Three compounds modeled on the lignite structure were chosen for experimental degradation by different fungi strains. Culture conditions and extracellular enzyme activities were optimized. The growth curves of the str...Three compounds modeled on the lignite structure were chosen for experimental degradation by different fungi strains. Culture conditions and extracellular enzyme activities were optimized. The growth curves of the strains were determined to study mycelium dry weight and protein content changes. Gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were used to detect changes of functional groups before and after the action of the fungi on the model compounds. Possible decomposition products and degrada-tion mechanisms were proposed. The research findings show that C. Versicolor and Golden Mushroom can grow in presence of the model compounds. The optimum culture conditions were a pH of 6.0, a carbon-nitrogen ratio of five and a Tween-80 concentration of 0.1%. Newly produced substances were found by gas chromatography. Infrared analysis showed that the model compounds degraded under the action of the microorganisms.展开更多
Canola crop is rich in plant biomass. It is considered a major cash crop in North America and a potential source for biofuel. We evaluated six strains of white rot basidiomycetes under solid state fermentation (SSF) f...Canola crop is rich in plant biomass. It is considered a major cash crop in North America and a potential source for biofuel. We evaluated six strains of white rot basidiomycetes under solid state fermentation (SSF) for their potentials to secrete oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes to biodegrade canola plant biomass (CPB), and release sugars. Fuscoporia gilva and Pleurotus tuberregium produced high amount of laccase (440.86 U/L and 480.63 U/L at day 7), as well as carboxylmethylcellulase (CMCase) (4.78 U/mL at day 21 and 3.13 U/mL at day 14) and xylanase (4.48 U/mL and 7.8 U/mL at day 21), respectively. Bjerkandera adusta showed high amount of MnP (50.4 U/L) and peroxidase (64.5 U/L), relative to the other strains. Loss of organic matter peaked after 21 days of incubation in all the tested strains;however, the best result (34.0%) was shown in P. tuberregium. The highest lignin loss was observed in Coriolopsis caperata strains. Among the sugar polymers, hemicellulose was highly degraded by P. tuberregium and P. pulmonarius (4.1% - 4.6%), while cellulose (3.3% - 4.3%) was mainly degraded by F. gilva and B. adusta. Glucose was the dominant sugar released by all the fungi tested, with the highest concentration of 1.25 mg/mL produced by B. adusta at day 14 of incubation. Results indicate that selected white rot fungi can achieve significant delignification of CPB within 14 days of solid state fermentation. Their importance in low cost pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass prior to conversion into biofuels and bio-products of economic importance is discussed.展开更多
The Soda-AQ pulps were made from reed pretreated by white rot fungi Panus conchatus, Cyathus stercoreus and Pleurotus florida respectively. It was found that kappa number decreased and the brightness increased for Sod...The Soda-AQ pulps were made from reed pretreated by white rot fungi Panus conchatus, Cyathus stercoreus and Pleurotus florida respectively. It was found that kappa number decreased and the brightness increased for Soda-AQ pulps from the reed treated by Pleurotus florida and Panus conchatus, but it was reverse for the pulp from reed treated by Cyathus stercoreus. The result indicated that white rot fungi Pleurotus florida and Panus conchatus were selective to degrade lignin in reed, which were good for biopulping, but Cyathus stercoreus was preferential to degrade cellulose, which was not good for biopulping.展开更多
Beta-glucosidase is among the suite of enzymes produced by white rot fungi (WRF) to biodegrade plant biomass. This study investigated the enzymatic activities and kinetic properties of β-glucosidase from seventeen WR...Beta-glucosidase is among the suite of enzymes produced by white rot fungi (WRF) to biodegrade plant biomass. This study investigated the enzymatic activities and kinetic properties of β-glucosidase from seventeen WRF comprised of the following species from various geographical locations: Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricular, Polyporus squamosus, Trametes versicolor, Lentinula edodes, and Grifola frondosa. All the WRF studied showed β-glucosidase activities. Significant variations in protein and carbohydrate contents were also recorded. Beta-glucosidase activities after 30 min of incubation ranged from 6.4 μg (T. versicolor) to 225 μg (G. frondosa). The calculated kinetic constant (Km) ranged from 0.47 μM (A. auricular-1120) to 719 μM (L. edodes-7). The Vmax depending on the kinetic transformation model ranged from 0.21 μg·min-1 (T. versicolor) to 9.70 μg·min-1 (G. frondosa-28). Beta-glucosidase activities also exhibited pH optima between 3.5 and 5.0 while temperature optima were between 60°C and 70°C with some media exhibiting a secondary temperature peak at 90°C attributable to the presence of thermostable isoenzyme. WRF if appropriately screened and purified can be harnessed to potentially improve the bio-conversion of cellulose to glucose and also facilitate efficient plant biomass biodegradation and production of useful plant bio-products.展开更多
The rapid increase in the artificial syntheses of organic pollutants has raised widespread concern.However,the mechanisms by which fungi degrade these new organic pollutants in the environment and adapt to environment...The rapid increase in the artificial syntheses of organic pollutants has raised widespread concern.However,the mechanisms by which fungi degrade these new organic pollutants in the environment and adapt to environmental stressors remain unclear.In this study,Phanerochaete chrysosporium,a model white rot fungus,was used to explore the interfacial processes and mechanisms for synergistic degradation of 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl(PCB15)with magnetite nanoparticles.The results showed that after 3 and 5 days of cultivation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium alone,the rates for PCB15 degradation were 32%and 65%,respectively,indicating that the white rot fungus itself was able to degrade the organic pollutant.Moreover,the addition of magnetite nanoparticles significantly enhanced the degradation of PCB15 by Phanerochaete chrysosporium.After cocultivation for 3 and 5 days,the rates for PCB15 degradation increased to 42%and 84%,respectively.Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy(SR-FTIR)showed that the magnetite particles were tightly adhered to the fungal hyphae and were unevenly distributed on the hyphal surfaces.Furthermore,cocultivation of the fungus and magnetite nanoparticles significantly enhanced the nanozymatic activity of magnetite.A linear regression model provided a significantly negative correlation(r=−0.96,p<0.001)between the nanozymatic activity of the magnetite and the concentration ratio of the PCB15,supporting the hypothesis that white rot fungi degraded the PCB15 by enhancing the nanozyme activity of magnetite.High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)revealed that the nanozymatic activity of magnetite was mainly governed by oxygen vacancies on the mineral surfaces rather than the iron valence.Together,these findings increase our understanding of the powerful capabilities of fungi in terms of stress resistance and adaptation to extreme environments and provide new insights into fungal-mediated degradation of organic pollutants for soil remediation in contaminated sites.展开更多
[Objective] To explore the possibility of treating livestock manure with white-rot fungi. [Method] The wood powder-chicken manure mixture was respectively composted by three kinds of white-rot fungi, the weight of lig...[Objective] To explore the possibility of treating livestock manure with white-rot fungi. [Method] The wood powder-chicken manure mixture was respectively composted by three kinds of white-rot fungi, the weight of lignin, cellulose, protein, fat, ash and crude polysaccharide as well as the mycelial growth was determined during this process. [Result] The mixture was better composted with white-rot fungi than the control. The best effect was achieved in P.ostreatus composting group. In this group, the rate of weight reduction, lignin degradation and cellulose degradation were respectively 15.68% (6.79 times as great as that of the control group), 39.92% (6.54 times as great as that of the control group) and 32.26% (2.77 times as great as that of the control group). The weight of protein and fat were increased by 31.68% and 146.58%, respectively. The content of crude polysaccharide was 2.43%. No crude polysaccharide was detected, and the weight of protein and fat decreased by 21.96% and 70.99%, respectively. [Conclusion] It is feasible to compost livestock and poultry manure with white-rot fungi.展开更多
Phanerochaete chrysosporium was selected as the production strain of laccase,and the effects of stirring speed,ventilation volume,culture temperature,inoculation amount and initial p H of medium on laccase production ...Phanerochaete chrysosporium was selected as the production strain of laccase,and the effects of stirring speed,ventilation volume,culture temperature,inoculation amount and initial p H of medium on laccase production by liquid fermentation in cylinder were studied. On the basis of single factor test,an orthogonal test was carried out to find optimal conditions for laccase production P. chrysosporium through liquid fermentation. These results showed that the stirring speed of fermentation cylinder had the highest effect on laccase production,and the optimal conditions were shown as follows: the temperature at 28 ℃,the rotating speed at 300 r/min,the ventilation volume of 5 L/min( ventilation ratio of 1.0 vvm),the initial p H of medium of 5,and the inoculation amount of 15%,which gave the highest laccase level of 14. 86 U/ml.展开更多
White-rot fungi are the only organisms that can completely degrade all components of lignocellulosic biomass, including the recalcitrant lignin polymer. Lignin degradation is important for the industrial application o...White-rot fungi are the only organisms that can completely degrade all components of lignocellulosic biomass, including the recalcitrant lignin polymer. Lignin degradation is important for the industrial application of lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for producing value-added chemicals and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">materials. Therefore, elucidating the lignin degradation mechanism in white-rot</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> fungi will help researchers develop efficient and eco-friendly methods enabling the production of value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. A transcriptome analysis is an effective way to compare gene expression patterns between different samples under diverse conditions and can provide insights into biological processes. The democratization of next-generation sequencing technology, especially RNA-sequencing, has made transcriptome sequencing and analysis a common research approach for many laboratories. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In this review, we focus on the transcriptome profiles of two well-characterized</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> white-rot fungi (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Phanerochaete</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>chrysosporium</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Dichomitus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>squalens</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) in response to various lignocellulosic materials. The application of RNA-seq technology combining with other techniques remains the best approach for investigating fungal secretomes and elucidating the mechanisms of fungal responses to lignocellulose.展开更多
Experimental results of an azo dye(reactive brilliant red X 3B, RBR X 3B) decolorization and degradation in a white rot fungal biofilm reactor were introduced and discussed. The fungal biofilm reactor is highly potent...Experimental results of an azo dye(reactive brilliant red X 3B, RBR X 3B) decolorization and degradation in a white rot fungal biofilm reactor were introduced and discussed. The fungal biofilm reactor is highly potential for dye decolorization and degradation with the highest decoloring rate of 95% within 96 hours reaction time at initial pH 4.5 under high nitrogen level (HN) (24 mmol/L ammonium tartrate) condition. Experimental conditions, such as nutrient nitrogen levels in reaction mixture and initial pH, significantly affected dye decolorization and degradation. Effluents from this biofilm reactor can be well treated to meet the discharging requirements by use of chemical flocculation.RBR X 3B was first absorbed onto fungal biomass and then degraded gradually. The SH 13 fungus monopolized the biofilm throughout the experiments, though the reactor was exposed to open air for 4 months.展开更多
A white rot fungus strain, Trichoderma sp.AH, was isolated from rotten wood in Fushun and used to study the mechanism of lignite bio-solubilization.The results showed that nitric acid pretreated Fushun lignite was sol...A white rot fungus strain, Trichoderma sp.AH, was isolated from rotten wood in Fushun and used to study the mechanism of lignite bio-solubilization.The results showed that nitric acid pretreated Fushun lignite was solubilized by T.sp.AH and that extracellular proteins from T.sp.AH were correlated with the lignite bio-solubilization results.In the presence of Fushun lignite the extracellular protein concentration from T.sp.AH was 4.5 g/L while the concentration was 3 g/L in the absence of Fushun lignite.Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) of the extracellular proteins detected at least four new protein bands after the T.sp.AH had solubilized the lignite.Enzyme color reactions showed that extracellular proteins from T.sp.AH mainly consisted of phenol-oxidases, but that lignin decomposition enzymes such as laccase, peroxidase and manganese peroxidases were not present.展开更多
Crude and used engine oil degrading ability of two white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and P. pulmonarius were investigated for six months. One hundred grams of sterilized soil moistened with 75% distilled water (w/v)...Crude and used engine oil degrading ability of two white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and P. pulmonarius were investigated for six months. One hundred grams of sterilized soil moistened with 75% distilled water (w/v) were weighed into 9 × 9 × 4 cm (350 cm3) jam bottles and mixed thoroughly with bonny light crude oil and used engine oil at different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 30%), separately. Each bottle was then inoculated with two agar plugs of a vigorously grown mycelium of P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius using a sterile cork borer. The bottles were incubated at room temperature for 6 months. The mycelia-ramified waste was separated from soils and analysed for physicochemical parameters such as organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, pH and total hydrocarbon content, (THC) after drying. The organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in contaminated and inoculated soils were increased after six months. However, decrease in potassium, pH and THC occurred in these soils after the period of investigation. P. ostreatus reduced the initial THC to 8% and 9% in soils contaminated with 20% of crude and engine oils, respectively, which was lower than that of P. pulmonarius. The two white rot fungi could be exploited in bioremediation of soils contaminated with bonny light crude and used engine oils.展开更多
Synthetic dyes are recalcitrant to degradation and toxic to different organisms. Physical-chemical treatments of textile wastewaters are not sustainable in terms of costs. Biological treatments can be more convenient ...Synthetic dyes are recalcitrant to degradation and toxic to different organisms. Physical-chemical treatments of textile wastewaters are not sustainable in terms of costs. Biological treatments can be more convenient and the lig-nin-degrading extracellular enzymatic battery of basidiomycetes are capable to discolor synthetic dyes. Many basidi-omycetes are edible mushrooms whose industrial production generates significant amount of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) with residual high levels of lignin-degrading extracellular enzymatic activities. We have demon-strated that the low cost organic substrate, the SMS deriving from the cultivation of the basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus, is able to discolor anthraquinonic, diazo and monoazo-dyes when incubated in dying chromo-reactive and chromo-acid baths containing surfactants and anti-foams, where the concentrations of the different dyes are exceeding the one recovered in the corresponding wastewaters. Laccase was the lignin-degrading extracellular enzyme involved in the discolouring process. The exploitation of the low cost SMS in the treatment of textile wastewaters is proposed. Accordingly, a toxicological assessment, based on a cyto-toxicity test on a human amnion epithelial cell line (WISH) and the estimation of the germination index (GI%) of Lactuca sativa, Cucumis sativus and Sorghum bicolor, has been performed, showing the loss of toxicity of the chromo-baths after being discoloured by the SMS.展开更多
基金Financial support for this research, provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.50874107, 50921002 and 50374068)the Key Laboratory of Coal Processing & Efficient Utilization Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No.CPEUKF06-12), are gratefully acknowl-edged
文摘Three compounds modeled on the lignite structure were chosen for experimental degradation by different fungi strains. Culture conditions and extracellular enzyme activities were optimized. The growth curves of the strains were determined to study mycelium dry weight and protein content changes. Gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were used to detect changes of functional groups before and after the action of the fungi on the model compounds. Possible decomposition products and degrada-tion mechanisms were proposed. The research findings show that C. Versicolor and Golden Mushroom can grow in presence of the model compounds. The optimum culture conditions were a pH of 6.0, a carbon-nitrogen ratio of five and a Tween-80 concentration of 0.1%. Newly produced substances were found by gas chromatography. Infrared analysis showed that the model compounds degraded under the action of the microorganisms.
文摘Canola crop is rich in plant biomass. It is considered a major cash crop in North America and a potential source for biofuel. We evaluated six strains of white rot basidiomycetes under solid state fermentation (SSF) for their potentials to secrete oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes to biodegrade canola plant biomass (CPB), and release sugars. Fuscoporia gilva and Pleurotus tuberregium produced high amount of laccase (440.86 U/L and 480.63 U/L at day 7), as well as carboxylmethylcellulase (CMCase) (4.78 U/mL at day 21 and 3.13 U/mL at day 14) and xylanase (4.48 U/mL and 7.8 U/mL at day 21), respectively. Bjerkandera adusta showed high amount of MnP (50.4 U/L) and peroxidase (64.5 U/L), relative to the other strains. Loss of organic matter peaked after 21 days of incubation in all the tested strains;however, the best result (34.0%) was shown in P. tuberregium. The highest lignin loss was observed in Coriolopsis caperata strains. Among the sugar polymers, hemicellulose was highly degraded by P. tuberregium and P. pulmonarius (4.1% - 4.6%), while cellulose (3.3% - 4.3%) was mainly degraded by F. gilva and B. adusta. Glucose was the dominant sugar released by all the fungi tested, with the highest concentration of 1.25 mg/mL produced by B. adusta at day 14 of incubation. Results indicate that selected white rot fungi can achieve significant delignification of CPB within 14 days of solid state fermentation. Their importance in low cost pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass prior to conversion into biofuels and bio-products of economic importance is discussed.
文摘The Soda-AQ pulps were made from reed pretreated by white rot fungi Panus conchatus, Cyathus stercoreus and Pleurotus florida respectively. It was found that kappa number decreased and the brightness increased for Soda-AQ pulps from the reed treated by Pleurotus florida and Panus conchatus, but it was reverse for the pulp from reed treated by Cyathus stercoreus. The result indicated that white rot fungi Pleurotus florida and Panus conchatus were selective to degrade lignin in reed, which were good for biopulping, but Cyathus stercoreus was preferential to degrade cellulose, which was not good for biopulping.
文摘Beta-glucosidase is among the suite of enzymes produced by white rot fungi (WRF) to biodegrade plant biomass. This study investigated the enzymatic activities and kinetic properties of β-glucosidase from seventeen WRF comprised of the following species from various geographical locations: Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricular, Polyporus squamosus, Trametes versicolor, Lentinula edodes, and Grifola frondosa. All the WRF studied showed β-glucosidase activities. Significant variations in protein and carbohydrate contents were also recorded. Beta-glucosidase activities after 30 min of incubation ranged from 6.4 μg (T. versicolor) to 225 μg (G. frondosa). The calculated kinetic constant (Km) ranged from 0.47 μM (A. auricular-1120) to 719 μM (L. edodes-7). The Vmax depending on the kinetic transformation model ranged from 0.21 μg·min-1 (T. versicolor) to 9.70 μg·min-1 (G. frondosa-28). Beta-glucosidase activities also exhibited pH optima between 3.5 and 5.0 while temperature optima were between 60°C and 70°C with some media exhibiting a secondary temperature peak at 90°C attributable to the presence of thermostable isoenzyme. WRF if appropriately screened and purified can be harnessed to potentially improve the bio-conversion of cellulose to glucose and also facilitate efficient plant biomass biodegradation and production of useful plant bio-products.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3701401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U22A20608 and 41977271)Self-Dependent Innovation Foundation of Tianjin University(Grant No.2023XJC-0014).
文摘The rapid increase in the artificial syntheses of organic pollutants has raised widespread concern.However,the mechanisms by which fungi degrade these new organic pollutants in the environment and adapt to environmental stressors remain unclear.In this study,Phanerochaete chrysosporium,a model white rot fungus,was used to explore the interfacial processes and mechanisms for synergistic degradation of 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl(PCB15)with magnetite nanoparticles.The results showed that after 3 and 5 days of cultivation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium alone,the rates for PCB15 degradation were 32%and 65%,respectively,indicating that the white rot fungus itself was able to degrade the organic pollutant.Moreover,the addition of magnetite nanoparticles significantly enhanced the degradation of PCB15 by Phanerochaete chrysosporium.After cocultivation for 3 and 5 days,the rates for PCB15 degradation increased to 42%and 84%,respectively.Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy(SR-FTIR)showed that the magnetite particles were tightly adhered to the fungal hyphae and were unevenly distributed on the hyphal surfaces.Furthermore,cocultivation of the fungus and magnetite nanoparticles significantly enhanced the nanozymatic activity of magnetite.A linear regression model provided a significantly negative correlation(r=−0.96,p<0.001)between the nanozymatic activity of the magnetite and the concentration ratio of the PCB15,supporting the hypothesis that white rot fungi degraded the PCB15 by enhancing the nanozyme activity of magnetite.High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)revealed that the nanozymatic activity of magnetite was mainly governed by oxygen vacancies on the mineral surfaces rather than the iron valence.Together,these findings increase our understanding of the powerful capabilities of fungi in terms of stress resistance and adaptation to extreme environments and provide new insights into fungal-mediated degradation of organic pollutants for soil remediation in contaminated sites.
基金supported by Qianjiang Talent Program of Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province(2007R10039)Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (2005CB724204)2008 University Students Science and Technology Innovation Project of Zhejiang Province
文摘[Objective] To explore the possibility of treating livestock manure with white-rot fungi. [Method] The wood powder-chicken manure mixture was respectively composted by three kinds of white-rot fungi, the weight of lignin, cellulose, protein, fat, ash and crude polysaccharide as well as the mycelial growth was determined during this process. [Result] The mixture was better composted with white-rot fungi than the control. The best effect was achieved in P.ostreatus composting group. In this group, the rate of weight reduction, lignin degradation and cellulose degradation were respectively 15.68% (6.79 times as great as that of the control group), 39.92% (6.54 times as great as that of the control group) and 32.26% (2.77 times as great as that of the control group). The weight of protein and fat were increased by 31.68% and 146.58%, respectively. The content of crude polysaccharide was 2.43%. No crude polysaccharide was detected, and the weight of protein and fat decreased by 21.96% and 70.99%, respectively. [Conclusion] It is feasible to compost livestock and poultry manure with white-rot fungi.
基金Supported by Project of Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College(NSFPT201601)
文摘Phanerochaete chrysosporium was selected as the production strain of laccase,and the effects of stirring speed,ventilation volume,culture temperature,inoculation amount and initial p H of medium on laccase production by liquid fermentation in cylinder were studied. On the basis of single factor test,an orthogonal test was carried out to find optimal conditions for laccase production P. chrysosporium through liquid fermentation. These results showed that the stirring speed of fermentation cylinder had the highest effect on laccase production,and the optimal conditions were shown as follows: the temperature at 28 ℃,the rotating speed at 300 r/min,the ventilation volume of 5 L/min( ventilation ratio of 1.0 vvm),the initial p H of medium of 5,and the inoculation amount of 15%,which gave the highest laccase level of 14. 86 U/ml.
文摘White-rot fungi are the only organisms that can completely degrade all components of lignocellulosic biomass, including the recalcitrant lignin polymer. Lignin degradation is important for the industrial application of lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for producing value-added chemicals and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">materials. Therefore, elucidating the lignin degradation mechanism in white-rot</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> fungi will help researchers develop efficient and eco-friendly methods enabling the production of value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. A transcriptome analysis is an effective way to compare gene expression patterns between different samples under diverse conditions and can provide insights into biological processes. The democratization of next-generation sequencing technology, especially RNA-sequencing, has made transcriptome sequencing and analysis a common research approach for many laboratories. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In this review, we focus on the transcriptome profiles of two well-characterized</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> white-rot fungi (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Phanerochaete</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>chrysosporium</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Dichomitus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>squalens</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) in response to various lignocellulosic materials. The application of RNA-seq technology combining with other techniques remains the best approach for investigating fungal secretomes and elucidating the mechanisms of fungal responses to lignocellulose.
文摘Experimental results of an azo dye(reactive brilliant red X 3B, RBR X 3B) decolorization and degradation in a white rot fungal biofilm reactor were introduced and discussed. The fungal biofilm reactor is highly potential for dye decolorization and degradation with the highest decoloring rate of 95% within 96 hours reaction time at initial pH 4.5 under high nitrogen level (HN) (24 mmol/L ammonium tartrate) condition. Experimental conditions, such as nutrient nitrogen levels in reaction mixture and initial pH, significantly affected dye decolorization and degradation. Effluents from this biofilm reactor can be well treated to meet the discharging requirements by use of chemical flocculation.RBR X 3B was first absorbed onto fungal biomass and then degraded gradually. The SH 13 fungus monopolized the biofilm throughout the experiments, though the reactor was exposed to open air for 4 months.
基金Projects 50874107 and 50374068 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaCPEUKF06-12 by the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Coal Processing & Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education of China
文摘A white rot fungus strain, Trichoderma sp.AH, was isolated from rotten wood in Fushun and used to study the mechanism of lignite bio-solubilization.The results showed that nitric acid pretreated Fushun lignite was solubilized by T.sp.AH and that extracellular proteins from T.sp.AH were correlated with the lignite bio-solubilization results.In the presence of Fushun lignite the extracellular protein concentration from T.sp.AH was 4.5 g/L while the concentration was 3 g/L in the absence of Fushun lignite.Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) of the extracellular proteins detected at least four new protein bands after the T.sp.AH had solubilized the lignite.Enzyme color reactions showed that extracellular proteins from T.sp.AH mainly consisted of phenol-oxidases, but that lignin decomposition enzymes such as laccase, peroxidase and manganese peroxidases were not present.
文摘Crude and used engine oil degrading ability of two white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and P. pulmonarius were investigated for six months. One hundred grams of sterilized soil moistened with 75% distilled water (w/v) were weighed into 9 × 9 × 4 cm (350 cm3) jam bottles and mixed thoroughly with bonny light crude oil and used engine oil at different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 30%), separately. Each bottle was then inoculated with two agar plugs of a vigorously grown mycelium of P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius using a sterile cork borer. The bottles were incubated at room temperature for 6 months. The mycelia-ramified waste was separated from soils and analysed for physicochemical parameters such as organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, pH and total hydrocarbon content, (THC) after drying. The organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in contaminated and inoculated soils were increased after six months. However, decrease in potassium, pH and THC occurred in these soils after the period of investigation. P. ostreatus reduced the initial THC to 8% and 9% in soils contaminated with 20% of crude and engine oils, respectively, which was lower than that of P. pulmonarius. The two white rot fungi could be exploited in bioremediation of soils contaminated with bonny light crude and used engine oils.
文摘Synthetic dyes are recalcitrant to degradation and toxic to different organisms. Physical-chemical treatments of textile wastewaters are not sustainable in terms of costs. Biological treatments can be more convenient and the lig-nin-degrading extracellular enzymatic battery of basidiomycetes are capable to discolor synthetic dyes. Many basidi-omycetes are edible mushrooms whose industrial production generates significant amount of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) with residual high levels of lignin-degrading extracellular enzymatic activities. We have demon-strated that the low cost organic substrate, the SMS deriving from the cultivation of the basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus, is able to discolor anthraquinonic, diazo and monoazo-dyes when incubated in dying chromo-reactive and chromo-acid baths containing surfactants and anti-foams, where the concentrations of the different dyes are exceeding the one recovered in the corresponding wastewaters. Laccase was the lignin-degrading extracellular enzyme involved in the discolouring process. The exploitation of the low cost SMS in the treatment of textile wastewaters is proposed. Accordingly, a toxicological assessment, based on a cyto-toxicity test on a human amnion epithelial cell line (WISH) and the estimation of the germination index (GI%) of Lactuca sativa, Cucumis sativus and Sorghum bicolor, has been performed, showing the loss of toxicity of the chromo-baths after being discoloured by the SMS.
