The accumulation of excessive nitrate in the atmosphere not only jeopardizes human health but also disrupts the balance of the nitrogen cycle in the ecosystem.Among various nitrate removal technologies,electrocatalyti...The accumulation of excessive nitrate in the atmosphere not only jeopardizes human health but also disrupts the balance of the nitrogen cycle in the ecosystem.Among various nitrate removal technologies,electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(eNO_(3)RR)has been widely studied for its advantages of being eco-friendly,easy to operate,and controllable under environmental conditions with renewable energy as the driving force.Transition metal-based catalysts(TMCs)have been widely used in electrocatalysis due to their abundant reserves,low costs,easy-to-regulate electronic structure and considerable electrochemical activity.In addition,TMCs have been extensively studied in terms of the kinetics of the nitrate reduction reaction,the moderate adsorption energy of nitrogen-containing species and the active hydrogen supply capacity.Based on this,this review firstly discusses the mechanism as well as analyzes the two main reduction products(N_(2)and NH_(3))of eNO_(3)RR,and reveals the basic guidelines for the design of efficient nitrate catalysts from the perspective of the reaction mechanism.Secondly,this review mainly focuses on the recent advances in the direction of eNO_(3RR)with four types of TMCs,Fe,Co,Ni and Cu,and unveils the interfacial modulation strategies of Fe,Co,Ni and Cu catalysts for the activity,reaction pathway and stability.Finally,reasonable suggestions and opportunities are proposed for the challenges and future development of eNO_(3)RR.This review provides far-reaching implications for exploring cost-effective TMCs to replace high-cost noble metal catalysts(NMCs)for eNO_(3)RR.展开更多
传统的岩石取样方法以及模具浇筑常受到人工操作误差及取样内部结构复杂差异大的影响,导致岩石试件获取的周期时间长,精度低,造成试样的力学试验结果离散性大。3D打印技术具有精度高、周期短、打印材料多样化等优点,考虑到岩石力学研究...传统的岩石取样方法以及模具浇筑常受到人工操作误差及取样内部结构复杂差异大的影响,导致岩石试件获取的周期时间长,精度低,造成试样的力学试验结果离散性大。3D打印技术具有精度高、周期短、打印材料多样化等优点,考虑到岩石力学研究受到试件各向异性、结构面复杂、随机性高及试件制备存在误差等因素影响,为寻求能够模拟天然煤岩的3D打印材料,选取了聚乳酸塑料(PLA)、光敏树脂材料SLA600及Vero White Plus,以及覆膜砂粉末材料4种材料制备标准力学试验试件进行单轴压缩试验,获取了4种材料的3D打印试样的力学参数及应力-应变曲线,并对比分析了它们与煤岩的表观破裂模式的相似性。结果表明:光敏树脂材料Vero White Plus与砂岩岩样的峰值强度、杨氏模量、泊松比及应力-应变曲线整体趋势相近;覆膜砂材料与所选煤样的峰值强度、杨氏模量及应力-应变曲线相近;表观破坏模式方面,PLA材料未发生与煤岩相似的脆性破坏;两种光敏树脂材料均发生了拉张与剪切破裂,其中SLA600材料表现出局部膨胀性,Vero White Plus材料与SLA600相比更适合模拟高强度的脆性硬岩;而覆膜砂3D打印试件的破裂特征及力学特性与低强度软岩相似,可作为低强度的脆性煤体的3D打印相似材料。展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52172291 and 52122312)“Dawn”Program of Shanghai Education Commission,China(No.22SG31)。
文摘The accumulation of excessive nitrate in the atmosphere not only jeopardizes human health but also disrupts the balance of the nitrogen cycle in the ecosystem.Among various nitrate removal technologies,electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(eNO_(3)RR)has been widely studied for its advantages of being eco-friendly,easy to operate,and controllable under environmental conditions with renewable energy as the driving force.Transition metal-based catalysts(TMCs)have been widely used in electrocatalysis due to their abundant reserves,low costs,easy-to-regulate electronic structure and considerable electrochemical activity.In addition,TMCs have been extensively studied in terms of the kinetics of the nitrate reduction reaction,the moderate adsorption energy of nitrogen-containing species and the active hydrogen supply capacity.Based on this,this review firstly discusses the mechanism as well as analyzes the two main reduction products(N_(2)and NH_(3))of eNO_(3)RR,and reveals the basic guidelines for the design of efficient nitrate catalysts from the perspective of the reaction mechanism.Secondly,this review mainly focuses on the recent advances in the direction of eNO_(3RR)with four types of TMCs,Fe,Co,Ni and Cu,and unveils the interfacial modulation strategies of Fe,Co,Ni and Cu catalysts for the activity,reaction pathway and stability.Finally,reasonable suggestions and opportunities are proposed for the challenges and future development of eNO_(3)RR.This review provides far-reaching implications for exploring cost-effective TMCs to replace high-cost noble metal catalysts(NMCs)for eNO_(3)RR.
文摘传统的岩石取样方法以及模具浇筑常受到人工操作误差及取样内部结构复杂差异大的影响,导致岩石试件获取的周期时间长,精度低,造成试样的力学试验结果离散性大。3D打印技术具有精度高、周期短、打印材料多样化等优点,考虑到岩石力学研究受到试件各向异性、结构面复杂、随机性高及试件制备存在误差等因素影响,为寻求能够模拟天然煤岩的3D打印材料,选取了聚乳酸塑料(PLA)、光敏树脂材料SLA600及Vero White Plus,以及覆膜砂粉末材料4种材料制备标准力学试验试件进行单轴压缩试验,获取了4种材料的3D打印试样的力学参数及应力-应变曲线,并对比分析了它们与煤岩的表观破裂模式的相似性。结果表明:光敏树脂材料Vero White Plus与砂岩岩样的峰值强度、杨氏模量、泊松比及应力-应变曲线整体趋势相近;覆膜砂材料与所选煤样的峰值强度、杨氏模量及应力-应变曲线相近;表观破坏模式方面,PLA材料未发生与煤岩相似的脆性破坏;两种光敏树脂材料均发生了拉张与剪切破裂,其中SLA600材料表现出局部膨胀性,Vero White Plus材料与SLA600相比更适合模拟高强度的脆性硬岩;而覆膜砂3D打印试件的破裂特征及力学特性与低强度软岩相似,可作为低强度的脆性煤体的3D打印相似材料。
