胰腺癌是一种高度侵袭性且预后极差的恶性肿瘤,其五年生存率极低,已成为全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一。近年来,研究发现肿瘤微环境(TME)在胰腺癌的发生、发展及治疗抵抗中起着至关重要的作用。TME由肿瘤细胞、基质细胞、免疫细胞、...胰腺癌是一种高度侵袭性且预后极差的恶性肿瘤,其五年生存率极低,已成为全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一。近年来,研究发现肿瘤微环境(TME)在胰腺癌的发生、发展及治疗抵抗中起着至关重要的作用。TME由肿瘤细胞、基质细胞、免疫细胞、血管内皮细胞及其分泌的多种因子和信号分子组成,这些成分通过复杂的相互作用共同塑造了胰腺癌的侵袭性和治疗反应。研究表明,TME中的缺氧状态、免疫逃逸机制以及基质细胞的异常活化与胰腺癌的侵袭性和转移能力密切相关。此外,转化生长因子-β (TGF-β)和焦点黏附激酶(FAK)等信号通路的异常激活进一步推动了肿瘤的恶性进展。在病理特征方面,TME中的缺氧状态、免疫–基质交互作用及关键分子标志物的表达水平显著影响胰腺癌的病理分级、淋巴结转移及血管生成过程。特别是缺氧诱导因子2 (HIF-2)和Twist的高表达与肿瘤的高级别病理特征和侵袭性密切相关。在生存分析中,TME中的特定标志物和亚型分类为胰腺癌患者的预后评估提供了重要依据。HIF-2、Twist及KRAS突变等分子标志物与患者的生存期显著相关,而基于TME特征的亚型分类揭示了肿瘤的生物学异质性,为个体化治疗策略的制定提供了理论支持。通过深入研究胰腺癌TME与病理特征及生存分析的关系,有望为改善患者预后和开发新型治疗策略提供新的方向。Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with a very poor prognosis, and its five-year survival rate is extremely low, making it one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In recent years, studies have found that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the occurrence, development, and therapeutic resistance of pancreatic cancer. The TME is composed of tumor cells, stromal cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, and various factors and signaling molecules they secrete. These components interact in complex ways to shape the aggressiveness and therapeutic response of pancreatic cancer. Research indicates that hypoxia, immune escape mechanisms, and abnormal activation of stromal cells in the TME are closely related to the invasiveness and metastatic ability of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, the abnormal activation of signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) further promotes the malignant progression of the tumor. In terms of pathological characteristics, the hypoxic state in the TME, immune-stromal interactions, and the expression levels of key molecular markers significantly affect the pathological grading, lymph node metastasis, and angiogenesis of pancreatic cancer. In particular, the high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF-2) and Twist is closely related to the high-grade pathological features and invasiveness of the tumor. In survival analysis, specific markers and subtype classifications in the TME provide an important basis for the prognosis assessment of pancreatic cancer patients. Molecular markers such as HIF-2, Twist, and KRAS mutations are significantly associated with patient survival, and subtype classifications based on TME characteristics reveal the biological heterogeneity of the tumor, providing theoretical support for the formulation of personalized treatment strategies. By further studying the relationship between the TME of pancreatic cancer and pathological features as well as survival analysis, new directions can be provided for improving patient prognosis and developing novel therapeutic strategies.展开更多
文摘胰腺癌是一种高度侵袭性且预后极差的恶性肿瘤,其五年生存率极低,已成为全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一。近年来,研究发现肿瘤微环境(TME)在胰腺癌的发生、发展及治疗抵抗中起着至关重要的作用。TME由肿瘤细胞、基质细胞、免疫细胞、血管内皮细胞及其分泌的多种因子和信号分子组成,这些成分通过复杂的相互作用共同塑造了胰腺癌的侵袭性和治疗反应。研究表明,TME中的缺氧状态、免疫逃逸机制以及基质细胞的异常活化与胰腺癌的侵袭性和转移能力密切相关。此外,转化生长因子-β (TGF-β)和焦点黏附激酶(FAK)等信号通路的异常激活进一步推动了肿瘤的恶性进展。在病理特征方面,TME中的缺氧状态、免疫–基质交互作用及关键分子标志物的表达水平显著影响胰腺癌的病理分级、淋巴结转移及血管生成过程。特别是缺氧诱导因子2 (HIF-2)和Twist的高表达与肿瘤的高级别病理特征和侵袭性密切相关。在生存分析中,TME中的特定标志物和亚型分类为胰腺癌患者的预后评估提供了重要依据。HIF-2、Twist及KRAS突变等分子标志物与患者的生存期显著相关,而基于TME特征的亚型分类揭示了肿瘤的生物学异质性,为个体化治疗策略的制定提供了理论支持。通过深入研究胰腺癌TME与病理特征及生存分析的关系,有望为改善患者预后和开发新型治疗策略提供新的方向。Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with a very poor prognosis, and its five-year survival rate is extremely low, making it one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In recent years, studies have found that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the occurrence, development, and therapeutic resistance of pancreatic cancer. The TME is composed of tumor cells, stromal cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, and various factors and signaling molecules they secrete. These components interact in complex ways to shape the aggressiveness and therapeutic response of pancreatic cancer. Research indicates that hypoxia, immune escape mechanisms, and abnormal activation of stromal cells in the TME are closely related to the invasiveness and metastatic ability of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, the abnormal activation of signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) further promotes the malignant progression of the tumor. In terms of pathological characteristics, the hypoxic state in the TME, immune-stromal interactions, and the expression levels of key molecular markers significantly affect the pathological grading, lymph node metastasis, and angiogenesis of pancreatic cancer. In particular, the high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF-2) and Twist is closely related to the high-grade pathological features and invasiveness of the tumor. In survival analysis, specific markers and subtype classifications in the TME provide an important basis for the prognosis assessment of pancreatic cancer patients. Molecular markers such as HIF-2, Twist, and KRAS mutations are significantly associated with patient survival, and subtype classifications based on TME characteristics reveal the biological heterogeneity of the tumor, providing theoretical support for the formulation of personalized treatment strategies. By further studying the relationship between the TME of pancreatic cancer and pathological features as well as survival analysis, new directions can be provided for improving patient prognosis and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
