Background:Recently,Mullen et al.(2011)presented an 8-item version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale(PACES)that provides a valid instrument for assessing enjoyment in physical activity.The present paper investi...Background:Recently,Mullen et al.(2011)presented an 8-item version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale(PACES)that provides a valid instrument for assessing enjoyment in physical activity.The present paper investigated the psychometric properties of a Portuguese adaptation of PACES.Methods:After a process of back-to-back translation into Portuguese,395 members of fitness centers who ranged in age from 18 to 66 years(31.11§8.90,mean§SD)completed the translated version of the PACES.On average,participants had 3.2 years of experience in fitness group classes and practiced for approximately 3.3 times per week.Results:An initial exploratory factor analysis(n=139)revealed a unidimensional structure with factor loadings ranging from 0.79 to 0.89.Results also showed acceptable internal consistency.A confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample(n=256)provided additional support for the unidimensional structure of the questionnaire.In addition,moderate positive correlations between enjoyment and intrinsic and identified regulation,and moderate negative correlations between enjoyment and external and amotivation,demonstrate the convergent validity of the instrument.Finally,measurement invariance between 2 independent samples was also found.Conclusion:The 8-item Portuguese version of PACES is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring enjoyment of physical activity in Portuguese adult fitness exercisers,and it is therefore suitable to use as a measure of affect in exercise adherence interventions studies.展开更多
Animals living in heterogeneous natural environments adopt different camouflage strategies against different backgrounds,and behavioral adaptation is crucial for their survival.However,studies of camouflage strategies...Animals living in heterogeneous natural environments adopt different camouflage strategies against different backgrounds,and behavioral adaptation is crucial for their survival.However,studies of camouflage strategies have not always quantified the effect of multiple strategies used together.In the present study,we used a human visual model to quantify similarities in color and shape between the carapace patterns of two Cuora species and their preferred habitats.Our results showed that the color of the middle stripe on the carapace of Cuora galbinifrons(Indochinese box turtle)was significantly similar to the color of their preferred substrates.Meanwhile,the middle stripe on the carapace of C.mouhotii(keeled box turtle)contrasted more with their preferred substrates,and the side stripe matched most closely with the environment.Furthermore,the carapace side stripe of C.galbinifrons and the carapace middle stripe of C.mouhotii highly contrasted with their preferred substrates.We quantified the similarity in shape between the highcontrast stripes of both Cuora species and leaves from their habitats.The carapace middle stripe of C.mouhotii was most similar in shape to leaves from the broadleaves substrate,and the carapace side stripe of C.galbinifrons was the most similar in shape to leaves from the bamboo-leaves substrate.We determined that these species adopt partial masquerading when their entire carapace is exposed and partially match their background when they semi-cover themselves in leaf litter.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to demonstrate that partial masquerading and background matching improve the camouflage effect of Asian box turtles in their preferred habitats.This is a novel study focusing on the influence of the shape and color of individual carapace segments on reducing detectability and recognition.展开更多
Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(NRF2),a transcription factor,is a master regulator of an array of genes related to oxidative and electrophilic stress that promote and maintain redox homeostasis.NRF2 function is wel...Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(NRF2),a transcription factor,is a master regulator of an array of genes related to oxidative and electrophilic stress that promote and maintain redox homeostasis.NRF2 function is well studied in in vitro,animal and general physiology models.However,emerging data has uncovered novel functionality of this transcription factor in human diseases such as cancer,autism,anxiety disorders and diabetes.A key finding in these emerging roles has been its constitutive upregulation in multiple cancers promoting pro-survival phenotypes.The survivability pathways in these studies were mostly explained by classical NRF2 activation involving KEAP-1 relief and transcriptional induction of reactive oxygen species(ROS)neutralizing and cytoprotective drug-metabolizing enzymes(phase I,II,III and 0).Further,NRF2 status and activation is associated with lowered cancer therapeutic efficacy and the eventual emergence of therapeutic resistance.Interestingly,we and others have provided further evidence of direct NRF2 regulation of anticancer drug targets like receptor tyrosine kinases and DNA damage and repair proteins and kinases with implications for therapy outcome.This novel finding demonstrates a renewed role of NRF2 as a key modulatory factor informing anticancer therapeutic outcomes,which extends beyond its described classical role as a ROS regulator.This review will provide a knowledge base for these emerging roles of NRF2 in anticancer therapies involving feedback and feed forward models and will consolidate and present such findings in a systematic manner.This places NRF2 as a key determinant of action,effectiveness and resistance to anticancer therapy.展开更多
文摘Background:Recently,Mullen et al.(2011)presented an 8-item version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale(PACES)that provides a valid instrument for assessing enjoyment in physical activity.The present paper investigated the psychometric properties of a Portuguese adaptation of PACES.Methods:After a process of back-to-back translation into Portuguese,395 members of fitness centers who ranged in age from 18 to 66 years(31.11§8.90,mean§SD)completed the translated version of the PACES.On average,participants had 3.2 years of experience in fitness group classes and practiced for approximately 3.3 times per week.Results:An initial exploratory factor analysis(n=139)revealed a unidimensional structure with factor loadings ranging from 0.79 to 0.89.Results also showed acceptable internal consistency.A confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample(n=256)provided additional support for the unidimensional structure of the questionnaire.In addition,moderate positive correlations between enjoyment and intrinsic and identified regulation,and moderate negative correlations between enjoyment and external and amotivation,demonstrate the convergent validity of the instrument.Finally,measurement invariance between 2 independent samples was also found.Conclusion:The 8-item Portuguese version of PACES is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring enjoyment of physical activity in Portuguese adult fitness exercisers,and it is therefore suitable to use as a measure of affect in exercise adherence interventions studies.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772486)the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(319MS047 and 320CXTD437)。
文摘Animals living in heterogeneous natural environments adopt different camouflage strategies against different backgrounds,and behavioral adaptation is crucial for their survival.However,studies of camouflage strategies have not always quantified the effect of multiple strategies used together.In the present study,we used a human visual model to quantify similarities in color and shape between the carapace patterns of two Cuora species and their preferred habitats.Our results showed that the color of the middle stripe on the carapace of Cuora galbinifrons(Indochinese box turtle)was significantly similar to the color of their preferred substrates.Meanwhile,the middle stripe on the carapace of C.mouhotii(keeled box turtle)contrasted more with their preferred substrates,and the side stripe matched most closely with the environment.Furthermore,the carapace side stripe of C.galbinifrons and the carapace middle stripe of C.mouhotii highly contrasted with their preferred substrates.We quantified the similarity in shape between the highcontrast stripes of both Cuora species and leaves from their habitats.The carapace middle stripe of C.mouhotii was most similar in shape to leaves from the broadleaves substrate,and the carapace side stripe of C.galbinifrons was the most similar in shape to leaves from the bamboo-leaves substrate.We determined that these species adopt partial masquerading when their entire carapace is exposed and partially match their background when they semi-cover themselves in leaf litter.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to demonstrate that partial masquerading and background matching improve the camouflage effect of Asian box turtles in their preferred habitats.This is a novel study focusing on the influence of the shape and color of individual carapace segments on reducing detectability and recognition.
文摘Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(NRF2),a transcription factor,is a master regulator of an array of genes related to oxidative and electrophilic stress that promote and maintain redox homeostasis.NRF2 function is well studied in in vitro,animal and general physiology models.However,emerging data has uncovered novel functionality of this transcription factor in human diseases such as cancer,autism,anxiety disorders and diabetes.A key finding in these emerging roles has been its constitutive upregulation in multiple cancers promoting pro-survival phenotypes.The survivability pathways in these studies were mostly explained by classical NRF2 activation involving KEAP-1 relief and transcriptional induction of reactive oxygen species(ROS)neutralizing and cytoprotective drug-metabolizing enzymes(phase I,II,III and 0).Further,NRF2 status and activation is associated with lowered cancer therapeutic efficacy and the eventual emergence of therapeutic resistance.Interestingly,we and others have provided further evidence of direct NRF2 regulation of anticancer drug targets like receptor tyrosine kinases and DNA damage and repair proteins and kinases with implications for therapy outcome.This novel finding demonstrates a renewed role of NRF2 as a key modulatory factor informing anticancer therapeutic outcomes,which extends beyond its described classical role as a ROS regulator.This review will provide a knowledge base for these emerging roles of NRF2 in anticancer therapies involving feedback and feed forward models and will consolidate and present such findings in a systematic manner.This places NRF2 as a key determinant of action,effectiveness and resistance to anticancer therapy.
