This paper develops a risk table to facilitate incorporation of additional information into the fisheries stock assessment and management process.The risk table is designed to evaluate unanticipated ecosystem and envi...This paper develops a risk table to facilitate incorporation of additional information into the fisheries stock assessment and management process.The risk table is designed to evaluate unanticipated ecosystem and environmental impacts on marine resources that may require a rapid management response.The risk table is a standardized framework to document concerns about the assessment model,population dynamics,and the ecosystem/environment that are not explicitly addressed within the stock assessment model.A scoring procedure is used to evaluate the severity of the concern.These concerns can then be evaluated in support for or against a reduction from the maximum Acceptable Biological Catch while providing reviewers and stakeholders transparent documentation of the concerns.The risk table was applied successfully to several stocks on a trial basis during the 2018 groundfish assessment cycle for the North Pacific Fishery Management Council,and will be used for all full groundfish assessments in 2019.Rapid changes in climate are likely for Alaska marine ecosystems in coming decades,and these changes are not entirely predicable.Therefore,we avocate that the risk table approach should be included in the suite of management tools used to address the effects of climate change on Alaska marine resources.展开更多
China’s 13th Five-Year Plan elevated the national mandate for environmental sustainability.Chinese fisheries are characterized by full retention of high diversity catch harvested using unselective gears,creating ecol...China’s 13th Five-Year Plan elevated the national mandate for environmental sustainability.Chinese fisheries are characterized by full retention of high diversity catch harvested using unselective gears,creating ecological risks.Therefore,China launched pilot projects in management by Total Allowable Catch(TAC)in five coastal provinces in 2017 and 2018 to build experience with output controls.Fujian province launched an important pilot in its swimming crab fishery,the first to adopt a multispecies approach.To guide Fujian and other provinces in multispecies management,a workshop in April 2018 shared international experience.The workshop considered 13 case studies spanning a wide range of underlying scientific models and types of harvest controls.Multispecies harvest controls based on simple survey-or index-based models that aggregate trends for many species are typically operationally easier for managers and fishers.However,inadequate management can cause declines of individual species,sometimes leading to adoption of species-specific models and then species-specific harvest controls.This transition often incurs economic costs through scientific and management demands,and constraints on harvest of co-occurring species.The lessons revealed by the case studies suggest multispecies TACs might be effective in the Fujian swimming crab fishery given the modest number of species with similar and productive life history traits,and the market demand for all species.Continued experimentation with different management approaches through pilot projects can enable China to maintain progress toward sustainable fisheries goals under the 14th Five-Year Plan.展开更多
Risk assessments quantify the probability of undesirable events along with their consequences.They are used to prioritize management interventions and assess tradeoffs,serving as an essential component of ecosystem-ba...Risk assessments quantify the probability of undesirable events along with their consequences.They are used to prioritize management interventions and assess tradeoffs,serving as an essential component of ecosystem-based management(EBM).A central objective of most risk assessments for conservation and management is to characterize uncertainty and impacts associated with one or more pressures of interest.Risk assessments have been used in marine resource management to help evaluate the risk of environmental,ecological,and anthropogenic pressures on species or habitats including for data-poor fisheries management(e.g.,toxicity,probability of extinction,habitat alteration impacts).Traditionally,marine risk assessments focused on singular pressure-response relationships,but recent advancements have included use of risk assessments in an EBM context,providing a method for evaluating the cumulative impacts of multiple pressures on multiple ecosystem components.Here,we describe a conceptual framework for ecosystem risk assessment(ERA),highlighting its role in operationalizing EBM,with specific attention to ocean management considerations.This framework builds on the ecotoxicological and conservation literature on risk assessment and includes recent advances that focus on risks posed by fishing to marine ecosystems.We review how examples of ERAs from the United States fit into this framework,explore the variety of analytical approaches that have been used to conduct ERAs,and assess the challenges and data gaps that remain.This review discusses future prospects for ERAs as EBM decision-support tools,their expanded role in integrated ecosystem assessments,and the development of next-generation risk assessments for coupled natural-human systems.展开更多
文摘This paper develops a risk table to facilitate incorporation of additional information into the fisheries stock assessment and management process.The risk table is designed to evaluate unanticipated ecosystem and environmental impacts on marine resources that may require a rapid management response.The risk table is a standardized framework to document concerns about the assessment model,population dynamics,and the ecosystem/environment that are not explicitly addressed within the stock assessment model.A scoring procedure is used to evaluate the severity of the concern.These concerns can then be evaluated in support for or against a reduction from the maximum Acceptable Biological Catch while providing reviewers and stakeholders transparent documentation of the concerns.The risk table was applied successfully to several stocks on a trial basis during the 2018 groundfish assessment cycle for the North Pacific Fishery Management Council,and will be used for all full groundfish assessments in 2019.Rapid changes in climate are likely for Alaska marine ecosystems in coming decades,and these changes are not entirely predicable.Therefore,we avocate that the risk table approach should be included in the suite of management tools used to address the effects of climate change on Alaska marine resources.
文摘China’s 13th Five-Year Plan elevated the national mandate for environmental sustainability.Chinese fisheries are characterized by full retention of high diversity catch harvested using unselective gears,creating ecological risks.Therefore,China launched pilot projects in management by Total Allowable Catch(TAC)in five coastal provinces in 2017 and 2018 to build experience with output controls.Fujian province launched an important pilot in its swimming crab fishery,the first to adopt a multispecies approach.To guide Fujian and other provinces in multispecies management,a workshop in April 2018 shared international experience.The workshop considered 13 case studies spanning a wide range of underlying scientific models and types of harvest controls.Multispecies harvest controls based on simple survey-or index-based models that aggregate trends for many species are typically operationally easier for managers and fishers.However,inadequate management can cause declines of individual species,sometimes leading to adoption of species-specific models and then species-specific harvest controls.This transition often incurs economic costs through scientific and management demands,and constraints on harvest of co-occurring species.The lessons revealed by the case studies suggest multispecies TACs might be effective in the Fujian swimming crab fishery given the modest number of species with similar and productive life history traits,and the market demand for all species.Continued experimentation with different management approaches through pilot projects can enable China to maintain progress toward sustainable fisheries goals under the 14th Five-Year Plan.
文摘Risk assessments quantify the probability of undesirable events along with their consequences.They are used to prioritize management interventions and assess tradeoffs,serving as an essential component of ecosystem-based management(EBM).A central objective of most risk assessments for conservation and management is to characterize uncertainty and impacts associated with one or more pressures of interest.Risk assessments have been used in marine resource management to help evaluate the risk of environmental,ecological,and anthropogenic pressures on species or habitats including for data-poor fisheries management(e.g.,toxicity,probability of extinction,habitat alteration impacts).Traditionally,marine risk assessments focused on singular pressure-response relationships,but recent advancements have included use of risk assessments in an EBM context,providing a method for evaluating the cumulative impacts of multiple pressures on multiple ecosystem components.Here,we describe a conceptual framework for ecosystem risk assessment(ERA),highlighting its role in operationalizing EBM,with specific attention to ocean management considerations.This framework builds on the ecotoxicological and conservation literature on risk assessment and includes recent advances that focus on risks posed by fishing to marine ecosystems.We review how examples of ERAs from the United States fit into this framework,explore the variety of analytical approaches that have been used to conduct ERAs,and assess the challenges and data gaps that remain.This review discusses future prospects for ERAs as EBM decision-support tools,their expanded role in integrated ecosystem assessments,and the development of next-generation risk assessments for coupled natural-human systems.