Background Dementia is a chronic brain disorder classified by four distinct diseases that impact cognition and mental degeneration. Each subgroup exhibits similar brain deficiencies and mutations. This review will foc...Background Dementia is a chronic brain disorder classified by four distinct diseases that impact cognition and mental degeneration. Each subgroup exhibits similar brain deficiencies and mutations. This review will focus on four dementia subgroups: Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia and dementia Lewy body. Aim The aim of this systematic review is to create a concise overview of unique similarities within dementia used to locate and identify new biomarker methods in diagnosing dementia. Methods 123 300 articles published after 2010 were identified from PubMed, JSTOR, WorldCat Online Computer Library and PALNI (Private Academic Library Network of Indiana) using the following search items (in title or abstract):'Neurodegenerative Diseases' OR 'Biomarkers' OR 'Alzheimer's Disease' OR 'Frontal Temporal Lobe Dementia' OR 'Vascular Dementia, OR 'Dementia Lewy Body' OR 'Cerebral Spinal Fluid' OR 'Mental Cognitive Impairment'. 47 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Results Evidence suggested neuroimaging with amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and newly found PET tracers to be more effective in diagnosing Alzheimer's and amnesiac mental cognitive impairment than carbon-11 Pittsburgh compound-B radioisotope tracer. Newly created methods to make PET scans more accurate and practical in clinical settings signify a major shift in diagnosing dementia and neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion Vast improvements in neuroimaging techniques have led to newly discovered biomarkers and diagnostics. Neuroimaging with amyloid PET scanning surpasses what had been considered the dominant method of neuroimaging and MRI. Newly created methods to make PET scans more accurate and practical in clinical settings signify a major shift in diagnosing dementia pathology. Continued research and studies must be conducted to improve current findings and streamline methods to further subcategorise neurodegenerative disorders and diagnosis.展开更多
Background With an aggravated social ageing level, the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is gradually increasing, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered to be an early form of Alzheimer&#...Background With an aggravated social ageing level, the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is gradually increasing, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered to be an early form of Alzheimer's disease. How to distinguish diseases in the early stage for the purposes of early diagnosis and treatment is an important topic. Aims The purpose of our study was to investigate the differences in brain cortical thickness and surface area among elderly patients with AD, elderly patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) and normal controls (NC). Methods 20 AD patients, 21 aMCIs and 25 NC were recruited in the study. FreeSurfer software was used to calculate cortical thickness and surface area among groups. Results The patients with AD had less cortical thickness both in the left and right hemisphere in 17 of the 36 brain regions examined than the patients with aMCI or NC. The patients with AD also had smaller cerebral surface area both in the left and right hemisphere in 3 of the 36 brain regions examined than the patients with aMCI or NC. Compared with the NC, the patients with aMCI only had slight atrophy in the inferior parietal lobe of the left hemisphere, and no significant difference was found. Conclusion AD, as well as aMCI (to a lesser extent), is associated with reduced cortical thickness and surface area in a few brain regions associated with cognitive impairment. These results suggest that cortical thickness and surface area could be used for early detection of AD.展开更多
The clinical manifestation of frontal-variant Alzheimer’s disease(fvAD)is not typical,and it is difficult yet necessary to differentiate fvAD from frontal-variant frontal temporal dementia(fvFD).We describe a patient...The clinical manifestation of frontal-variant Alzheimer’s disease(fvAD)is not typical,and it is difficult yet necessary to differentiate fvAD from frontal-variant frontal temporal dementia(fvFD).We describe a patient with early-onset Alzheimer's disease(AD)who presented with an fvFTD-like syndrome and apolipoprotein E ε3/ε4 genotype.A brain amyloid imaging procedure,11 C-Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography(PET),supported the final diagnosis of AD.Our present case highlights the clinical variability that characterises early-onset AD.A multimodal approach is crucial when assessing rare forms of dementia.展开更多
Short-term memory decline is the typical clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).However,early-onset AD usually has atypical symptoms and may get misdiagnosed.In the present case study,we reported a patient...Short-term memory decline is the typical clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).However,early-onset AD usually has atypical symptoms and may get misdiagnosed.In the present case study,we reported a patient who experienced symptoms of memory loss with progressive non-fluent aphasia accompanied by gradual social withdrawal.He did not meet the diagnostic criteria of AD based on the clinical manifestation and brain MRI.However,his cerebrospinal fluid examination showed a decreased level of beta-amyloid 42,and increased total tau and phosphorylated tau.Massive amyloid β-protein deposition by 11C-Pittsburgh positron emission tomography confirmed the diagnosis of frontal variant AD.This case indicated that early-onset AD may have progressive non-fluent aphasia as the core manifestation.The combination of individual and precision diagnosis would be beneficial for similar cases.展开更多
The population of early-onset Alzheimer's disease(EOAD)accounts for 1%-2%of the total population of Alzheimer's disease,and genetic mutations are more common in EOAD.The first symptom of the patient in the pre...The population of early-onset Alzheimer's disease(EOAD)accounts for 1%-2%of the total population of Alzheimer's disease,and genetic mutations are more common in EOAD.The first symptom of the patient in the present case report was the decline in memories of recent events,and the disease progressed rapidly in the following 2 years.Genetic testing has revealed the presence of genetic mutations(c.A479G,p.N160S)of ACE,which causes the 160th codon of the ACE protein to change from aspartic acid to serine,and at the same time genotype of apolipoprotein E(APOE)is ε3/ε4.We think that this patient carries the mutation type of the sensitive gene ACE and the risk gene APOE of Alzheimer's disease,and this is the reason why the disease progressed rapidly.Moreover,we discussed ACE genetic mutation's meaning in EOAD progression.展开更多
基金the Municipal Human Resources Development Program for Outstanding Leaders in Medical Discipline in Shanghai (2017BR054)Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Collaborative Innovation Project (TM201728)+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Education Commission-Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support (20172029)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571298).
文摘Background Dementia is a chronic brain disorder classified by four distinct diseases that impact cognition and mental degeneration. Each subgroup exhibits similar brain deficiencies and mutations. This review will focus on four dementia subgroups: Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia and dementia Lewy body. Aim The aim of this systematic review is to create a concise overview of unique similarities within dementia used to locate and identify new biomarker methods in diagnosing dementia. Methods 123 300 articles published after 2010 were identified from PubMed, JSTOR, WorldCat Online Computer Library and PALNI (Private Academic Library Network of Indiana) using the following search items (in title or abstract):'Neurodegenerative Diseases' OR 'Biomarkers' OR 'Alzheimer's Disease' OR 'Frontal Temporal Lobe Dementia' OR 'Vascular Dementia, OR 'Dementia Lewy Body' OR 'Cerebral Spinal Fluid' OR 'Mental Cognitive Impairment'. 47 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Results Evidence suggested neuroimaging with amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and newly found PET tracers to be more effective in diagnosing Alzheimer's and amnesiac mental cognitive impairment than carbon-11 Pittsburgh compound-B radioisotope tracer. Newly created methods to make PET scans more accurate and practical in clinical settings signify a major shift in diagnosing dementia and neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion Vast improvements in neuroimaging techniques have led to newly discovered biomarkers and diagnostics. Neuroimaging with amyloid PET scanning surpasses what had been considered the dominant method of neuroimaging and MRI. Newly created methods to make PET scans more accurate and practical in clinical settings signify a major shift in diagnosing dementia pathology. Continued research and studies must be conducted to improve current findings and streamline methods to further subcategorise neurodegenerative disorders and diagnosis.
基金Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine TM201728National Nature Science Foundation of China 81571298+2 种基金Shanghai health system excellent talent training program (excellent subject leader) project 2017BR054Shanghai Municipal Education Commission-Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support 20172029Shanghai Pujiang Program 17PJD038.
文摘Background With an aggravated social ageing level, the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is gradually increasing, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered to be an early form of Alzheimer's disease. How to distinguish diseases in the early stage for the purposes of early diagnosis and treatment is an important topic. Aims The purpose of our study was to investigate the differences in brain cortical thickness and surface area among elderly patients with AD, elderly patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) and normal controls (NC). Methods 20 AD patients, 21 aMCIs and 25 NC were recruited in the study. FreeSurfer software was used to calculate cortical thickness and surface area among groups. Results The patients with AD had less cortical thickness both in the left and right hemisphere in 17 of the 36 brain regions examined than the patients with aMCI or NC. The patients with AD also had smaller cerebral surface area both in the left and right hemisphere in 3 of the 36 brain regions examined than the patients with aMCI or NC. Compared with the NC, the patients with aMCI only had slight atrophy in the inferior parietal lobe of the left hemisphere, and no significant difference was found. Conclusion AD, as well as aMCI (to a lesser extent), is associated with reduced cortical thickness and surface area in a few brain regions associated with cognitive impairment. These results suggest that cortical thickness and surface area could be used for early detection of AD.
基金This study was supported by a grant of Clinical Research Center Project of Shanghai Mental Health Center(CRC2017ZD02)Natural Science Foundation of China(81301139)Western medical guidance project of Shanghai science and Technology Commission(17411970100).
文摘The clinical manifestation of frontal-variant Alzheimer’s disease(fvAD)is not typical,and it is difficult yet necessary to differentiate fvAD from frontal-variant frontal temporal dementia(fvFD).We describe a patient with early-onset Alzheimer's disease(AD)who presented with an fvFTD-like syndrome and apolipoprotein E ε3/ε4 genotype.A brain amyloid imaging procedure,11 C-Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography(PET),supported the final diagnosis of AD.Our present case highlights the clinical variability that characterises early-onset AD.A multimodal approach is crucial when assessing rare forms of dementia.
基金This study was supported by a grant of Clinical Research Centre Project of Shanghai Mental Health Centre(CRC2017ZD02)Scientific Research Program of Shanghai Jing an District Health Committee(2020MS16).
文摘Short-term memory decline is the typical clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).However,early-onset AD usually has atypical symptoms and may get misdiagnosed.In the present case study,we reported a patient who experienced symptoms of memory loss with progressive non-fluent aphasia accompanied by gradual social withdrawal.He did not meet the diagnostic criteria of AD based on the clinical manifestation and brain MRI.However,his cerebrospinal fluid examination showed a decreased level of beta-amyloid 42,and increased total tau and phosphorylated tau.Massive amyloid β-protein deposition by 11C-Pittsburgh positron emission tomography confirmed the diagnosis of frontal variant AD.This case indicated that early-onset AD may have progressive non-fluent aphasia as the core manifestation.The combination of individual and precision diagnosis would be beneficial for similar cases.
文摘The population of early-onset Alzheimer's disease(EOAD)accounts for 1%-2%of the total population of Alzheimer's disease,and genetic mutations are more common in EOAD.The first symptom of the patient in the present case report was the decline in memories of recent events,and the disease progressed rapidly in the following 2 years.Genetic testing has revealed the presence of genetic mutations(c.A479G,p.N160S)of ACE,which causes the 160th codon of the ACE protein to change from aspartic acid to serine,and at the same time genotype of apolipoprotein E(APOE)is ε3/ε4.We think that this patient carries the mutation type of the sensitive gene ACE and the risk gene APOE of Alzheimer's disease,and this is the reason why the disease progressed rapidly.Moreover,we discussed ACE genetic mutation's meaning in EOAD progression.
