More than half of stroke patients live with different levels of motor dysfunction after receiving routine rehabilitation treatments.Therefore,new rehabilitation technologies are urgently needed as auxiliary treatments...More than half of stroke patients live with different levels of motor dysfunction after receiving routine rehabilitation treatments.Therefore,new rehabilitation technologies are urgently needed as auxiliary treatments for motor rehabilitation.Based on routine rehabilitation treatments,a new intelligent rehabilitation platform has been developed for accurate evaluation of function and rehabilitation training.The emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques can promote the development of motor function rehabilitation in terms of informatization,standardization,and intelligence.Traditional assessment methods are mostly subjective,depending on the experience and expertise of clinicians,and lack standardization and precision.It is therefore difficult to track functional changes during the rehabilitation process.Emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques provide objective and accurate functional assessment for stroke patients that can promote improvement of clinical guidance for treatment.Artificial intelligence and neural networks play a critical role in intelligent rehabilitation.Multiple novel techniques,such as braincomputer interfaces,virtual reality,neural circuit-magnetic stimulation,and robot-assisted therapy,have been widely used in the clinic.This review summarizes the emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques for the evaluation and treatment of motor dysfunction caused by nervous system diseases.展开更多
Non-invasive cerebral neuromodulation technologies are essential for the reorganization of cerebral neural networks,which have been widely applied in the field of central neurological diseases,such as stroke,Parkinson...Non-invasive cerebral neuromodulation technologies are essential for the reorganization of cerebral neural networks,which have been widely applied in the field of central neurological diseases,such as stroke,Parkinson’s disease,and mental disorders.Although significant advances have been made in neuromodulation technologies,the identification of optimal neurostimulation paramete rs including the co rtical target,duration,and inhibition or excitation pattern is still limited due to the lack of guidance for neural circuits.Moreove r,the neural mechanism unde rlying neuromodulation for improved behavioral performance remains poorly understood.Recently,advancements in neuroimaging have provided insight into neuromodulation techniques.Functional near-infrared spectroscopy,as a novel non-invasive optical brain imaging method,can detect brain activity by measuring cerebral hemodynamics with the advantages of portability,high motion tole rance,and anti-electromagnetic interference.Coupling functional near-infra red spectroscopy with neuromodulation technologies offe rs an opportunity to monitor the cortical response,provide realtime feedbac k,and establish a closed-loop strategy integrating evaluation,feedbac k,and intervention for neurostimulation,which provides a theoretical basis for development of individualized precise neuro rehabilitation.We aimed to summarize the advantages of functional near-infra red spectroscopy and provide an ove rview of the current research on functional near-infrared spectroscopy in transcranial magnetic stimulation,transcranial electrical stimulation,neurofeedback,and braincomputer interfaces.Furthermore,the future perspectives and directions for the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in neuromodulation are summarized.In conclusion,functional near-infrared spectroscopy combined with neuromodulation may promote the optimization of central pellral reorganization to achieve better functional recovery form central nervous system diseases.展开更多
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)has gained great interest as a noninvasive modality to study the changes in cerebral hemodynamics related to brain activity.The unique and beneficial characteristics of fNIR...Functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)has gained great interest as a noninvasive modality to study the changes in cerebral hemodynamics related to brain activity.The unique and beneficial characteristics of fNIRS allow ecologically effective investigations of all ages and conditions in more realistic and clinical environments.In this review,we provide a comprehensive description of fNIRS basics,analytical method developments and applications in stroke rehabilitation.We first review various new methods for the time-series processing and functional analysis of fNIRS data.Then,we review the fNIRS-based application in clinical research for stroke rehabilitation and highlight the exciting developments based on fNIRS.Finally,we discuss the possible technical limitations of the implementation of fNIRS and provide suggestions from different aspects for practical application.展开更多
Electron beam melting(EBM) allows the fabrication of specific porous titanium implants, whereas their in vitro and in vivo biological performance should be further investigated. In this study, we examined the porous T...Electron beam melting(EBM) allows the fabrication of specific porous titanium implants, whereas their in vitro and in vivo biological performance should be further investigated. In this study, we examined the porous Ti6 Al4 V scaffolds(low, 334.1 μm pore size with 55.4% porosity;middle, 383.2 μm pore size with 65.2% porosity;and high, 401.6 μm pore size with 78.1%porosity) fabricated through EBM. The structural characterization and mechanical properties of porous Ti6 Al4 V scaffolds were measured through micro-computed tomography(micro-CT), scanning electron microscopy, and a material testing system.MC3 T3-E1 cells were used to assess the proliferation and differentiation of the cells on different scaffolds at day 7 and day 14 based on the expression levels of genes, including alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein-2, osteopontin and runtrelated transcription factor-2. Rabbits with distal femoral defects were utilized to evaluate bone ingrowth in the porous titanium.All of the samples were subjected to micro-CT and histological analysis after 12 weeks. Results showed that compressive Young’s modulus of 0.3–1.1 GPa was similar to the trabecular bone. The three types of porous Ti6 Al4 V scaffolds were inclined to promote cell proliferation, whereas cell differentiation and bone ingrowth into the porous scaffolds were biased to the porous titanium with relatively large pores and porosity(middle and high). This study implied that the present porous implant design,which had the combined advantages of different pore sizes and porosity, might be meaningful and promising for trabecular bone defect restoration.展开更多
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an auricular acupuncture intervention on the relationship between changes in oxyhemoglobin concentration(Δ[O2Hb])and arterial blood pressure(ABP).The cerebral oxyg...The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an auricular acupuncture intervention on the relationship between changes in oxyhemoglobin concentration(Δ[O2Hb])and arterial blood pressure(ABP).The cerebral oxygenation signals in the bilateral prefrontal cortex(PFC),sensorimotor cortex(SMC),and temporal lobe cortex(TLC)of 15 patients with hypertension were measured by a 24-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)device before(State_R)and after(State_AT)the auricular acupuncture intervention.Coupling strength was used to quantitatively evaluate the strength of the couplings between ABP andΔ[O2Hb]in low-frequency oscillations(LF,0.07–0.2 Hz)and very-low-frequency oscillations(VLF,0.02–0.07 Hz).Results showed that the changes in wavelet amplitudes in the LF and VLF intervals did not exhibit significant differences after auricular acupuncture.The coupling strength from ABP toΔ[O2Hb]was significantly lower in the LF range after auricular acupuncture in the bilateral PFC,SMC,and TLC(p<0.0083).Additionally,the coupling strength from ABP toΔ[O2Hb]in the VLF range was significantly lower in the bilateral PFC in State_AT than in State_R(p<0.0083).These results indicated that fNIRS together with ABP can effectively evaluate cerebral hemodynamic responses to interventions and is therefore capable of guiding more individualized acupuncture strategies.The auricular acupuncture intervention improved hemodynamic responses in patients suffering from hypertension.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants have good mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility.As such,these implants are widely used in orthopedics.Particles adhere between the sintered and nons...Three-dimensional(3D)-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants have good mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility.As such,these implants are widely used in orthopedics.Particles adhere between the sintered and nonsintered interfaces of the porous samples during 3D printing.These excess particles can be cleaned by blowing the particles and via ultrasound,but the excess internal particles of complex structural parts are difficult to remove.During long-term cyclic loading,stress and strain can cause residual Ti6Al4V particles in the pores of the implant to shed.These detached Ti6Al4V particles are in extensive contact with osteoblasts and scattered around the implant.In this study,we examined the effects of different concentrations of Ti6Al4V particles on osteoblasts and bones.MC3T3-E1 cells were used to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of Ti6Al4V particles on cells after 72 h on the basis of the expression levels of genes,involving osteopontin,alkaline phosphatase,bone morphogenetic protein-2 and runt-related transcription factor-2.Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 was used to detect the autophagy of MC3T3-E1 with different concentrations of Ti6Al4V particles.The distal femoral defects of rats were examined to examine bone growth with different concentrations of Ti6Al4V particles.All rats were accepted by micro-CT and biochemical analyses after 12 weeks.The results indicated that 10 and 100μg/ml of Ti6Al4V particles may improve osteogenic differentiation.Micro-CT revealed that low concentrations of Ti6Al4V particles may improve the osteogenesis of the rats.However,the(cortical and trabecular)BMD of middle and high dose groups was no significant change compared with control group.In conclusion,low-dose residual particles do not inhibit osteoblast differentiation and do not decrease the bone mineral density of rats.展开更多
Osteoporosis,which is characterized by bone loss,increases the risk of fractures and s and seriously affected the amputee’s health.Muscle mass is an important factor affecting bone mineral density(BMD).Muscular atrop...Osteoporosis,which is characterized by bone loss,increases the risk of fractures and s and seriously affected the amputee’s health.Muscle mass is an important factor affecting bone mineral density(BMD).Muscular atrophy and decreased muscle mass can cause BMD to fall.The bone quantity and quality are used to assess by Microcomputer tomography(micro-CT)with non-destructive.To investigate the performance of micro-CT in evaluating amputation-induced osteopenia in rats,the micro-CT was used to evaluate the change of the microstructure in trabecular bone and cortical bone of amputation.Muscle morphology was analyzed by micro-CT and transmission electron microscopy.Female Sprague–Dawley rats(8 week old)were divided into two groups:control(CON)groups and left hind limb amputation(LHLA).At 35 days,microstructure and volumetric bone mineral density(vBMD)of the tibia and femur were detected through micro-CT.The results showed:(1)the trabecular and cortical vBMD of the proximal tibia and distal femur in the LHLA group were significantly lower than those in the CON group.(2)Compared with the CON group,the trabecular number,bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness of proximal tibia and distal femur in LHLA group decreased significantly,whereas the trabecular separation,structure model index and bone surface/bone volume increased significantly in LHLA group.(3)The whole cross-sectional area(CSA)of whole calf muscles of left limb in LHLA group decreased significantly compared with CON group.In general,hind limb amputation could cause bone loss,changes in the microstructure of trabecular bone and muscle atrophy.Micro-CT is sensitive in evaluating bone microstructure destruction caused by amputation,and can be used for early diagnosis or monitor the development of bone loss in amputation in vivo.展开更多
Defining seeds is the first step in assessing functional connectivity between separate brain regions.Circular analysis is often a serious concern when defining ROIs.It was considered as circular analysis that seeds we...Defining seeds is the first step in assessing functional connectivity between separate brain regions.Circular analysis is often a serious concern when defining ROIs.It was considered as circular analysis that seeds were localized on the basis of activations in fMRI data and the functional connectivity among these seeds was measured by using the same data.Such circularity was reported to contaminate results because the margin of detected activations can be affected by noise in the data.Therefore,using independent data for seed selection was advocated.For example,suppose that datasets A and B are independent.Activations are first detected in dataset A through statistical mapping,and then these activations are used to localize seeds for assessing functional connectivity in dataset B.However,localizing seeds only on the basis of an independent source without referring to the intrinsic features of the fMRI data to be analyzed may be inappropriate for assessing functional connectivity.This study demonstrates how different spatial locations and seed scopes influence the results of functional connectivity in task-state fMRI data when these choices meet independence requirements.The independence of analysis does not rely on whether seeds are exogenous or endogenous for the data to be analyzed.Activation and connectivity analyses have inherently independent natures.展开更多
Stent deployments with residual stenosis(RS)were linked to increased risk of in-stent restenosis and thrombosis.The objective of the present work was to explore the underlying biomechanical mechanism(s)for adverse eve...Stent deployments with residual stenosis(RS)were linked to increased risk of in-stent restenosis and thrombosis.The objective of the present work was to explore the underlying biomechanical mechanism(s)for adverse events with RS.The patient-specific carotid models with RS were constructed to investigate wall shear stress(WSS),velocity,relative residence time(RRT),and oscillating shear index(OSI)after stenting in the host artery.The results showed that stented artery accompanied by RS would result in evident vortex,stagnation and recirculation zone at the stenosis throat,where relatively more areas were at abnormal low level of TAWSS,high level of RRT and OSI.Moreover,effects of stenting with RS on velocity,WSS,RRT and OSI in host artery would be significantly enhanced by severe RS,long stent and common carotid artery(CCA)stenting.These results indicated that stenting with RS might aggravate adverse flow around the stent and the other region without stent,leading to increased adverse events in clinic.Therefore,to obtain better poststenting outcomes,stenting with RS requires caution and careful consideration,especially for the host artery with a severe RS,long stent and some locations of stenting.展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Project of China,No.2020YFC2004200(to ZYL)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.61761166007(to ZYL),81772453(to DSX),81974358(to DSX),31771071(to ZYL)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes,No.118009001000160001(to ZYL)。
文摘More than half of stroke patients live with different levels of motor dysfunction after receiving routine rehabilitation treatments.Therefore,new rehabilitation technologies are urgently needed as auxiliary treatments for motor rehabilitation.Based on routine rehabilitation treatments,a new intelligent rehabilitation platform has been developed for accurate evaluation of function and rehabilitation training.The emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques can promote the development of motor function rehabilitation in terms of informatization,standardization,and intelligence.Traditional assessment methods are mostly subjective,depending on the experience and expertise of clinicians,and lack standardization and precision.It is therefore difficult to track functional changes during the rehabilitation process.Emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques provide objective and accurate functional assessment for stroke patients that can promote improvement of clinical guidance for treatment.Artificial intelligence and neural networks play a critical role in intelligent rehabilitation.Multiple novel techniques,such as braincomputer interfaces,virtual reality,neural circuit-magnetic stimulation,and robot-assisted therapy,have been widely used in the clinic.This review summarizes the emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques for the evaluation and treatment of motor dysfunction caused by nervous system diseases.
文摘Non-invasive cerebral neuromodulation technologies are essential for the reorganization of cerebral neural networks,which have been widely applied in the field of central neurological diseases,such as stroke,Parkinson’s disease,and mental disorders.Although significant advances have been made in neuromodulation technologies,the identification of optimal neurostimulation paramete rs including the co rtical target,duration,and inhibition or excitation pattern is still limited due to the lack of guidance for neural circuits.Moreove r,the neural mechanism unde rlying neuromodulation for improved behavioral performance remains poorly understood.Recently,advancements in neuroimaging have provided insight into neuromodulation techniques.Functional near-infrared spectroscopy,as a novel non-invasive optical brain imaging method,can detect brain activity by measuring cerebral hemodynamics with the advantages of portability,high motion tole rance,and anti-electromagnetic interference.Coupling functional near-infra red spectroscopy with neuromodulation technologies offe rs an opportunity to monitor the cortical response,provide realtime feedbac k,and establish a closed-loop strategy integrating evaluation,feedbac k,and intervention for neurostimulation,which provides a theoretical basis for development of individualized precise neuro rehabilitation.We aimed to summarize the advantages of functional near-infra red spectroscopy and provide an ove rview of the current research on functional near-infrared spectroscopy in transcranial magnetic stimulation,transcranial electrical stimulation,neurofeedback,and braincomputer interfaces.Furthermore,the future perspectives and directions for the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in neuromodulation are summarized.In conclusion,functional near-infrared spectroscopy combined with neuromodulation may promote the optimization of central pellral reorganization to achieve better functional recovery form central nervous system diseases.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project Nos.(Grant No.2020YFC2004200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31771071,61761166007)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(118009001000160001).
文摘Functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)has gained great interest as a noninvasive modality to study the changes in cerebral hemodynamics related to brain activity.The unique and beneficial characteristics of fNIRS allow ecologically effective investigations of all ages and conditions in more realistic and clinical environments.In this review,we provide a comprehensive description of fNIRS basics,analytical method developments and applications in stroke rehabilitation.We first review various new methods for the time-series processing and functional analysis of fNIRS data.Then,we review the fNIRS-based application in clinical research for stroke rehabilitation and highlight the exciting developments based on fNIRS.Finally,we discuss the possible technical limitations of the implementation of fNIRS and provide suggestions from different aspects for practical application.
基金supported by the China National Key Research and Development Plan Project (Grant No. 2016YFB1101102)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes (Grant No. 118009001000160001)
文摘Electron beam melting(EBM) allows the fabrication of specific porous titanium implants, whereas their in vitro and in vivo biological performance should be further investigated. In this study, we examined the porous Ti6 Al4 V scaffolds(low, 334.1 μm pore size with 55.4% porosity;middle, 383.2 μm pore size with 65.2% porosity;and high, 401.6 μm pore size with 78.1%porosity) fabricated through EBM. The structural characterization and mechanical properties of porous Ti6 Al4 V scaffolds were measured through micro-computed tomography(micro-CT), scanning electron microscopy, and a material testing system.MC3 T3-E1 cells were used to assess the proliferation and differentiation of the cells on different scaffolds at day 7 and day 14 based on the expression levels of genes, including alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein-2, osteopontin and runtrelated transcription factor-2. Rabbits with distal femoral defects were utilized to evaluate bone ingrowth in the porous titanium.All of the samples were subjected to micro-CT and histological analysis after 12 weeks. Results showed that compressive Young’s modulus of 0.3–1.1 GPa was similar to the trabecular bone. The three types of porous Ti6 Al4 V scaffolds were inclined to promote cell proliferation, whereas cell differentiation and bone ingrowth into the porous scaffolds were biased to the porous titanium with relatively large pores and porosity(middle and high). This study implied that the present porous implant design,which had the combined advantages of different pore sizes and porosity, might be meaningful and promising for trabecular bone defect restoration.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project[grant number 2020YFC2004200]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 31771071,11732015,61675013]+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes[grant number 118009001000160001]the Key Research and Development Project of Jiangxi Province[grant number 20202BBGL73057].
文摘The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an auricular acupuncture intervention on the relationship between changes in oxyhemoglobin concentration(Δ[O2Hb])and arterial blood pressure(ABP).The cerebral oxygenation signals in the bilateral prefrontal cortex(PFC),sensorimotor cortex(SMC),and temporal lobe cortex(TLC)of 15 patients with hypertension were measured by a 24-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)device before(State_R)and after(State_AT)the auricular acupuncture intervention.Coupling strength was used to quantitatively evaluate the strength of the couplings between ABP andΔ[O2Hb]in low-frequency oscillations(LF,0.07–0.2 Hz)and very-low-frequency oscillations(VLF,0.02–0.07 Hz).Results showed that the changes in wavelet amplitudes in the LF and VLF intervals did not exhibit significant differences after auricular acupuncture.The coupling strength from ABP toΔ[O2Hb]was significantly lower in the LF range after auricular acupuncture in the bilateral PFC,SMC,and TLC(p<0.0083).Additionally,the coupling strength from ABP toΔ[O2Hb]in the VLF range was significantly lower in the bilateral PFC in State_AT than in State_R(p<0.0083).These results indicated that fNIRS together with ABP can effectively evaluate cerebral hemodynamic responses to interventions and is therefore capable of guiding more individualized acupuncture strategies.The auricular acupuncture intervention improved hemodynamic responses in patients suffering from hypertension.
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFB1101100)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1107000)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11902089)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(NO.118009001000160001)Supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2018SZ0036).
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants have good mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility.As such,these implants are widely used in orthopedics.Particles adhere between the sintered and nonsintered interfaces of the porous samples during 3D printing.These excess particles can be cleaned by blowing the particles and via ultrasound,but the excess internal particles of complex structural parts are difficult to remove.During long-term cyclic loading,stress and strain can cause residual Ti6Al4V particles in the pores of the implant to shed.These detached Ti6Al4V particles are in extensive contact with osteoblasts and scattered around the implant.In this study,we examined the effects of different concentrations of Ti6Al4V particles on osteoblasts and bones.MC3T3-E1 cells were used to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of Ti6Al4V particles on cells after 72 h on the basis of the expression levels of genes,involving osteopontin,alkaline phosphatase,bone morphogenetic protein-2 and runt-related transcription factor-2.Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 was used to detect the autophagy of MC3T3-E1 with different concentrations of Ti6Al4V particles.The distal femoral defects of rats were examined to examine bone growth with different concentrations of Ti6Al4V particles.All rats were accepted by micro-CT and biochemical analyses after 12 weeks.The results indicated that 10 and 100μg/ml of Ti6Al4V particles may improve osteogenic differentiation.Micro-CT revealed that low concentrations of Ti6Al4V particles may improve the osteogenesis of the rats.However,the(cortical and trabecular)BMD of middle and high dose groups was no significant change compared with control group.In conclusion,low-dose residual particles do not inhibit osteoblast differentiation and do not decrease the bone mineral density of rats.
基金This study was funded by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1107000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11902089)Supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2018SZ0036).
文摘Osteoporosis,which is characterized by bone loss,increases the risk of fractures and s and seriously affected the amputee’s health.Muscle mass is an important factor affecting bone mineral density(BMD).Muscular atrophy and decreased muscle mass can cause BMD to fall.The bone quantity and quality are used to assess by Microcomputer tomography(micro-CT)with non-destructive.To investigate the performance of micro-CT in evaluating amputation-induced osteopenia in rats,the micro-CT was used to evaluate the change of the microstructure in trabecular bone and cortical bone of amputation.Muscle morphology was analyzed by micro-CT and transmission electron microscopy.Female Sprague–Dawley rats(8 week old)were divided into two groups:control(CON)groups and left hind limb amputation(LHLA).At 35 days,microstructure and volumetric bone mineral density(vBMD)of the tibia and femur were detected through micro-CT.The results showed:(1)the trabecular and cortical vBMD of the proximal tibia and distal femur in the LHLA group were significantly lower than those in the CON group.(2)Compared with the CON group,the trabecular number,bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness of proximal tibia and distal femur in LHLA group decreased significantly,whereas the trabecular separation,structure model index and bone surface/bone volume increased significantly in LHLA group.(3)The whole cross-sectional area(CSA)of whole calf muscles of left limb in LHLA group decreased significantly compared with CON group.In general,hind limb amputation could cause bone loss,changes in the microstructure of trabecular bone and muscle atrophy.Micro-CT is sensitive in evaluating bone microstructure destruction caused by amputation,and can be used for early diagnosis or monitor the development of bone loss in amputation in vivo.
基金This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China[Grant Nos.2018YFC2001400 and 2018YFC2001700]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.81972160]the Beijing Natural Science Foundation[Grant No.17L20019].
文摘Defining seeds is the first step in assessing functional connectivity between separate brain regions.Circular analysis is often a serious concern when defining ROIs.It was considered as circular analysis that seeds were localized on the basis of activations in fMRI data and the functional connectivity among these seeds was measured by using the same data.Such circularity was reported to contaminate results because the margin of detected activations can be affected by noise in the data.Therefore,using independent data for seed selection was advocated.For example,suppose that datasets A and B are independent.Activations are first detected in dataset A through statistical mapping,and then these activations are used to localize seeds for assessing functional connectivity in dataset B.However,localizing seeds only on the basis of an independent source without referring to the intrinsic features of the fMRI data to be analyzed may be inappropriate for assessing functional connectivity.This study demonstrates how different spatial locations and seed scopes influence the results of functional connectivity in task-state fMRI data when these choices meet independence requirements.The independence of analysis does not rely on whether seeds are exogenous or endogenous for the data to be analyzed.Activation and connectivity analyses have inherently independent natures.
基金This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC2004400)National Natural Science Research Foundation of China(No.11902126,11902090,11872026)+1 种基金Natural Science Fund for Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province(No.19KJB130005 and 18KJA460003)startup foundation of Jiangsu University of Technology(No.KYY16028).
文摘Stent deployments with residual stenosis(RS)were linked to increased risk of in-stent restenosis and thrombosis.The objective of the present work was to explore the underlying biomechanical mechanism(s)for adverse events with RS.The patient-specific carotid models with RS were constructed to investigate wall shear stress(WSS),velocity,relative residence time(RRT),and oscillating shear index(OSI)after stenting in the host artery.The results showed that stented artery accompanied by RS would result in evident vortex,stagnation and recirculation zone at the stenosis throat,where relatively more areas were at abnormal low level of TAWSS,high level of RRT and OSI.Moreover,effects of stenting with RS on velocity,WSS,RRT and OSI in host artery would be significantly enhanced by severe RS,long stent and common carotid artery(CCA)stenting.These results indicated that stenting with RS might aggravate adverse flow around the stent and the other region without stent,leading to increased adverse events in clinic.Therefore,to obtain better poststenting outcomes,stenting with RS requires caution and careful consideration,especially for the host artery with a severe RS,long stent and some locations of stenting.
