentrations of heavy metals in the Benin River stretch are within background concentration level, except Fe and Cd. The mean dissolved oxygen was below the recommended level of 7 mg/l for aquatic life. The continuous monitoring of this stretch of the River during the seaport development activities and during operational stage is very paramount to prevent further degradation of the environment.展开更多
To evaluate the actual status of water quality and conclude on the mains source of pollution in the Nyong estuary River, seasonal and spatial variation of water quality parameters was interpreted by multivariate stati...To evaluate the actual status of water quality and conclude on the mains source of pollution in the Nyong estuary River, seasonal and spatial variation of water quality parameters was interpreted by multivariate statistical techniques (Principal Component analysis). Nine (09) environmental variables were monitored at four surface stations in the estuary for two seasonal cycles. The fieldwork was conducted from 2018 to 2019 during high tide and low <span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">tide for each survey. In situ physical parameters were measured for a total of</span> 64 samples (32 samples for each tide). The laboratory works consisted of some physicochemical analyses and processing of these data by descriptive <span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">and multidimensional statistical analyses. Temperature, suspended particle</span> matter, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate change significantly in the estuary with season (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonium do not vary significantly with season (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Principal Component analysis found temperature, salinity, pH, ammonium to be the most important parameters contributing to the fluctuations of surface water quality in the Nyong estuary during the dry seasons whereas suspended particle matter, nitrate, and phosphate are the most important parameters contributing to the fluctuation of surface water quality in the Nyong estuary during the rainy seasons. Based on spatial variation, the Principal Component analysis found that, suspended particle matter, nitrate and phosphate contribute to the fluctuation of surface water quality parameters upstream of the estuary while downstream salinity, pH, and ammonium contribute the most to the fluctuation of surface water quality. This study shows us the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques used in assessing water quality data sets that would help us in un<span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">derstanding seasonal and spatial variations of water quality parameters to</span> manage estuarine systems.展开更多
Wolfberry(Lycium barbarum L.)is important for health care and ecological protection.However,it faces problems of low productivity and resource utilization during planting.Exploring reasonable models for water and nitr...Wolfberry(Lycium barbarum L.)is important for health care and ecological protection.However,it faces problems of low productivity and resource utilization during planting.Exploring reasonable models for water and nitrogen management is important for solving these problems.Based on field trials in 2021 and 2022,this study analyzed the effects of controlling soil water and nitrogen application levels on wolfberry height,stem diameter,crown width,yield,and water(WUE)and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).The upper and lower limits of soil water were controlled by the percentage of soil water content to field water capacity(θ_(f)),and four water levels,i.e.,adequate irrigation(W0,75%-85%θ_(f)),mild water deficit(W1,65%-75%θ_(f)),moderate water deficit(W2,55%-65%θ_(f)),and severe water deficit(W3,45%-55%θ_(f))were used,and three nitrogen application levels,i.e.,no nitrogen(N0,0 kg/hm^(2)),low nitrogen(N1,150 kg/hm^(2)),medium nitrogen(N2,300 kg/hm^(2)),and high nitrogen(N3,450 kg/hm^(2))were implied.The results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly affected plant height,stem diameter,and crown width of wolfberry at different growth stages(P<0.01),and their maximum values were observed in W1N2,W0N2,and W1N3 treatments.Dry weight per plant and yield of wolfberry first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application under the same water treatment.Dry weight per hundred grains and dry weight percentage increased with increasing nitrogen application under W0 treatment.However,under other water treatments,the values first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application.Yield and its component of wolfberry first increased and then decreased as water deficit increased under the same nitrogen treatment.Irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE,8.46 kg/(hm^(2)·mm)),WUE(6.83 kg/(hm^(2)·mm)),partial factor productivity of nitrogen(PFPN,2.56 kg/kg),and NUE(14.29 kg/kg)reached their highest values in W2N2,W1N2,W1N2,and W1N1 treatments.Results of principal component analysis(PCA)showed that yield,WUE,and NUE were better in W1N2 treatment,making it a suitable water and nitrogen management mode for the irrigation area of the Yellow River in the Gansu Province,China and similar planting areas.展开更多
By means of principal comPOnent analysis, based on 6 principal components chosen of computer, cluster analysis of the river water quality in Jinn Province was made objectively. Based on chosen principal components, t...By means of principal comPOnent analysis, based on 6 principal components chosen of computer, cluster analysis of the river water quality in Jinn Province was made objectively. Based on chosen principal components, the river water quality in Jinn Provinc展开更多
In order to study the water quality of the Shichuan River basin in Fuping,Shaanxi Province,based on improved Nemerow index method,comprehensive pollution index method and principal component analysis method,eight wate...In order to study the water quality of the Shichuan River basin in Fuping,Shaanxi Province,based on improved Nemerow index method,comprehensive pollution index method and principal component analysis method,eight water quality indexes such as pH,dissolved oxygen(DO),total dissolved solids(TDS),COD,total hardness,total phosphorus,total nitrogen and Zn in three monitoring sections of Fuping section of the Shichuan River in Shaanxi Province were detected and analyzed.The results show that the water quality of the surface water in the Shichuan River basin is gradeⅢorⅣwater,that is,the water is slightly polluted and moderately polluted.It is necessary to monitor the water quality after regulation and clarify the main factors causing the water pollution.展开更多
Increasing contamination of water resources in the world and our country and decreasing water quality over time, not having met the objectives of utilization of water resources;it has increased the importance of water...Increasing contamination of water resources in the world and our country and decreasing water quality over time, not having met the objectives of utilization of water resources;it has increased the importance of water management. The monitoring of the water resources and evaluation of these monitoring results have given direction to the studies’ outcome in order to control factors that pollute water resources and reduce water quality. Nilüfer Creek is very important for both being a source of drinking and potable water and a discharge area for wastewaters for the city of Bursa. In this study, the results of the analysis belonging to the period between 2002-2010 which are taken from 15 points by General Directorate of Bursa Water and Sewerage Administration (BUWSA) were evaluated in relation to water quality of the Nilüfer Creek. Non-parametric methods were used in the evaluation of the water quality data due to the lack of normally distributed data. The identification of the best represented parameters of the water quality was provided by applying Principal Component Analysis. According to results of the analysis, the best representative 9 parameters from the 19 water quality parameters were defined as parameters of BOD5, COD, TSS, T.Fe, Zn, conductivity, NO2-N, Ni and NO3-N that taking part of the first two components.展开更多
Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 river...Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 rivers in the Taihu watershed. Concentrations of physicochemical parameters of surface water quality were determined at the mouth of each river during the period of 2000-2004. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to identify characteristics of the water quality in the studied rivers. The results showed that rivers strongly influenced by household wastewater have the highest concentrations of nutrients （TN and TP）. Moreover, rivers in the vicinity of a metropolis presented low dissolved oxygen （DO） levels. However, organic-chemical pollution （petroleum and volatile phenolics） was identified with high localization. Two rivers influenced by sewage from industry and ships were distinguished from other rivers with high values of petroleum. The Taige channel, a river located in Changzhou City that is strongly influenced by wastewater from industry, was characterized with an extraordinarily high value of volatile phenolics. Rivers passing through countries, especially through hilly countries were characterized with high DO contents and low nutrient and organic-chemical pollution, suggesting that agriculture puts less pressure on water quality in adjacent rivers. Therefore, more effort should be made in controlling point pollution to restore water quality in rivers adjacent to cities.展开更多
Multivariate statistical techniques,such as cluster analysis(CA),discriminant analysis(DA),principal component analysis(PCA) and factor analysis(FA),were applied to evaluate and interpret the surface water quality dat...Multivariate statistical techniques,such as cluster analysis(CA),discriminant analysis(DA),principal component analysis(PCA) and factor analysis(FA),were applied to evaluate and interpret the surface water quality data sets of the Second Songhua River(SSHR) basin in China,obtained during two years(2012-2013) of monitoring of 10 physicochemical parameters at 15 different sites.The results showed that most of physicochemical parameters varied significantly among the sampling sites.Three significant groups,highly polluted(HP),moderately polluted(MP) and less polluted(LP),of sampling sites were obtained through Hierarchical agglomerative CA on the basis of similarity of water quality characteristics.DA identified p H,F,DO,NH3-N,COD and VPhs were the most important parameters contributing to spatial variations of surface water quality.However,DA did not give a considerable data reduction(40% reduction).PCA/FA resulted in three,three and four latent factors explaining 70%,62% and 71% of the total variance in water quality data sets of HP,MP and LP regions,respectively.FA revealed that the SSHR water chemistry was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities(point sources:industrial effluents and wastewater treatment plants;non-point sources:domestic sewage,livestock operations and agricultural activities) and natural processes(seasonal effect,and natural inputs).PCA/FA in the whole basin showed the best results for data reduction because it used only two parameters(about 80% reduction) as the most important parameters to explain 72% of the data variation.Thus,this work illustrated the utility of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of datasets and,in water quality assessment,identification of pollution sources/factors and understanding spatial variations in water quality for effective stream water quality management.展开更多
Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in surface water quality is important to evaluate the health of a watershed and make necessary management decisions to control current and future pollution of receiving wa...Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in surface water quality is important to evaluate the health of a watershed and make necessary management decisions to control current and future pollution of receiving water bodies. In this work, surface water quality data for 12 physical and chemical parameters collected from 10 sampling sites in the Nenjiang River basin during the years(2012-2013) were analyzed. The results show that river water quality has significant temporal and spatial variations. Hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) grouped 12 months into three periods(LF, MF and HF) and classified 10 monitoring sites into three regions(LP, MP and HP) based on the similarity of water quality characteristics. The principle component analysis(PCA)/factor analysis(FA) was used to recognize the factors or origins responsible for temporal and spatial water quality variations. Temporal and spatial PCA/FA revealed that the Nenjiang River water chemistry was strongly affected by rock/water interaction, hydrologic processes and anthropogenic activities. This work demonstrates that the application of HCA and PCA/FA has achieved meaningful classification based on temporal and spatial criteria.展开更多
The Hangzhou Bay（HZB） and Xiangshan Bay（XSB）, in northern Zhejiang Province and connect to the East China Sea（ECS） were considerably affected by the consequence of water quality degradation. In this study, we an...The Hangzhou Bay（HZB） and Xiangshan Bay（XSB）, in northern Zhejiang Province and connect to the East China Sea（ECS） were considerably affected by the consequence of water quality degradation. In this study, we analyzed physical and biogeochemical properties of water quality via multivariate statistical techniques. Hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA） grouped HZB and XSB into two subareas of different pollution sources based on similar physical and biogeochemical properties. Principal component analysis（PCA） identified three latent pollution sources in HZB and XSB respectively and emphasized the importance of terrestrial inputs, coastal industries as well as natural processes in determining the water quality of the two bays. Therefore, proper measurement for the protection of aquatic ecoenvironment in HZB and XSB were of great urgency.展开更多
The aim of this work is to evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of the lower Benue Through in Nigeria as well as to evaluate the variation in groundwater chemistry data and the suitabi...The aim of this work is to evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of the lower Benue Through in Nigeria as well as to evaluate the variation in groundwater chemistry data and the suitability of the groundwater for drinking and other domestic purposes.This was based on chemical analyses of 44 water samples from existing wells and boreholes in the study area.From the statistical analysis(wide ranges,median and standard deviation),it is obvious that there are significant variations in the quality/composition of groundwater in the period of sampling.The calculated SAR,Na% and RSC values indicated that the water is of excellent to good quality and is suitable for irrigation.Na and HCO3 are dominant with respect to the chemical composition of the groundwater.On the basis of water chemistry,hydrochemical indices and factor analysis the dominant controls or processes affecting the distribution of geochemical variables in the study area have been shown to be water/rock interaction which is mainly controlled by carbonate and silicate dissolution as well as anthropogenic influence to a lesser extent.Additional processes include cation exchange reactions and reverse ion exchange to a minor extent.展开更多
The quality of surface water is rapidly changing due to climatic variations, natural processes, and anthropogenic activities. The objectives of this study were to classify and analyze the surface water quality of 12 m...The quality of surface water is rapidly changing due to climatic variations, natural processes, and anthropogenic activities. The objectives of this study were to classify and analyze the surface water quality of 12 major rivers of Alberta on the basis of 17 parameters during the period of five years (i.e., 2004-2008) using principal component analysis (PCA), total exceedance model and clustering technique. Seven major principal components (PCs) with variability of about 89% were identified. These PCs were the indicators of watershed geology, mineralization and anthropogenic activities related to land use/cover. The seven dominant parameters revealed from the seven PCs were total dissolved solids (TDS), true color (TC), pH, iron (Fe), fecal coliform (FC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity (TUR). The normalized data of dominant parameters were used to develop a model for obtaining total exceedance. The exceedance values acquired from the total exceedance model were used to determine the patterns for the development of five clusters. The performance of the clusters was compared with the classes obtained in Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI). Cluster 1, cluster 2, cluster 3, cluster 4 and cluster 5 showed agreements of 85.71%, 83.54%, 90.22%, 80.74%, and 83.40% with their respective CWQI classes on the basis of the data for all rivers during 2004-2008. The water quality was deteriorated in growing season due to snow melting. This methodology could be applied to classify the raw surface water quality, analyze the spatio-temporal trends and study the impacts of the factors affecting the water quality anywhere in the world.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to evaluate the water quality environment in Dachangshan artificial habitat development demonstration area.[Method] From 2013 to 2015, an environmental survey was conducted for eight voyages ...[Objective] The paper was to evaluate the water quality environment in Dachangshan artificial habitat development demonstration area.[Method] From 2013 to 2015, an environmental survey was conducted for eight voyages in Dachangshan artificial habitat development demonstration area of Changhai County, Dalian City, and 20 hydrochemical indexes including salinity, pH, and COD were monitored. The water quality of thesea area was analyzed by principal component analysis and single factor index method. [Result] Except for that the control area of the August 2014voyage belonged to IIclass sea water standard, the water quality in other stations of all voyages conformed toIclass sea water standard. Totally 20water quality indicators were synthesized into six principal components using principal component analysis, which explained 79.165% of the results;the principal component score was ranged from -1.536 to 3.706; the score in August 2014 was the highest, and the evaluation results were basicallyconsistent with the results of single factor index analysis. [Conclusion] The overall water quality is good in Dachangshan artificial habitat development demonstration area.展开更多
Nowadays the human activity has increased the pressure on surface water quality. The purpose of this study is to assess the environmental quality of the Seman River water (in Southern part of Albania) through a 5-year...Nowadays the human activity has increased the pressure on surface water quality. The purpose of this study is to assess the environmental quality of the Seman River water (in Southern part of Albania) through a 5-year monitoring program of 14 parameters (pH, DO, EC, TSS, Cl<sup>-</sup>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">NO<sup>-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">3</sub></span>, Total-N, Total-P, BOD<sub>5</sub>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup> and Temp. <span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C), that determine the environmental status of this waterbody, as well as the application of WQI (CCME) through a multivariable approach. Based on the cluster dendogram results, it can be concluded that during wet seasons such as winter-spring, there are more sediments which influence other physic-chemical parameters, while during dry seasons (summer-autumn) there are more decomposition reactions of elements released by sediments and influenced by temperature. PCA analysis determines whether the groups of factors correlate strongly or not, depending on the internal structures of the groups and variables “heavy” or latent and vary from season to season with differentiated contributions to the water quality. All three factors influence WQI to the extent of 56% in the summer and spring season and 64% and 40% in the autumn and winter season, respectively.展开更多
文摘Water borne ailments are of serious public health concern in Gilgit Baltistan’s (GB) region of Pakistan. The pollution load on the glacio-fluvial streams and surface water resources of the Chapurson Valley in the Hunza Nagar area of the GB is increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities and tourism. The present study focuses on the public health quality of drinking water of Chapurson valley. The study addressed the fundamental drinking water quality criteria in order to understand the state of the public health in the valley. To ascertain the current status of physico-chemical, metals, and bacteriological parameters, 25 water samples were collected through deterministic sampling strategy and examined accordingly. The physico-chemical parameters of the water samples collected from the valley were found to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of drinking water. The water samples showed a pattern of mean metal concentrations in order of Arsenic (As) > Lead (Pb) > Iron (Fe) > Zinc (Zn) > Copper (Cu) > Magnesium (Mg) > Calcium (Ca). As, Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg concentration were under the WHO guidelines range. However, results showed that Pb and Fe are present at much higher concentrations than recommended WHO guidelines. Similarly, the results of the bacteriological analysis indicate that the water samples are heavily contaminated with the organisms of public health importance (including total coliforms (TCC), total faecal coliforms (TFC) and total fecal streptococci (TFS) are more than 3 MPN/100mL). Three principal components, accounting for 48.44% of the total variance, were revealed using principal component analysis (PCA). Bacteriological parameters were shown to be the main determinants of the water quality as depicted by the PCA analysis. The dendrogram of Cluster analysis using the Ward’s method validated the same traits of the sampling locations that were found to be contaminated during geospatial analysis using the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method. Based on these findings, it is most likely that those anthropogenic activities and essentially the tourism results in pollution load from upstream channels. Metals may be released into surface and groundwater from a few underlying sources as a result of weathering and erosion. This study suggests that the valley water resources are more susceptible to bacteriological contamination and as such no water treatment facilities or protective measure have been taken to encounter the pollution load. People are drinking the contaminated water without questioning about the quality. It is recommended that the water resources of the valley should be monitored using standard protocol so as to protect not only the public health but to safe guard sustainable tourism in the valley.
文摘The water pollution situation in Balihe Lake, the biggest tributary of Shaying River Basin in Anhui Province, China, has brought a huge pressure on the improvement of water quality in Huai River. On October 16th, 2017, 11 major pollution indexes were observed at 15 sampling points in Balihe Lake. Based on the data experimentally measured, the water quality in Balihe Lake was analyzed utilizing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of SPSS. The result suggested that the major components were oxygenated pollutants, water eutrophication pollutants and ammonia nitrogen, in which oxygenated pollutants played a dominant role. In addition, the upper part of Balihe Lake suffered serious situation and needed a focus on oxygenated pollutants.
文摘Survey and analysis were conducted on water quality of offshore seas in eastern region of Shenzhen by principal component analysis with SPSS. Then, 8 pollutants indices were then reduced to 5. Based on weighted analysis of principal component weights, comprehensive scores of different monitored stations were com- puted and sequenced in order to make evaluation on sea quality of eastern region of Shenzhen.
文摘In order to comprehensively understand the water quality in Yinma River Basin,and to analyze the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of water quality over the years and the causes of water pollution,15 sections were selected in the Yinma River Basin.Based on the water quality monitoring data in the past decade,7 evaluation indexes including dissolved oxygen(DO),5-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD_(5)),permanganate index(COD_(MN)),chemical oxygen demand(COD),ammonia nitrogen(NH_(4)-N),total phosphorus(TP)and total nitrogen(TN)were determined,according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water(GB3838-2002)and the historical monitoring data of rivers.The water quality of 15 sections in Yinma River Basin was comprehensively evaluated,and the water quality categories and the evolution of river water quality were analyzed.The pollution sources of Yinma River Basin were analyzed,and the constructive countermeasures were put forward according to the conclusions.
文摘Dynamic variation of water quality in Meiliang Bay and part of West Taihu Lake has been analysed based on data from 1991 to 1992. Principal Component Analysis is used to reveal the mutual relationships of various factors. It is shown that there existis an obvious spatial and temporal variation in the main factors of water quality. Annual values of TP, CON, TN, Chl-a and conductivity decrease evidently from inner Meiliang Bay to the outer from north to south. TP and TN fluctuate seasonally with much higher value in winter. This is particularly true for the mouth of Liangxi River. In addition, the Chl-1 has a synchronous variation with water temperature, although being lagged a little, and closely relates to TP and TN. Finally, the results from Principal Component Analysis show that TP, TN, SS (or SD), water temperature and Chl-a are the most influential factors to water qualuty in this area, and both suspensions and algae can contribute to transparency to Taihu Lake.
文摘Water resources in the form of rivers, oceans and seas are prime natural resources that man has either explored or exploited. The need for clean water is on the increase and water degradation due to industrialization and development has further exacerbated the state of water bodies’ degradation. The need to assess the quality status of the Benin River prior to the seaport development was inherent to document the baseline of the physicochemical parameters of the study stretch. Four stations were studied from Ajoki to opposite Young Town between January 2019 and December 2020. Physicochemical parameters and heavy metals for water were collected and analyzed adhering to quality assurance/control measures and standard procedures. Significant spatial variations (P < 0.001) were observed in water physicochemical parameters, except pH across the four stations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Pollution Load Index and Water Quality Index (WQI) were used to establish a relationship among water quality parameters and determine the water quality status. The first six components of PCA accounted for 87.77% of observed variations. WQI for sampling Station 2 was very poor for drinking (90.46) and Stations 1, 3 and 4 were unsuitable (113.13 - 188.21) for human consumption. PLI showed turbidity as the major pollutant across stations. The concentrations of heavy metals in the Benin River stretch are within background concentration level, except Fe and Cd. The mean dissolved oxygen was below the recommended level of 7 mg/l for aquatic life. The continuous monitoring of this stretch of the River during the seaport development activities and during operational stage is very paramount to prevent further degradation of the environment.
文摘To evaluate the actual status of water quality and conclude on the mains source of pollution in the Nyong estuary River, seasonal and spatial variation of water quality parameters was interpreted by multivariate statistical techniques (Principal Component analysis). Nine (09) environmental variables were monitored at four surface stations in the estuary for two seasonal cycles. The fieldwork was conducted from 2018 to 2019 during high tide and low <span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">tide for each survey. In situ physical parameters were measured for a total of</span> 64 samples (32 samples for each tide). The laboratory works consisted of some physicochemical analyses and processing of these data by descriptive <span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">and multidimensional statistical analyses. Temperature, suspended particle</span> matter, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate change significantly in the estuary with season (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonium do not vary significantly with season (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Principal Component analysis found temperature, salinity, pH, ammonium to be the most important parameters contributing to the fluctuations of surface water quality in the Nyong estuary during the dry seasons whereas suspended particle matter, nitrate, and phosphate are the most important parameters contributing to the fluctuation of surface water quality in the Nyong estuary during the rainy seasons. Based on spatial variation, the Principal Component analysis found that, suspended particle matter, nitrate and phosphate contribute to the fluctuation of surface water quality parameters upstream of the estuary while downstream salinity, pH, and ammonium contribute the most to the fluctuation of surface water quality. This study shows us the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques used in assessing water quality data sets that would help us in un<span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">derstanding seasonal and spatial variations of water quality parameters to</span> manage estuarine systems.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51969003)the Key Research and Development Project of Gansu Province(22YF7NA110)+4 种基金the Discipline Team Construction Project of Gansu Agricultural Universitythe Gansu Agricultural University Youth Mentor Support Fund Project(GAU-QDFC-2022-22)the Innovation Fund Project of Higher Education in Gansu Province(2022B-101)the Research Team Construction Project of College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering,Gansu Agricultural University(Gaucwky-01)the Gansu Water Science Experimental Research and Technology Extension Program(22GSLK023)。
文摘Wolfberry(Lycium barbarum L.)is important for health care and ecological protection.However,it faces problems of low productivity and resource utilization during planting.Exploring reasonable models for water and nitrogen management is important for solving these problems.Based on field trials in 2021 and 2022,this study analyzed the effects of controlling soil water and nitrogen application levels on wolfberry height,stem diameter,crown width,yield,and water(WUE)and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).The upper and lower limits of soil water were controlled by the percentage of soil water content to field water capacity(θ_(f)),and four water levels,i.e.,adequate irrigation(W0,75%-85%θ_(f)),mild water deficit(W1,65%-75%θ_(f)),moderate water deficit(W2,55%-65%θ_(f)),and severe water deficit(W3,45%-55%θ_(f))were used,and three nitrogen application levels,i.e.,no nitrogen(N0,0 kg/hm^(2)),low nitrogen(N1,150 kg/hm^(2)),medium nitrogen(N2,300 kg/hm^(2)),and high nitrogen(N3,450 kg/hm^(2))were implied.The results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly affected plant height,stem diameter,and crown width of wolfberry at different growth stages(P<0.01),and their maximum values were observed in W1N2,W0N2,and W1N3 treatments.Dry weight per plant and yield of wolfberry first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application under the same water treatment.Dry weight per hundred grains and dry weight percentage increased with increasing nitrogen application under W0 treatment.However,under other water treatments,the values first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application.Yield and its component of wolfberry first increased and then decreased as water deficit increased under the same nitrogen treatment.Irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE,8.46 kg/(hm^(2)·mm)),WUE(6.83 kg/(hm^(2)·mm)),partial factor productivity of nitrogen(PFPN,2.56 kg/kg),and NUE(14.29 kg/kg)reached their highest values in W2N2,W1N2,W1N2,and W1N1 treatments.Results of principal component analysis(PCA)showed that yield,WUE,and NUE were better in W1N2 treatment,making it a suitable water and nitrogen management mode for the irrigation area of the Yellow River in the Gansu Province,China and similar planting areas.
文摘By means of principal comPOnent analysis, based on 6 principal components chosen of computer, cluster analysis of the river water quality in Jinn Province was made objectively. Based on chosen principal components, the river water quality in Jinn Provinc
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41901012)Project of Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(21JP040)+1 种基金Talent Fund Project of Weinan Normal University(2021RC04)National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(22XK019)。
文摘In order to study the water quality of the Shichuan River basin in Fuping,Shaanxi Province,based on improved Nemerow index method,comprehensive pollution index method and principal component analysis method,eight water quality indexes such as pH,dissolved oxygen(DO),total dissolved solids(TDS),COD,total hardness,total phosphorus,total nitrogen and Zn in three monitoring sections of Fuping section of the Shichuan River in Shaanxi Province were detected and analyzed.The results show that the water quality of the surface water in the Shichuan River basin is gradeⅢorⅣwater,that is,the water is slightly polluted and moderately polluted.It is necessary to monitor the water quality after regulation and clarify the main factors causing the water pollution.
文摘Increasing contamination of water resources in the world and our country and decreasing water quality over time, not having met the objectives of utilization of water resources;it has increased the importance of water management. The monitoring of the water resources and evaluation of these monitoring results have given direction to the studies’ outcome in order to control factors that pollute water resources and reduce water quality. Nilüfer Creek is very important for both being a source of drinking and potable water and a discharge area for wastewaters for the city of Bursa. In this study, the results of the analysis belonging to the period between 2002-2010 which are taken from 15 points by General Directorate of Bursa Water and Sewerage Administration (BUWSA) were evaluated in relation to water quality of the Nilüfer Creek. Non-parametric methods were used in the evaluation of the water quality data due to the lack of normally distributed data. The identification of the best represented parameters of the water quality was provided by applying Principal Component Analysis. According to results of the analysis, the best representative 9 parameters from the 19 water quality parameters were defined as parameters of BOD5, COD, TSS, T.Fe, Zn, conductivity, NO2-N, Ni and NO3-N that taking part of the first two components.
基金Project supported by the International Project between The Netherlands Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 04CDP014) the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40471130).
文摘Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 rivers in the Taihu watershed. Concentrations of physicochemical parameters of surface water quality were determined at the mouth of each river during the period of 2000-2004. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to identify characteristics of the water quality in the studied rivers. The results showed that rivers strongly influenced by household wastewater have the highest concentrations of nutrients （TN and TP）. Moreover, rivers in the vicinity of a metropolis presented low dissolved oxygen （DO） levels. However, organic-chemical pollution （petroleum and volatile phenolics） was identified with high localization. Two rivers influenced by sewage from industry and ships were distinguished from other rivers with high values of petroleum. The Taige channel, a river located in Changzhou City that is strongly influenced by wastewater from industry, was characterized with an extraordinarily high value of volatile phenolics. Rivers passing through countries, especially through hilly countries were characterized with high DO contents and low nutrient and organic-chemical pollution, suggesting that agriculture puts less pressure on water quality in adjacent rivers. Therefore, more effort should be made in controlling point pollution to restore water quality in rivers adjacent to cities.
基金Project (2012ZX07501002-001) supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China
文摘Multivariate statistical techniques,such as cluster analysis(CA),discriminant analysis(DA),principal component analysis(PCA) and factor analysis(FA),were applied to evaluate and interpret the surface water quality data sets of the Second Songhua River(SSHR) basin in China,obtained during two years(2012-2013) of monitoring of 10 physicochemical parameters at 15 different sites.The results showed that most of physicochemical parameters varied significantly among the sampling sites.Three significant groups,highly polluted(HP),moderately polluted(MP) and less polluted(LP),of sampling sites were obtained through Hierarchical agglomerative CA on the basis of similarity of water quality characteristics.DA identified p H,F,DO,NH3-N,COD and VPhs were the most important parameters contributing to spatial variations of surface water quality.However,DA did not give a considerable data reduction(40% reduction).PCA/FA resulted in three,three and four latent factors explaining 70%,62% and 71% of the total variance in water quality data sets of HP,MP and LP regions,respectively.FA revealed that the SSHR water chemistry was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities(point sources:industrial effluents and wastewater treatment plants;non-point sources:domestic sewage,livestock operations and agricultural activities) and natural processes(seasonal effect,and natural inputs).PCA/FA in the whole basin showed the best results for data reduction because it used only two parameters(about 80% reduction) as the most important parameters to explain 72% of the data variation.Thus,this work illustrated the utility of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of datasets and,in water quality assessment,identification of pollution sources/factors and understanding spatial variations in water quality for effective stream water quality management.
基金Project(2012ZX07501002-001)supported by Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of the Ministry of Science and Technology,China
文摘Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in surface water quality is important to evaluate the health of a watershed and make necessary management decisions to control current and future pollution of receiving water bodies. In this work, surface water quality data for 12 physical and chemical parameters collected from 10 sampling sites in the Nenjiang River basin during the years(2012-2013) were analyzed. The results show that river water quality has significant temporal and spatial variations. Hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) grouped 12 months into three periods(LF, MF and HF) and classified 10 monitoring sites into three regions(LP, MP and HP) based on the similarity of water quality characteristics. The principle component analysis(PCA)/factor analysis(FA) was used to recognize the factors or origins responsible for temporal and spatial water quality variations. Temporal and spatial PCA/FA revealed that the Nenjiang River water chemistry was strongly affected by rock/water interaction, hydrologic processes and anthropogenic activities. This work demonstrates that the application of HCA and PCA/FA has achieved meaningful classification based on temporal and spatial criteria.
基金The National Marine Ecoenvironment Assessment Program of State Oceanic Administration
文摘The Hangzhou Bay（HZB） and Xiangshan Bay（XSB）, in northern Zhejiang Province and connect to the East China Sea（ECS） were considerably affected by the consequence of water quality degradation. In this study, we analyzed physical and biogeochemical properties of water quality via multivariate statistical techniques. Hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA） grouped HZB and XSB into two subareas of different pollution sources based on similar physical and biogeochemical properties. Principal component analysis（PCA） identified three latent pollution sources in HZB and XSB respectively and emphasized the importance of terrestrial inputs, coastal industries as well as natural processes in determining the water quality of the two bays. Therefore, proper measurement for the protection of aquatic ecoenvironment in HZB and XSB were of great urgency.
文摘The aim of this work is to evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of the lower Benue Through in Nigeria as well as to evaluate the variation in groundwater chemistry data and the suitability of the groundwater for drinking and other domestic purposes.This was based on chemical analyses of 44 water samples from existing wells and boreholes in the study area.From the statistical analysis(wide ranges,median and standard deviation),it is obvious that there are significant variations in the quality/composition of groundwater in the period of sampling.The calculated SAR,Na% and RSC values indicated that the water is of excellent to good quality and is suitable for irrigation.Na and HCO3 are dominant with respect to the chemical composition of the groundwater.On the basis of water chemistry,hydrochemical indices and factor analysis the dominant controls or processes affecting the distribution of geochemical variables in the study area have been shown to be water/rock interaction which is mainly controlled by carbonate and silicate dissolution as well as anthropogenic influence to a lesser extent.Additional processes include cation exchange reactions and reverse ion exchange to a minor extent.
文摘The quality of surface water is rapidly changing due to climatic variations, natural processes, and anthropogenic activities. The objectives of this study were to classify and analyze the surface water quality of 12 major rivers of Alberta on the basis of 17 parameters during the period of five years (i.e., 2004-2008) using principal component analysis (PCA), total exceedance model and clustering technique. Seven major principal components (PCs) with variability of about 89% were identified. These PCs were the indicators of watershed geology, mineralization and anthropogenic activities related to land use/cover. The seven dominant parameters revealed from the seven PCs were total dissolved solids (TDS), true color (TC), pH, iron (Fe), fecal coliform (FC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity (TUR). The normalized data of dominant parameters were used to develop a model for obtaining total exceedance. The exceedance values acquired from the total exceedance model were used to determine the patterns for the development of five clusters. The performance of the clusters was compared with the classes obtained in Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI). Cluster 1, cluster 2, cluster 3, cluster 4 and cluster 5 showed agreements of 85.71%, 83.54%, 90.22%, 80.74%, and 83.40% with their respective CWQI classes on the basis of the data for all rivers during 2004-2008. The water quality was deteriorated in growing season due to snow melting. This methodology could be applied to classify the raw surface water quality, analyze the spatio-temporal trends and study the impacts of the factors affecting the water quality anywhere in the world.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Scientific Research (Marine) in the Public Interest(201205023)Nation Key Technology R&D Program(2012BAD18B02,2015BAD13B05)
文摘[Objective] The paper was to evaluate the water quality environment in Dachangshan artificial habitat development demonstration area.[Method] From 2013 to 2015, an environmental survey was conducted for eight voyages in Dachangshan artificial habitat development demonstration area of Changhai County, Dalian City, and 20 hydrochemical indexes including salinity, pH, and COD were monitored. The water quality of thesea area was analyzed by principal component analysis and single factor index method. [Result] Except for that the control area of the August 2014voyage belonged to IIclass sea water standard, the water quality in other stations of all voyages conformed toIclass sea water standard. Totally 20water quality indicators were synthesized into six principal components using principal component analysis, which explained 79.165% of the results;the principal component score was ranged from -1.536 to 3.706; the score in August 2014 was the highest, and the evaluation results were basicallyconsistent with the results of single factor index analysis. [Conclusion] The overall water quality is good in Dachangshan artificial habitat development demonstration area.
文摘Nowadays the human activity has increased the pressure on surface water quality. The purpose of this study is to assess the environmental quality of the Seman River water (in Southern part of Albania) through a 5-year monitoring program of 14 parameters (pH, DO, EC, TSS, Cl<sup>-</sup>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">NO<sup>-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">3</sub></span>, Total-N, Total-P, BOD<sub>5</sub>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup> and Temp. <span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C), that determine the environmental status of this waterbody, as well as the application of WQI (CCME) through a multivariable approach. Based on the cluster dendogram results, it can be concluded that during wet seasons such as winter-spring, there are more sediments which influence other physic-chemical parameters, while during dry seasons (summer-autumn) there are more decomposition reactions of elements released by sediments and influenced by temperature. PCA analysis determines whether the groups of factors correlate strongly or not, depending on the internal structures of the groups and variables “heavy” or latent and vary from season to season with differentiated contributions to the water quality. All three factors influence WQI to the extent of 56% in the summer and spring season and 64% and 40% in the autumn and winter season, respectively.
