A族链球菌(group A Streptococcus,GAS)又称化脓性链球菌,是自然界中一种常见的致病菌,可引起多种疾病,包括浅表性感染、侵袭性感染、毒素介导的疾病以及感染后免疫反应性疾病等[1]。风湿热是GAS感染相关免疫性疾病的典型代表,近年来研...A族链球菌(group A Streptococcus,GAS)又称化脓性链球菌,是自然界中一种常见的致病菌,可引起多种疾病,包括浅表性感染、侵袭性感染、毒素介导的疾病以及感染后免疫反应性疾病等[1]。风湿热是GAS感染相关免疫性疾病的典型代表,近年来研究发现,GAS感染还与过敏性紫癜[2]、川崎病[3]、幼年特发性关节炎[4]等多种风湿性疾病发病有一定关联,本文主要就GAS感染与儿童风湿性疾病发病机制进行阐述。展开更多
本文深入探讨了儿童癫痫停药复发的相关研究现状。文章首先概述了癫痫在儿童中的发病率以及抗发作药物(ASMs)治疗的普遍性和局限性。重点分析了停药策略,包括无发作时间的确定、药物减量过程,以及单一药物与多药联合治疗的考量。进一步...本文深入探讨了儿童癫痫停药复发的相关研究现状。文章首先概述了癫痫在儿童中的发病率以及抗发作药物(ASMs)治疗的普遍性和局限性。重点分析了停药策略,包括无发作时间的确定、药物减量过程,以及单一药物与多药联合治疗的考量。进一步讨论了停药后复发的多种危险因素,如人口统计学因素、癫痫发作的严重程度、癫痫综合征、发作类型、病因、脑电图(EEG)异常、热性惊厥史和家族史,以及其他相关疾病或并发症。此外,综述了儿童癫痫复发预测模型的研究进展,评估了不同模型的贡献与局限性。最后,强调了停药后管理的重要性,包括随访策略和复发后的治疗调整。本综述旨在为临床医生提供停药决策的参考,并指出未来的研究方向,以优化停药策略,降低复发风险,改善患儿预后。This article explores in depth the current research status of drug withdrawal recurrence in children with epilepsy. This article first summarized the incidence rate of epilepsy in children and the universality and limitations of antiseizure medications (ASMs) treatment. The key analysis focuses on the cessation strategy, including the determination of seizure-free time, the process of drug reduction, and the consideration of single-drug and multi-drug combination therapy. Further discussion was conducted on various risk factors for relapse after discontinuation of medication, such as demographic factors, severity of seizures, epilepsy syndrome, seizure type, etiology, abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG), history of febrile seizures and family history, as well as other related diseases or complications. In addition, the research progress of predictive models for childhood epilepsy recurrence was reviewed, and the contributions and limitations of different models were evaluated. Finally, the importance of post-discontinuation management was emphasized, including follow-up strategies and treatment adjustments after relapse. This review aims to provide clinical doctors with reference for drug discontinuation decisions and point out future research directions to optimize discontinuation strategies, reduce the risk of recurrence, and improve the prognosis of pediatric patients.展开更多
迄今为止,术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting, PONV)仍然是围术期间严重的并发症之一,它增加了患者手术切口破裂,出血的风险并可能导致吸入性肺炎,电解质紊乱,脱水等不良事件的发生,增加了患者的住院时间以及费用,在一定...迄今为止,术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting, PONV)仍然是围术期间严重的并发症之一,它增加了患者手术切口破裂,出血的风险并可能导致吸入性肺炎,电解质紊乱,脱水等不良事件的发生,增加了患者的住院时间以及费用,在一定程度上影响了患者术后的生活品质。预防术后恶心呕吐仍然是临床上热议的话题之一,特别是预防儿童术后恶心呕吐更应该得到大众的关注。这篇文章综述了最近几十年对于预防儿童PONV的研究进展的总结。To date, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is still one of the serious complications during perioperative surgery, which increases the risk of surgical incision rupture and bleeding and may lead to aspiration pneumonia, electrolyte imbalance, dehydration and other adverse events, increases the length of hospital stay and costs, and affects the quality of life of patients after surgery to a certain extent. The prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting is still one of the hot topics in clinical practice, especially the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in children should receive more public attention. This article summarizes recent advances in research on the prevention of PONV in children.展开更多
发育性癫痫性脑病(developmental and epilepsy encephalopathies, DEEs)是指起病于发育期,以精神运动发育迟缓或倒退为特征的一组癫痫性脑病综合征。DEEs病因及致病机制复杂,遗传因素占据主导地位。当前,病因驱动治疗已成为制定DEEs管...发育性癫痫性脑病(developmental and epilepsy encephalopathies, DEEs)是指起病于发育期,以精神运动发育迟缓或倒退为特征的一组癫痫性脑病综合征。DEEs病因及致病机制复杂,遗传因素占据主导地位。当前,病因驱动治疗已成为制定DEEs管理方案的核心,个别综合征亦有特定的药物适应症。本文综述了目前DEEs的遗传学病因及新型抗癫痫药物在DEEs中的应用前景。旨在优化治疗方案,强调个体化精准诊疗,为提高对这一罕见癫痫疾病的理解和管理提供理论支持。Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEEs) refers to a group of epileptic encephalopathy syndromes that begin in the developmental period and are characterized by development delay or regression. The etiology and pathogenesis of DEEs are complex, with genetic factors dominating. Currently, etiology-driven treatment has become the core of DEEs management, and certain syndromes also have specific drug indications. This article reviews the current genetic etiology of DEEs and the prospects for applying novel antiepileptic drugs in DEEs. It aims to optimize treatment plans, emphasize individualized and precise diagnosis and treatment, and provide theoretical support for improving understanding and management of this rare epilepsy disease.展开更多
噬血综合征又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)属于非肿瘤性组织细胞增生性疾病,是由原发性或者继发性免疫异常所致,常见于儿童,发病急骤,进展迅速,常引起多个器官严重受损;其中,中枢神经系统(Central Nervous System, CNS)受累可达...噬血综合征又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)属于非肿瘤性组织细胞增生性疾病,是由原发性或者继发性免疫异常所致,常见于儿童,发病急骤,进展迅速,常引起多个器官严重受损;其中,中枢神经系统(Central Nervous System, CNS)受累可达63%~93%,且已有越来越多的研究显示:CNS受累是HLH预后不良的独立危险因素,儿童CNS受累的死亡率可高达75%。临床上,明确诊断HLH后,一旦出现神经系统症状、脑脊液或头颅影像学其中一种异常时,CNS受累才能诊断。其中,MRI检查因其无创、无辐射的优势已成为HLH患儿CNS受累的常规评估手段;出现CNS受累时,患者在MRI阳性表现率较高,可有助于早期识别病情。所以,该文主要针对于HLH-CNS受累的认识及研究情况,尤其是HLH-CNS受累的MRI相关影像学研究进展方面进行阐述。Hemophagocytic syndrome, also known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), is a non-neoplastic disorder characterized by the proliferation of tissue macrophages, which can result from primary or secondary immune abnormalities and is most commonly seen in children. The onset of the disease is acute, and it progresses rapidly, often leading to severe damage in multiple organs. Research indicates that central nervous system (CNS) involvement occurs in as many as 63%~93% of cases. Increasing evidence demonstrates that CNS involvement is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in HLH, with mortality rates among affected children reaching up to 75%. In clinical practice, diagnosing CNS involvement relies on a confirmed HLH diagnosis;it can be established when any of the following are present: CNS symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, or cranial imaging abnormalities. MRI has become the standard assessment tool for evaluating CNS involvement in HLH patients due to its non-invasive and radiation-free advantages. When CNS involvement is present, patients typically exhibit a higher rate of positive findings on MRI, aiding in early identification of the condition. This article will focus on the understanding and research status of HLH and its CNS involvement, particularly emphasizing advancements in MRI imaging studies related to HLH-CNS involvement.展开更多
闭塞性细支气管炎综合征(BOS)是造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后最常见的非感染性肺部并发症,该病通常起病隐匿,早期诊断困难,且病理改变不可逆,治疗效果差,导致显著的非复发性死亡率。目前关于儿童HSCT后BOS的研究有限,其临床诊疗仍然面临巨大...闭塞性细支气管炎综合征(BOS)是造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后最常见的非感染性肺部并发症,该病通常起病隐匿,早期诊断困难,且病理改变不可逆,治疗效果差,导致显著的非复发性死亡率。目前关于儿童HSCT后BOS的研究有限,其临床诊疗仍然面临巨大挑战。本文将综述儿童HSCT后BOS的发病率、危险因素、发病机制、诊断标准及治疗进展,旨在为促进该疾病的早期诊断和有效治疗提供理论支持,推动临床实践的发展。Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the most common non-infectious pulmonary complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The disease typically presents with an insidious onset, making early diagnosis challenging. Pathological changes are irreversible, treatment responses are poor, and it leads to significant non-relapse mortality. Currently, research on BOS in pediatric patients post-HSCT is limited, and clinical management remains a substantial challenge. This review summarizes the incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and treatment advances of BOS following pediatric HSCT, aiming to provide theoretical support for early diagnosis and effective treatment of the disease, and to promote the advancement of clinical practice.展开更多
发热待查(fever of unknown origin, FUO)是在儿童中较为常见的一种疾病,由于其病因种类繁多,且临床表现多种多样,使其在临床诊治中面临挑战。本文综述了国内外相关文献,梳理了病史、临床症状、体征及辅助检查结果与FUO病因的关系,旨在...发热待查(fever of unknown origin, FUO)是在儿童中较为常见的一种疾病,由于其病因种类繁多,且临床表现多种多样,使其在临床诊治中面临挑战。本文综述了国内外相关文献,梳理了病史、临床症状、体征及辅助检查结果与FUO病因的关系,旨在为临床医生在儿童FUO的诊断和治疗中提供思路,帮助制定全面合理的诊疗方案。Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a common disease in children. Due to the variety of causes and clinical manifestations, FUO is a challenge in clinical diagnosis and treatment. This article reviewed relevant literature at home and abroad, and sorted out the relationship between the medical history, clinical symptoms, signs and auxiliary examination results and the etiology of FUO, aiming to provide clinicians with ideas in the diagnosis and treatment of FUO in children, and help formulate a comprehensive and reasonable diagnosis and treatment plan.展开更多
免疫出生缺陷(inborn errors of immunity, IEI)是一类主要由单基因变异导致免疫细胞数量和(或)功能异常的疾病,是儿童支气管扩张症的重要病因之一。支气管扩张症会严重影响IEI患儿的生长发育、生存质量及预后,相较于免疫功能正常的儿童...免疫出生缺陷(inborn errors of immunity, IEI)是一类主要由单基因变异导致免疫细胞数量和(或)功能异常的疾病,是儿童支气管扩张症的重要病因之一。支气管扩张症会严重影响IEI患儿的生长发育、生存质量及预后,相较于免疫功能正常的儿童,IEI儿童在无感染情况下病变也可能进展。早期诊断及采取积极的治疗可以预防或减缓支气管扩张症的进展。有效及改善长期结局的治疗手段对IEI患儿至关重要。本文将简述近年IEI相关支气管扩张症的研究进展。Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of diseases caused by single-gene mutations that lead to abnormalities in the number and (or) function of immune cells. It’s one of the main causes of bronchiectasis in children, with the condition having a significant impact on growth and development, quality of life and prognosis. In contrast to children with normal immune function, the lesions of children with IEI may also progress in the absence of infection. Early diagnosis and active treatment can prevent or slow the progression of bronchiectasis. Effective treatments with improved long-term outcomes are crucial for children with IEI. This article will briefly describe the progress of research on IEI-related bronchiectasis in recent years.展开更多
脑水肿是一种非特异性的大脑病理性肿胀,任何类型的神经损伤后都可能发展为局灶性或弥漫性脑水肿。脑水肿可继发于临床上各种颅脑损伤,其也是颅脑损伤患者入院后死亡或残疾的主要原因之一。颅内压(ICP)是颅内内容物(脑组织、血液、脑脊...脑水肿是一种非特异性的大脑病理性肿胀,任何类型的神经损伤后都可能发展为局灶性或弥漫性脑水肿。脑水肿可继发于临床上各种颅脑损伤,其也是颅脑损伤患者入院后死亡或残疾的主要原因之一。颅内压(ICP)是颅内内容物(脑组织、血液、脑脊液)对颅腔侧壁产生的压力,脑水肿也被认为是颅内压(ICP)升高的常见原因之一,颅内高压是儿科常见的急危重症,所以脑水肿的早期识别和治疗是管理颅内病变的关键核心。本文主要探讨脑水肿监测在儿童神经内科疾病中的发展及应用。Cerebral edema is a nonspecific pathologic swelling of the brain that may develop into focal or diffuse cerebral edema after any type of neurological injury. Cerebral edema can occur secondary to a variety of clinical craniocerebral injuries, and it is also one of the leading causes of death or disability in patients with craniocerebral injuries on admission to the hospital. Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure exerted by intracranial contents (brain tissue, blood, cerebrospinal fluid) against the lateral walls of the cranial cavity, and cerebral edema is also considered to be one of the common causes of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Intracranial hypertension is a common acute and critical condition in pediatrics, so early identification and treatment of cerebral edema is a critical core of managing intracranial lesions. This article focuses on the development and application of cerebral edema monitoring in pediatric neurological disorders.展开更多
迁延性细菌性支气管炎(protracted bacterial bronchitis, PBB)是引起儿童慢性咳嗽的常见病因,目前对其呼吸道微生物群特征研究关注度较高,探索影响PBB进展及复发的相关PBB类型。本文就儿童迁延性细菌性支气管炎的下呼吸道微生物群特征...迁延性细菌性支气管炎(protracted bacterial bronchitis, PBB)是引起儿童慢性咳嗽的常见病因,目前对其呼吸道微生物群特征研究关注度较高,探索影响PBB进展及复发的相关PBB类型。本文就儿童迁延性细菌性支气管炎的下呼吸道微生物群特征、生物膜及微生物间的相互作用的研究进展进行总结,以期为PBB患儿提供个体化的医疗策略。Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a common cause of chronic cough in children. Currently, studies have focused on the characteristics of respiratory microbiota and explored the related PBB endotypes that affect the progress and recurrence of PBB. This article reviews the research progress of lower respiratory tract microbiota characteristics, biofilm, and microbial interactions in children with protracted bacterial bronchitis, in order to provide personalized medical strategies for children with PBB.展开更多
文摘A族链球菌(group A Streptococcus,GAS)又称化脓性链球菌,是自然界中一种常见的致病菌,可引起多种疾病,包括浅表性感染、侵袭性感染、毒素介导的疾病以及感染后免疫反应性疾病等[1]。风湿热是GAS感染相关免疫性疾病的典型代表,近年来研究发现,GAS感染还与过敏性紫癜[2]、川崎病[3]、幼年特发性关节炎[4]等多种风湿性疾病发病有一定关联,本文主要就GAS感染与儿童风湿性疾病发病机制进行阐述。
文摘本文深入探讨了儿童癫痫停药复发的相关研究现状。文章首先概述了癫痫在儿童中的发病率以及抗发作药物(ASMs)治疗的普遍性和局限性。重点分析了停药策略,包括无发作时间的确定、药物减量过程,以及单一药物与多药联合治疗的考量。进一步讨论了停药后复发的多种危险因素,如人口统计学因素、癫痫发作的严重程度、癫痫综合征、发作类型、病因、脑电图(EEG)异常、热性惊厥史和家族史,以及其他相关疾病或并发症。此外,综述了儿童癫痫复发预测模型的研究进展,评估了不同模型的贡献与局限性。最后,强调了停药后管理的重要性,包括随访策略和复发后的治疗调整。本综述旨在为临床医生提供停药决策的参考,并指出未来的研究方向,以优化停药策略,降低复发风险,改善患儿预后。This article explores in depth the current research status of drug withdrawal recurrence in children with epilepsy. This article first summarized the incidence rate of epilepsy in children and the universality and limitations of antiseizure medications (ASMs) treatment. The key analysis focuses on the cessation strategy, including the determination of seizure-free time, the process of drug reduction, and the consideration of single-drug and multi-drug combination therapy. Further discussion was conducted on various risk factors for relapse after discontinuation of medication, such as demographic factors, severity of seizures, epilepsy syndrome, seizure type, etiology, abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG), history of febrile seizures and family history, as well as other related diseases or complications. In addition, the research progress of predictive models for childhood epilepsy recurrence was reviewed, and the contributions and limitations of different models were evaluated. Finally, the importance of post-discontinuation management was emphasized, including follow-up strategies and treatment adjustments after relapse. This review aims to provide clinical doctors with reference for drug discontinuation decisions and point out future research directions to optimize discontinuation strategies, reduce the risk of recurrence, and improve the prognosis of pediatric patients.
文摘迄今为止,术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting, PONV)仍然是围术期间严重的并发症之一,它增加了患者手术切口破裂,出血的风险并可能导致吸入性肺炎,电解质紊乱,脱水等不良事件的发生,增加了患者的住院时间以及费用,在一定程度上影响了患者术后的生活品质。预防术后恶心呕吐仍然是临床上热议的话题之一,特别是预防儿童术后恶心呕吐更应该得到大众的关注。这篇文章综述了最近几十年对于预防儿童PONV的研究进展的总结。To date, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is still one of the serious complications during perioperative surgery, which increases the risk of surgical incision rupture and bleeding and may lead to aspiration pneumonia, electrolyte imbalance, dehydration and other adverse events, increases the length of hospital stay and costs, and affects the quality of life of patients after surgery to a certain extent. The prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting is still one of the hot topics in clinical practice, especially the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in children should receive more public attention. This article summarizes recent advances in research on the prevention of PONV in children.
文摘发育性癫痫性脑病(developmental and epilepsy encephalopathies, DEEs)是指起病于发育期,以精神运动发育迟缓或倒退为特征的一组癫痫性脑病综合征。DEEs病因及致病机制复杂,遗传因素占据主导地位。当前,病因驱动治疗已成为制定DEEs管理方案的核心,个别综合征亦有特定的药物适应症。本文综述了目前DEEs的遗传学病因及新型抗癫痫药物在DEEs中的应用前景。旨在优化治疗方案,强调个体化精准诊疗,为提高对这一罕见癫痫疾病的理解和管理提供理论支持。Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEEs) refers to a group of epileptic encephalopathy syndromes that begin in the developmental period and are characterized by development delay or regression. The etiology and pathogenesis of DEEs are complex, with genetic factors dominating. Currently, etiology-driven treatment has become the core of DEEs management, and certain syndromes also have specific drug indications. This article reviews the current genetic etiology of DEEs and the prospects for applying novel antiepileptic drugs in DEEs. It aims to optimize treatment plans, emphasize individualized and precise diagnosis and treatment, and provide theoretical support for improving understanding and management of this rare epilepsy disease.
文摘噬血综合征又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)属于非肿瘤性组织细胞增生性疾病,是由原发性或者继发性免疫异常所致,常见于儿童,发病急骤,进展迅速,常引起多个器官严重受损;其中,中枢神经系统(Central Nervous System, CNS)受累可达63%~93%,且已有越来越多的研究显示:CNS受累是HLH预后不良的独立危险因素,儿童CNS受累的死亡率可高达75%。临床上,明确诊断HLH后,一旦出现神经系统症状、脑脊液或头颅影像学其中一种异常时,CNS受累才能诊断。其中,MRI检查因其无创、无辐射的优势已成为HLH患儿CNS受累的常规评估手段;出现CNS受累时,患者在MRI阳性表现率较高,可有助于早期识别病情。所以,该文主要针对于HLH-CNS受累的认识及研究情况,尤其是HLH-CNS受累的MRI相关影像学研究进展方面进行阐述。Hemophagocytic syndrome, also known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), is a non-neoplastic disorder characterized by the proliferation of tissue macrophages, which can result from primary or secondary immune abnormalities and is most commonly seen in children. The onset of the disease is acute, and it progresses rapidly, often leading to severe damage in multiple organs. Research indicates that central nervous system (CNS) involvement occurs in as many as 63%~93% of cases. Increasing evidence demonstrates that CNS involvement is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in HLH, with mortality rates among affected children reaching up to 75%. In clinical practice, diagnosing CNS involvement relies on a confirmed HLH diagnosis;it can be established when any of the following are present: CNS symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, or cranial imaging abnormalities. MRI has become the standard assessment tool for evaluating CNS involvement in HLH patients due to its non-invasive and radiation-free advantages. When CNS involvement is present, patients typically exhibit a higher rate of positive findings on MRI, aiding in early identification of the condition. This article will focus on the understanding and research status of HLH and its CNS involvement, particularly emphasizing advancements in MRI imaging studies related to HLH-CNS involvement.
文摘闭塞性细支气管炎综合征(BOS)是造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后最常见的非感染性肺部并发症,该病通常起病隐匿,早期诊断困难,且病理改变不可逆,治疗效果差,导致显著的非复发性死亡率。目前关于儿童HSCT后BOS的研究有限,其临床诊疗仍然面临巨大挑战。本文将综述儿童HSCT后BOS的发病率、危险因素、发病机制、诊断标准及治疗进展,旨在为促进该疾病的早期诊断和有效治疗提供理论支持,推动临床实践的发展。Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the most common non-infectious pulmonary complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The disease typically presents with an insidious onset, making early diagnosis challenging. Pathological changes are irreversible, treatment responses are poor, and it leads to significant non-relapse mortality. Currently, research on BOS in pediatric patients post-HSCT is limited, and clinical management remains a substantial challenge. This review summarizes the incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and treatment advances of BOS following pediatric HSCT, aiming to provide theoretical support for early diagnosis and effective treatment of the disease, and to promote the advancement of clinical practice.
文摘发热待查(fever of unknown origin, FUO)是在儿童中较为常见的一种疾病,由于其病因种类繁多,且临床表现多种多样,使其在临床诊治中面临挑战。本文综述了国内外相关文献,梳理了病史、临床症状、体征及辅助检查结果与FUO病因的关系,旨在为临床医生在儿童FUO的诊断和治疗中提供思路,帮助制定全面合理的诊疗方案。Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a common disease in children. Due to the variety of causes and clinical manifestations, FUO is a challenge in clinical diagnosis and treatment. This article reviewed relevant literature at home and abroad, and sorted out the relationship between the medical history, clinical symptoms, signs and auxiliary examination results and the etiology of FUO, aiming to provide clinicians with ideas in the diagnosis and treatment of FUO in children, and help formulate a comprehensive and reasonable diagnosis and treatment plan.
文摘免疫出生缺陷(inborn errors of immunity, IEI)是一类主要由单基因变异导致免疫细胞数量和(或)功能异常的疾病,是儿童支气管扩张症的重要病因之一。支气管扩张症会严重影响IEI患儿的生长发育、生存质量及预后,相较于免疫功能正常的儿童,IEI儿童在无感染情况下病变也可能进展。早期诊断及采取积极的治疗可以预防或减缓支气管扩张症的进展。有效及改善长期结局的治疗手段对IEI患儿至关重要。本文将简述近年IEI相关支气管扩张症的研究进展。Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of diseases caused by single-gene mutations that lead to abnormalities in the number and (or) function of immune cells. It’s one of the main causes of bronchiectasis in children, with the condition having a significant impact on growth and development, quality of life and prognosis. In contrast to children with normal immune function, the lesions of children with IEI may also progress in the absence of infection. Early diagnosis and active treatment can prevent or slow the progression of bronchiectasis. Effective treatments with improved long-term outcomes are crucial for children with IEI. This article will briefly describe the progress of research on IEI-related bronchiectasis in recent years.
文摘脑水肿是一种非特异性的大脑病理性肿胀,任何类型的神经损伤后都可能发展为局灶性或弥漫性脑水肿。脑水肿可继发于临床上各种颅脑损伤,其也是颅脑损伤患者入院后死亡或残疾的主要原因之一。颅内压(ICP)是颅内内容物(脑组织、血液、脑脊液)对颅腔侧壁产生的压力,脑水肿也被认为是颅内压(ICP)升高的常见原因之一,颅内高压是儿科常见的急危重症,所以脑水肿的早期识别和治疗是管理颅内病变的关键核心。本文主要探讨脑水肿监测在儿童神经内科疾病中的发展及应用。Cerebral edema is a nonspecific pathologic swelling of the brain that may develop into focal or diffuse cerebral edema after any type of neurological injury. Cerebral edema can occur secondary to a variety of clinical craniocerebral injuries, and it is also one of the leading causes of death or disability in patients with craniocerebral injuries on admission to the hospital. Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure exerted by intracranial contents (brain tissue, blood, cerebrospinal fluid) against the lateral walls of the cranial cavity, and cerebral edema is also considered to be one of the common causes of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Intracranial hypertension is a common acute and critical condition in pediatrics, so early identification and treatment of cerebral edema is a critical core of managing intracranial lesions. This article focuses on the development and application of cerebral edema monitoring in pediatric neurological disorders.
文摘迁延性细菌性支气管炎(protracted bacterial bronchitis, PBB)是引起儿童慢性咳嗽的常见病因,目前对其呼吸道微生物群特征研究关注度较高,探索影响PBB进展及复发的相关PBB类型。本文就儿童迁延性细菌性支气管炎的下呼吸道微生物群特征、生物膜及微生物间的相互作用的研究进展进行总结,以期为PBB患儿提供个体化的医疗策略。Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a common cause of chronic cough in children. Currently, studies have focused on the characteristics of respiratory microbiota and explored the related PBB endotypes that affect the progress and recurrence of PBB. This article reviews the research progress of lower respiratory tract microbiota characteristics, biofilm, and microbial interactions in children with protracted bacterial bronchitis, in order to provide personalized medical strategies for children with PBB.
