The Bohai Sea(BS)is the unique semi-closed inland sea of China,characterized by degraded water quality due to significant terrestrial pollution input.In order to improve its water quality,a dedicated action named“Uph...The Bohai Sea(BS)is the unique semi-closed inland sea of China,characterized by degraded water quality due to significant terrestrial pollution input.In order to improve its water quality,a dedicated action named“Uphill Battles for Integrated Bohai Sea Management”(UBIBSM,2018–2020)was implemented by the Chinese government.To evaluate the action effectiveness toward water quality improvement,variability of the satelliteobserved water transparency(Secchi disk depth,Z_(SD))was explored,with special emphasis on the nearshore waters(within 20 km from the coastline)prone to terrestrial influence.(1)Compared to the status before the action began(2011–2017),majority(87.3%)of the nearshore waters turned clear during the action implementation period(2018–2020),characterized by the elevated Z_(SD)by 11.6%±12.1%.(2)Nevertheless,the improvement was not spatially uniform,with higher Z_(SD)improvement in provinces of Hebei,Liaoning,and Shandong(13.2%±16.5%,13.2%±11.6%,10.8%±10.2%,respectively)followed by Tianjin(6.2%±4.7%).(3)Bayesian trend analysis found the abrupt Z_(SD)improvement in April 2018,which coincided with the initiation of UBIBSM,implying the water quality response to pollution control.More importantly,the independent statistics of land-based pollutant discharge also indicated that the significant reduction of terrestrial pollutant input during the UBIBSM action was the main driver of observed Z_(SD)improvement.(4)Compared with previous pollution control actions in the BS,UBIBSM was found to be the most successful one during the past 20 years,in terms of transparency improvement over nearshore waters.The presented results proved the UBIBSM-achieved remarkable water quality improvement,taking the advantage of long-term consistent and objective data record from satellite ocean color observation.展开更多
Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollutio...Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.展开更多
China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China....China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.展开更多
On the basis of on-the-spot investigation, the causes of urban black-odor water bodies and the problems existing in the treatment are analyzed, and the control techniques and management countermeasures for black-odor ...On the basis of on-the-spot investigation, the causes of urban black-odor water bodies and the problems existing in the treatment are analyzed, and the control techniques and management countermeasures for black-odor water bodies were put forward. The countermeasures include: treating from both the roots and the symptoms and combining multiple technologies; comprehensively managing and improve the monitoring systems; coordinating functions and implementing long-term management; opening information and innovating supervision platform; coordinating advance and promoting the construction of sponge city; diversified financing to form the market-oriented model of water pollution control.展开更多
This study investigated the use of microbial analysis as a bioremediation option for remediating petroleum sludge, which is part of the waste stream generated in the petroleum industry. The aim is to reduce environmen...This study investigated the use of microbial analysis as a bioremediation option for remediating petroleum sludge, which is part of the waste stream generated in the petroleum industry. The aim is to reduce environmental burden caused by the discharge of untreated sludge. Sludge sample was cultured in other to isolate microorganisms for the sludge treatment. The selected strain of the organisms after screening were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Verticillus sp, Penicillum sp, and Microsporium audouinii. Bioreactors (labeled A, B, C, D and O) were designed for the treatment of petroleum sludge. These reactors contain 2.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of the diluted sludge samples and the isolated organisms for the treatment process. On a weekly basis, the control reactors received 1.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of fresh and saline water respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment, sludge physicochemical characteristics showed distinct variations. From the result, reactor D was the best in terms of remediating the sludge as compared to other reactors. Friedman non-parametric test was performed to check if the weeks of treatment affected the reduction of the total hydrocarbon content (THC) in the five reactors and also checked for significant differences in the THC after treatments. The drop in the THC of the treated sludge ranged from 56.0% to 67.3%. These results showed the possibility of enhanced biodegradation of petroleum sludge by hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms (fungi).展开更多
In this article, we propose a topology of a TLC-HAPF power filter as a harmonic compensator for an optimization of the pollution control of electrical networks. This filter consists of an active part and a passive par...In this article, we propose a topology of a TLC-HAPF power filter as a harmonic compensator for an optimization of the pollution control of electrical networks. This filter consists of an active part and a passive part in order to reduce or limit switching losses during current injection into networks thanks to its TLC module. This topology also provides solutions dynamic performance issues, resonance and lack of compensation capacity for imbalance cases. It also offers a greater range of compensation than conventional active models which do not offer as well as an intermediate circuit voltage in the order of 105 V to 109 V relatively lower than others models (600 v). A modulated hysteresis control of this topology is therefore also developed in this article and allows to obtain a network analysis on the three phases at three levels: source side, load side, and finally at the connection of the filter to the network, allowing to specify for these different positions the value of the current spectrum and its THD at this well-defined moment.展开更多
In this research,a methodology named whole-process pollution control(WPPC)is demonstrated that improves the effectiveness of process optimization.This methodology considers waste/emission treatment as a step of the wh...In this research,a methodology named whole-process pollution control(WPPC)is demonstrated that improves the effectiveness of process optimization.This methodology considers waste/emission treatment as a step of the whole production process with respect to the minimization of cost and environmental impact for the whole process.The following procedures are introduced in a WPPC process optimization:①a material and energy flow investigation and optimization based on a systematic understanding of the distribution and physiochemical properties of potential pollutants;②a process optimization to increase the utilization efficiency of different elements and minimize pollutant emissions;and③an evaluation to reveal the effectiveness of the optimization strategies.The production of ammonium paratungstate was chosen for the case study.Two factors of the different optimization schemes-namely the cost-effectiveness factor and the environmental impact indicator-were evaluated and compared.This research demonstrates that by considering the nature of potential pollutants,technological innovations,economic viability,environmental impacts,and regulation requirements,WPPC can efficiently optimize a metal production process.展开更多
Lake eutrophication has increasingly become a major environmental issue in China. Although significant efforts have been made towards its resolution in the last decade, most of the implemented control strategies are f...Lake eutrophication has increasingly become a major environmental issue in China. Although significant efforts have been made towards its resolution in the last decade, most of the implemented control strategies are fragmented, and the formation of policy lacks of sound scientific basis and long\|term objectives. Taking the well\|known Dianchi Lake as a case study, this paper presented a comprehensive assessment for the effectiveness of various eutrophication control strategies. It is expected that the concluding lessons would have a major implication to future eutrophication control.展开更多
As part of their efforts to control water pollution,local governments in China introduced the river chief system,whereby a named individual undertakes responsibility for protecting a specified waterway.As one of the m...As part of their efforts to control water pollution,local governments in China introduced the river chief system,whereby a named individual undertakes responsibility for protecting a specified waterway.As one of the most prominent sources of water pollution,agricultural non-point-source(NPS)pollution is becoming increasingly serious.Determining whether the river chief system,an institutional reform in China's decentralized environmental regulation regime,is effective in alleviating NPS pollution is important for the realization of green development.The effect of the river chief system on reducing agricultural NPS pollution is explored in this study using panel data from 308 Chinese counties during the period from 2004 to 2015.The results reveal that the negative impact of manure output from animal breeding operations on surface water quality is reduced with the implementation of the river chief system.However,the river chief system is ineffective in dealing with the water pollution caused by fertilizer use.Furthermore,in the current system,cooperation among river chiefs only occurs within a province.Local governments should increase their efforts in reducing fertilizer source loads and preventing fertilizer loads from entering surface waters.In addition,the central government should improve cooperation among the river chiefs in upstream and downstream provinces.展开更多
Air pollution control devices(APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation.Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization(FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air p...Air pollution control devices(APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation.Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization(FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal.Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation affect mercury removal efficiently at coal-fired utilities.The Ontario Hydro Method(OHM) recommended by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit.Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor affecting the mercury speciation in flue gas;and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury(Hg2+) and more elemental mercury(Hg0 ) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal.SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service,and oxidation efficiency reached 71.0%.Therefore,oxidized mercury removal efficiency was enhanced through a wet FGD system.In the non-ozone season,about 89.5%-96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled,but only 54.9%-68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD.Oxidized mercury removal efficiency was 95.9%-98.0%,and there was a big difference in the total mercury removal efficiencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season.Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data,and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.展开更多
Over 2 million tons of chromate residues as hazardous wastes have been accumulated from chromate production processes during the past more than 30 years in China. Some serious pollution problems have been caused due t...Over 2 million tons of chromate residues as hazardous wastes have been accumulated from chromate production processes during the past more than 30 years in China. Some serious pollution problems have been caused due to no appropriate technology and management. Approaches are reviewed to pollution control of chromate residues by utilizing them as secondary resources in this paper. In addition to legislation for pollution control, chromate residues can be used as raw materials to produce a great diversity of useful industrial products. Strategies are also recommanded for the resourcefulization of chromate residues.展开更多
A clean technology in thermal power station by adding of limestone into coal for getting the co-melted compounds was studied. Comparing with conventional technology, the quantity of ash discharged is decreased from 85...A clean technology in thermal power station by adding of limestone into coal for getting the co-melted compounds was studied. Comparing with conventional technology, the quantity of ash discharged is decreased from 85% to 15%, the water consumption is 80% less than traditional method. The slag discharged could be used as raw materials for cement and bricks. In addition, the SO2 content is decreased as well.展开更多
Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control (APC) resi dues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and th e hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy me...Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control (APC) resi dues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and th e hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy metal leaching to xicity plays an important role. Leaching behavior and potential risk of Pb and Z n in the APC residues from a Shanghai municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator wa s studied, based on the leaching tests under different conditions and theoretica l calculation using a geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2. Res ults showed that, extractant species and liquid to solid (L/S) ratio predomina ntly controlled the leaching toxicity of Pb and Zn, while ionic strength, vibr ation method and leaching time had less effect on the metals release. Leachate/f inal pH determined the metal leaching behavior, which changed the speciation of heavy metals in the extraction system. The equilibrium aqueous speciation, preci pitation-dissolution of Pb and Zn was investigated according to the model comput ation, which was well in agreement with the experimental results.展开更多
Among the harmful occupational factors,noise is the most common exposure in the oil industrial workplaces.The present study aimed to prioritize sound pollution areas in central processing facilities(CPF)of an oil fiel...Among the harmful occupational factors,noise is the most common exposure in the oil industrial workplaces.The present study aimed to prioritize sound pollution areas in central processing facilities(CPF)of an oil field in order to provide corrective action in the studied industry and similar industries.After reviewing the issued permit to work,job description and noise dosimetry test,the evaluated areas were selected then sound pressure levels in the referenced areas investigated according to ISO 9612–2009(E)next the noise map prepared for all selected areas.For identifying the prioritized areas to implement the control measures NCPI was used.After identifying the first priority area with sound pressure levels greater than 85 dB,the frequency analysis was performed and Isosonic map was prepared by Surfer v10 and AutoCAD 2014.In the last step,in order to provide appropriate corrective action plan,the compatibility of the determined control actions with the production process was examined.The findings of this study indicates that 74%of the aforesaid area has the first priority to perform control measures in the caution zone and the remaining 26%is in the danger zone.In this study it has been demonstrated that implementing control measures for Zone 2 have first priority.The main source of the noise in this zone is fluid(Gas)flow through the piping and HP Gas Compressors.The results of this study shows that using effective factors such as exposure time,sound pressure level and number of exposed persons,can be present suitable model to prioritize noise control.展开更多
To improve ambient air quality and return citizens blue sky and white clouds,national and local administrative departments all issue corresponding countermeasures to strictly prevent and control air pollution,reduce t...To improve ambient air quality and return citizens blue sky and white clouds,national and local administrative departments all issue corresponding countermeasures to strictly prevent and control air pollution,reduce total pollutant emission,and improve environmental management level. In this paper,taking Tianjin as an example,change situation of regional air pollution and its prevention and control management situation were summarized.展开更多
With the enlarging scale and intensifying production of livestock and poultry breeding,the environment pollution becomes increasingly prominent in the Dianchi Lake Basin since 1990s.According to the survey of "Th...With the enlarging scale and intensifying production of livestock and poultry breeding,the environment pollution becomes increasingly prominent in the Dianchi Lake Basin since 1990s.According to the survey of "The First National Census of Pollution Sources",occurrence and discharge of pollutants in large-scale livestock and poultry farms in this region were first understood.The pollution characteristics of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding were also analyzed deeply.On this basis,the significance of pollution control programs for environment protection was investigated from aspects of pollution control policy,technology management and publicity.展开更多
基金The fund supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) under contract No. SML2021SP313the fundamental research funds for the Central Universities of Sun Yat-Sen University under contract No.23xkjc019the fund supported by China-Korea Joint Ocean Research Center of China under contract No. PI-2022-1-01
文摘The Bohai Sea(BS)is the unique semi-closed inland sea of China,characterized by degraded water quality due to significant terrestrial pollution input.In order to improve its water quality,a dedicated action named“Uphill Battles for Integrated Bohai Sea Management”(UBIBSM,2018–2020)was implemented by the Chinese government.To evaluate the action effectiveness toward water quality improvement,variability of the satelliteobserved water transparency(Secchi disk depth,Z_(SD))was explored,with special emphasis on the nearshore waters(within 20 km from the coastline)prone to terrestrial influence.(1)Compared to the status before the action began(2011–2017),majority(87.3%)of the nearshore waters turned clear during the action implementation period(2018–2020),characterized by the elevated Z_(SD)by 11.6%±12.1%.(2)Nevertheless,the improvement was not spatially uniform,with higher Z_(SD)improvement in provinces of Hebei,Liaoning,and Shandong(13.2%±16.5%,13.2%±11.6%,10.8%±10.2%,respectively)followed by Tianjin(6.2%±4.7%).(3)Bayesian trend analysis found the abrupt Z_(SD)improvement in April 2018,which coincided with the initiation of UBIBSM,implying the water quality response to pollution control.More importantly,the independent statistics of land-based pollutant discharge also indicated that the significant reduction of terrestrial pollutant input during the UBIBSM action was the main driver of observed Z_(SD)improvement.(4)Compared with previous pollution control actions in the BS,UBIBSM was found to be the most successful one during the past 20 years,in terms of transparency improvement over nearshore waters.The presented results proved the UBIBSM-achieved remarkable water quality improvement,taking the advantage of long-term consistent and objective data record from satellite ocean color observation.
文摘Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.
基金the National Key Research Development Program of China(2016YFC0208901 and 2017YFC0212100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71722003 and 71690244)。
文摘China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.
基金supported by Jiangsu Qinglan Project of 2016Research Project of Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee titled "China democratic league: Regulation of malodorous black river and improvement of waterfront environment in city"Key Funding Project of Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry (Grant No. 2016kj005)
文摘On the basis of on-the-spot investigation, the causes of urban black-odor water bodies and the problems existing in the treatment are analyzed, and the control techniques and management countermeasures for black-odor water bodies were put forward. The countermeasures include: treating from both the roots and the symptoms and combining multiple technologies; comprehensively managing and improve the monitoring systems; coordinating functions and implementing long-term management; opening information and innovating supervision platform; coordinating advance and promoting the construction of sponge city; diversified financing to form the market-oriented model of water pollution control.
文摘This study investigated the use of microbial analysis as a bioremediation option for remediating petroleum sludge, which is part of the waste stream generated in the petroleum industry. The aim is to reduce environmental burden caused by the discharge of untreated sludge. Sludge sample was cultured in other to isolate microorganisms for the sludge treatment. The selected strain of the organisms after screening were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Verticillus sp, Penicillum sp, and Microsporium audouinii. Bioreactors (labeled A, B, C, D and O) were designed for the treatment of petroleum sludge. These reactors contain 2.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of the diluted sludge samples and the isolated organisms for the treatment process. On a weekly basis, the control reactors received 1.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of fresh and saline water respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment, sludge physicochemical characteristics showed distinct variations. From the result, reactor D was the best in terms of remediating the sludge as compared to other reactors. Friedman non-parametric test was performed to check if the weeks of treatment affected the reduction of the total hydrocarbon content (THC) in the five reactors and also checked for significant differences in the THC after treatments. The drop in the THC of the treated sludge ranged from 56.0% to 67.3%. These results showed the possibility of enhanced biodegradation of petroleum sludge by hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms (fungi).
文摘In this article, we propose a topology of a TLC-HAPF power filter as a harmonic compensator for an optimization of the pollution control of electrical networks. This filter consists of an active part and a passive part in order to reduce or limit switching losses during current injection into networks thanks to its TLC module. This topology also provides solutions dynamic performance issues, resonance and lack of compensation capacity for imbalance cases. It also offers a greater range of compensation than conventional active models which do not offer as well as an intermediate circuit voltage in the order of 105 V to 109 V relatively lower than others models (600 v). A modulated hysteresis control of this topology is therefore also developed in this article and allows to obtain a network analysis on the three phases at three levels: source side, load side, and finally at the connection of the filter to the network, allowing to specify for these different positions the value of the current spectrum and its THD at this well-defined moment.
基金The authors acknowledge financial support for this research from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0403300 and 2017YFB043305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51425405 and 51874269),the National Science-Technology Support Plan Projects(2015BAB02B05)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2014037).Zhi Sun acknowledges financial support from the National Youth Thousand Talents Program.The authors acknowledge constructive suggestions from Prof.Jianxin Yang.
文摘In this research,a methodology named whole-process pollution control(WPPC)is demonstrated that improves the effectiveness of process optimization.This methodology considers waste/emission treatment as a step of the whole production process with respect to the minimization of cost and environmental impact for the whole process.The following procedures are introduced in a WPPC process optimization:①a material and energy flow investigation and optimization based on a systematic understanding of the distribution and physiochemical properties of potential pollutants;②a process optimization to increase the utilization efficiency of different elements and minimize pollutant emissions;and③an evaluation to reveal the effectiveness of the optimization strategies.The production of ammonium paratungstate was chosen for the case study.Two factors of the different optimization schemes-namely the cost-effectiveness factor and the environmental impact indicator-were evaluated and compared.This research demonstrates that by considering the nature of potential pollutants,technological innovations,economic viability,environmental impacts,and regulation requirements,WPPC can efficiently optimize a metal production process.
文摘Lake eutrophication has increasingly become a major environmental issue in China. Although significant efforts have been made towards its resolution in the last decade, most of the implemented control strategies are fragmented, and the formation of policy lacks of sound scientific basis and long\|term objectives. Taking the well\|known Dianchi Lake as a case study, this paper presented a comprehensive assessment for the effectiveness of various eutrophication control strategies. It is expected that the concluding lessons would have a major implication to future eutrophication control.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(71742002 and 71934003)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD)the China Center for Food Security Studies in Nanjing Agricultural University,China。
文摘As part of their efforts to control water pollution,local governments in China introduced the river chief system,whereby a named individual undertakes responsibility for protecting a specified waterway.As one of the most prominent sources of water pollution,agricultural non-point-source(NPS)pollution is becoming increasingly serious.Determining whether the river chief system,an institutional reform in China's decentralized environmental regulation regime,is effective in alleviating NPS pollution is important for the realization of green development.The effect of the river chief system on reducing agricultural NPS pollution is explored in this study using panel data from 308 Chinese counties during the period from 2004 to 2015.The results reveal that the negative impact of manure output from animal breeding operations on surface water quality is reduced with the implementation of the river chief system.However,the river chief system is ineffective in dealing with the water pollution caused by fertilizer use.Furthermore,in the current system,cooperation among river chiefs only occurs within a province.Local governments should increase their efforts in reducing fertilizer source loads and preventing fertilizer loads from entering surface waters.In addition,the central government should improve cooperation among the river chiefs in upstream and downstream provinces.
基金supported by the U.S.Agency for International Development (USAID) cooperation agreement(No.486-A-00-06-000140-00)
文摘Air pollution control devices(APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation.Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization(FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal.Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation affect mercury removal efficiently at coal-fired utilities.The Ontario Hydro Method(OHM) recommended by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit.Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor affecting the mercury speciation in flue gas;and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury(Hg2+) and more elemental mercury(Hg0 ) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal.SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service,and oxidation efficiency reached 71.0%.Therefore,oxidized mercury removal efficiency was enhanced through a wet FGD system.In the non-ozone season,about 89.5%-96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled,but only 54.9%-68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD.Oxidized mercury removal efficiency was 95.9%-98.0%,and there was a big difference in the total mercury removal efficiencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season.Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data,and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.
文摘Over 2 million tons of chromate residues as hazardous wastes have been accumulated from chromate production processes during the past more than 30 years in China. Some serious pollution problems have been caused due to no appropriate technology and management. Approaches are reviewed to pollution control of chromate residues by utilizing them as secondary resources in this paper. In addition to legislation for pollution control, chromate residues can be used as raw materials to produce a great diversity of useful industrial products. Strategies are also recommanded for the resourcefulization of chromate residues.
文摘A clean technology in thermal power station by adding of limestone into coal for getting the co-melted compounds was studied. Comparing with conventional technology, the quantity of ash discharged is decreased from 85% to 15%, the water consumption is 80% less than traditional method. The slag discharged could be used as raw materials for cement and bricks. In addition, the SO2 content is decreased as well.
基金The Key Project of Shanghai Council of Science and Technology(No. 032312043)
文摘Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control (APC) resi dues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and th e hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy metal leaching to xicity plays an important role. Leaching behavior and potential risk of Pb and Z n in the APC residues from a Shanghai municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator wa s studied, based on the leaching tests under different conditions and theoretica l calculation using a geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2. Res ults showed that, extractant species and liquid to solid (L/S) ratio predomina ntly controlled the leaching toxicity of Pb and Zn, while ionic strength, vibr ation method and leaching time had less effect on the metals release. Leachate/f inal pH determined the metal leaching behavior, which changed the speciation of heavy metals in the extraction system. The equilibrium aqueous speciation, preci pitation-dissolution of Pb and Zn was investigated according to the model comput ation, which was well in agreement with the experimental results.
文摘Among the harmful occupational factors,noise is the most common exposure in the oil industrial workplaces.The present study aimed to prioritize sound pollution areas in central processing facilities(CPF)of an oil field in order to provide corrective action in the studied industry and similar industries.After reviewing the issued permit to work,job description and noise dosimetry test,the evaluated areas were selected then sound pressure levels in the referenced areas investigated according to ISO 9612–2009(E)next the noise map prepared for all selected areas.For identifying the prioritized areas to implement the control measures NCPI was used.After identifying the first priority area with sound pressure levels greater than 85 dB,the frequency analysis was performed and Isosonic map was prepared by Surfer v10 and AutoCAD 2014.In the last step,in order to provide appropriate corrective action plan,the compatibility of the determined control actions with the production process was examined.The findings of this study indicates that 74%of the aforesaid area has the first priority to perform control measures in the caution zone and the remaining 26%is in the danger zone.In this study it has been demonstrated that implementing control measures for Zone 2 have first priority.The main source of the noise in this zone is fluid(Gas)flow through the piping and HP Gas Compressors.The results of this study shows that using effective factors such as exposure time,sound pressure level and number of exposed persons,can be present suitable model to prioritize noise control.
文摘To improve ambient air quality and return citizens blue sky and white clouds,national and local administrative departments all issue corresponding countermeasures to strictly prevent and control air pollution,reduce total pollutant emission,and improve environmental management level. In this paper,taking Tianjin as an example,change situation of regional air pollution and its prevention and control management situation were summarized.
基金funded by the National Water Pollution Control and Management Technology Major Projects (2008ZX07102)
文摘With the enlarging scale and intensifying production of livestock and poultry breeding,the environment pollution becomes increasingly prominent in the Dianchi Lake Basin since 1990s.According to the survey of "The First National Census of Pollution Sources",occurrence and discharge of pollutants in large-scale livestock and poultry farms in this region were first understood.The pollution characteristics of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding were also analyzed deeply.On this basis,the significance of pollution control programs for environment protection was investigated from aspects of pollution control policy,technology management and publicity.
