1.Introduction Global Healtii Journal focuses on global health-related topics,including global health practice,global health education,and so on.In this special issue,we focus on following themes:(1)an advanced therap...1.Introduction Global Healtii Journal focuses on global health-related topics,including global health practice,global health education,and so on.In this special issue,we focus on following themes:(1)an advanced therapy;(2)management strategy of infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS);(3)optimizing menopausal hormone therapy(MHT);and(4)an interpretation of expert consensus.All those works are the intense and painstaking efforts made by the researchers across the world,which cover some important topics on gynecological and reproductive endocrinology and improve the clinical routine as well further researches.展开更多
Glycans,either alone or in complex with glycan-binding proteins,are essential structures that can regulate cell biology by mediating protein stability or receptor dimerization under physiological and pathological cond...Glycans,either alone or in complex with glycan-binding proteins,are essential structures that can regulate cell biology by mediating protein stability or receptor dimerization under physiological and pathological conditions.Certain glycans are ligands for lectins,which are carbohydrate-specific receptors.Bone is a complex tissue that provides mechanical support for muscles and joints,and the regulation of bone mass in mammals is governed by complex interplay between bone-forming cells,called osteoblasts,and bone-resorbing cells,called osteoclasts.Bone erosion occurs when bone resorption notably exceeds bone formation.Osteoclasts may be activated during cancer,leading to a range of symptoms,including bone pain,fracture,and spinal cord compression.Our understanding of the role of protein glycosylation in cells and tissues involved in osteoclastogenesis suggests that glycosylation-based treatments can be used in the management of diseases.The aims of this review are to clarify the process of bone resorption and investigate the signaling pathways mediated by glycosylation and their roles in osteoclast biology.Moreover,we aim to outline how the lessons learned about these approaches are paving the way for future glycobiology-focused therapeutics.展开更多
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2(ROR2)has a vital role in osteogenesis.However,the mechanism underlying the regulation of ROR2 in osteogenic differentiation is still poorly comprehended.A previous study...Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2(ROR2)has a vital role in osteogenesis.However,the mechanism underlying the regulation of ROR2 in osteogenic differentiation is still poorly comprehended.A previous study by our research group showed that a novel compound heterozygous ROR2 variation accounted for the autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome(ARRS).This study attempted to explore the impact of the ROR2:c.904C>T variant specifically on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.Methods:Coimmunoprecipitation(CoIP)-western blotting was carried out to identify the interaction between ROR2 and Wnt5a.Double-immunofluorescence staining was used for determining the expressions and co-localization of ROR2 and Wnt5a in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).Western blot(WB)analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)were conducted to identify the expression levels of ROR2 in the BMSCs transfected with LV-shROR2 or LV-ROR2-c.904C>T.The alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity was detected,and Alizarin Red S staining was done for evaluating the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.RT-qPCR was employed to identify the expression of the sphingomyelin synthase 1(SMS1)mRNA in the BMSCs transfected with LV-shROR2 or LV-ROR2-c.904C>T and the mRNA expression levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2),osteocalcin(OCN),and osteopontin(OPN).WB was performed to confirm the protein expressions of extracellular regulated protein kinases1(ERK),P-ERK,Smad family member1/5/8(Smad1/5/8),P-Smad1/5/8,P-P38,P38,RUNX2,OCN,and OPN in the BMSCs transfected with LV-shROR2/LV-ROR2-c.904C>T and sphingomyelin(SM).Results:The ROR2:c.904C>T mutant altered the subcellular localization of the ROR2 protein,which caused an impaired interaction between ROR2 and Wnt5a.The depletion of ROR2 restricted the osteogenic differentiation capability of BMSCs and downregulated the expression of SMS1.SM treatment could reverse the inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation in ROR2-depleted BMSCs.Conclusion:The findings of this work revealed that the ROR2:c.904C>T variant led to the loss of function of ROR2,which impaired the interaction between ROR2 and Wnt5a and also controlled the osteogenic differentiation capability of BMSCs.Furthermore,SM was revealed to be engaged in the osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs regulated by ROR2,which renders SM a potential target in the therapy for ARRS.展开更多
Objective:Considering that there are no effective biomarkers for the screening of cardia gastric cancer(CGC),we developed a noninvasive diagnostic approach,employing data-independent acquisition(DIA)proteomics to iden...Objective:Considering that there are no effective biomarkers for the screening of cardia gastric cancer(CGC),we developed a noninvasive diagnostic approach,employing data-independent acquisition(DIA)proteomics to identify candidate protein markers.Methods:Plasma samples were obtained from 40 subjects,10 each for CGC,cardia high-grade dysplasia(CHGD),cardia low-grade dysplasia(CLGD),and healthy controls.Proteomic profiles were obtained through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS-based DIA proteomics.Candidate plasma proteins were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)combined with machine learning and further validated by the Human Protein Atlas(HPA)database.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)was used to evaluate the performance of the biomarker panel.Results:There was a clear distinction in proteomic features among CGC,CHGD,CLGD,and the healthy controls.According to the WGCNA,we found 42 positively associated and 164 inversely associated proteins related to CGC progression and demonstrated several canonical cancer-associated pathways.Combined with the results from random forests,LASSO regression,and immunohistochemical results from the HPA database,we identified three candidate proteins(GSTP1,CSRP1,and LY6G6F)that could together distinguish CLGD(AUC=0.91),CHGD(AUC=0.99)and CGC(AUC=0.98)from healthy controls with excellent accuracy.Conclusions:The panel of protein biomarkers showed promising diagnostic potential for CGC and precancerous lesions.Further validation and a larger-scale study are warranted to assess its potential clinical applications,suggesting a potential avenue for CGC prevention in the future.展开更多
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer is a kind of well-known tumors of female genitourinary system.Cervical stromal invasion is an adverse factor for poor prognosis of endometrial cancer.There is still controversy regarding ...BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer is a kind of well-known tumors of female genitourinary system.Cervical stromal invasion is an adverse factor for poor prognosis of endometrial cancer.There is still controversy regarding the use of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in the diagnosis of cervical stromal invasion of endometrial cancer.The diagnosis of cervical stromal invasion varies significantly between different observers and institutions.We present a limited case series of the particular pattern of endometrial cancer,which infiltrates the cervical stroma and is often overlooked.CASE SUMMARY We present three cases of endometrial carcinoma with cervical stromal invasion with cancer-free uterine cavity.One patient,a reproductive-aged woman,exhibited irregular menstruation and was diagnosed with endometrial polyps by hysteroscopy and segmental curettage.A MRI scan revealed polypoid nodules within the internal cervical orifice.The other two cases were postmenopausal women who presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding.Hysteroscopy and segmental curettage suggested atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium.MRI scans did not detect any malignant signs in the endometrium.In one case,a nonthickened endometrium was observed,while in another,hyperplasia of the endometrium was seen.Notably,none of these patients had malignant tumors identified in the uterine cavity via MRI scans.However,postoperative pathological results following hysterectomy consistently indicated cervical stromal invasion.CONCLUSION Cervical stromal invasion is easily missed if no cancer is found in the uterine body on MRI.Immunohistochemistry of endoscopic curettage specimens should be conducted to avoid underestimation of the disease.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?With socioeconomic development,the increase of older pregnancies and multiparas has brought risks to mothers and infants.What is added by this report?As parities increase...Summary What is already known about this topic?With socioeconomic development,the increase of older pregnancies and multiparas has brought risks to mothers and infants.What is added by this report?As parities increased,the proportion of women of advanced maternal age(AMA)and non-local domicile increased,while the proportion of women with higher education levels decreased.Women with≥3 parities are more likely to have preterm birth(PTB)and macrosomia.What are the implications for public health practice?A comprehensive analysis of pregnancy traits among women at different parities offers a robust foundation for tailored strategies against adverse pregnancy outcomes.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?The level of molybdenum(Mo)in a mother’s urine has been linked to the growth rate of the fetus and the blood pressure levels in children.What is added by this report?We evaluate...What is already known about this topic?The level of molybdenum(Mo)in a mother’s urine has been linked to the growth rate of the fetus and the blood pressure levels in children.What is added by this report?We evaluated the variations in maternal plasma Mo concentrations throughout pregnancy and their potential association with the risk of spontaneous preterm birth(SPB).What are the implications for public health practice?Future research must determine the Mo levels in pregnant women across various regions in China.Moreover,particular attention needs to be given to the potential increase in Mo concentration throughout pregnancy and its possible adverse impacts on the health of both the mother and the fetus.展开更多
Background The intrauterine environment has a profound and long-lasting influence on the health of the offspring.However,its impact on the postnatal catch-up growth of twin children remains unclarified.Therefore,this ...Background The intrauterine environment has a profound and long-lasting influence on the health of the offspring.However,its impact on the postnatal catch-up growth of twin children remains unclarified.Therefore,this study aimed to explore the maternal factors in pregnancy associated with twin offspring growth.Methods This study included 3142 live twin children born to 1571 mothers from the Beijing Birth Cohort Study conducted from 2016 to 2021 in Beijing,China.Original and corrected weight-for-age standard deviation scores of the twin offspring from birth to 36 months of age were calculated according to the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards.The corresponding weight trajectories were identified by the latent trajectory model.Maternal factors in pregnancy associated with the weight trajectories of the twin offspring were examined after adjustment for potential confounders.Results Five weight trajectories of the twin children were identified,with 4.9%(154/3142)exhibiting insufficient catch-up growth,30.6%(961/3142),and 46.8%(1469/3142)showing adequate catch-up growth from different birth weights,and 15.0%(472/3142)and 2.7%(86/3142)showing various degrees of excessive catch-up growth.Maternal short stature[adjusted odds ratio(OR)=0.691,95%confidence interval(CI)=0.563–0.848,P=0.0004]and lower total gestational weight gain(GWG)(adjusted OR=0.774,95%CI=0.616–0.972,P=0.03)were associated with insufficient catch-up growth of the offspring.Maternal stature(adjusted OR=1.331,95%CI=1.168–1.518,P<0.001),higher pre-pregnancy body mass index(BMI)(adjusted OR=1.230,95%CI=1.090–1.387,P<0.001),total GWG(adjusted OR=1.207,95%CI=1.068–1.364,P=0.002),GWG rate(adjusted OR=1.165,95%CI=1.027–1.321,P=0.02),total cholesterol(TC)(adjusted OR=1.150,95%CI=1.018–1.300,P=0.03)and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C)(adjusted OR=1.177,95%CI=1.041–1.330)in early pregnancy were associated with excessive growth of the offspring.The pattern of weight trajectories was similar between monochorionic and dichorionic twins.Maternal height,pre-pregnancy BMI,GWG,TC and LDL-C in early pregnancy were positively associated with excess growth in dichorionic twins,yet a similar association was observed only between maternal height and postnatal growth in monochorionic twins.Conclusion This study identified the effect of maternal stature,weight status,and blood lipid profiles during pregnancy on postnatal weight trajectories of the twin offspring,thereby providing a basis for twin pregnancy management to improve the long-term health of the offspring.展开更多
Objectives:This study aimed to explore the status of job satisfaction,emotional labour,core competencies and job stress and the associations of emotional labour and core competencies with the job satisfaction of nurse...Objectives:This study aimed to explore the status of job satisfaction,emotional labour,core competencies and job stress and the associations of emotional labour and core competencies with the job satisfaction of nurses in China.Methods:Data were collected by using a self-designed general information questionnaire,a job satisfaction questionnaire(McCloskey/Mueller Satisfaction Scale),a nurse emotional labour questionnaire,the Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses questionnaire,and a nurse job stressor questionnaire.A total of 13,448 nurses from 92 hospitals across mainland of China were surveyed,and 11,337 respondents(84.3%response rate)completed the questionnaires.Results:The survey results indicated that Chinese nurses had average job satisfaction(24.77±5.23),moderate job stress(86.84±21.12),moderate to high emotional labour experiences(55.08±9.63)and high competency(195.77±37.61).Multiple linear regression indicated that surface acting was negatively correlated with job satisfaction(P<0.01),while deep acting(P<0.01)and nurses'core competence(P<0.01)were positively associated with job satisfaction.Besides,The results also indicated job stress,geographical distribution,hospital category,gender,work shift,only children,parenting status,monthly salary,nursing experience,professional title,hospital area were the influencing factors of job satisfaction(P<0.05).Conclusion:The improvement of the emotional labour and competency of nurses may help enhance their job satisfaction.展开更多
BACKGROUND Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma(LGESS)classically exhibits a proliferative morphology.However,morphological variation of extrauterine tumors presents a diagnostic challenge.CASE SUMMARY We report the ...BACKGROUND Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma(LGESS)classically exhibits a proliferative morphology.However,morphological variation of extrauterine tumors presents a diagnostic challenge.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 76-year-old female patient with extensive extrauterine and abdominal neoplastic lesions.Computed tomography showed massive pleural and ascitic fluid,and there was an increase in serum cancer antigen 125.She underwent bilateral adnexectomy and tumor resection.The right ovary had been replaced by a multinodular mass that was 8.5 cm×4.5 cm×3.5 cm in size.In addition,there was a 24 cm×15 cm×13 cm mesenteric mass,which was also multinodular,with local invasion of the intestinal serosa and underlying muscle.Under the microscope,the tumors in different places exhibited two different patterns,thus presenting great challenges to diagnosis and treatment.Thorough pathological assessment eliminated all differential diagnoses in favor of metastatic LGESS derived from a 20-year-old primary tumor initially misdiagnosed as leiomyosarcoma.CONCLUSION LGESS morphology varies according to tumor location.Accurate diagnosis is critical for appropriate treatment and improved prognosis and patient care.展开更多
Osteoporosis and associated fractures are the most common chronic metabolic bone disease and represent a major global health problem.With the aging of the population,osteoporosis has been a severe threat to the health...Osteoporosis and associated fractures are the most common chronic metabolic bone disease and represent a major global health problem.With the aging of the population,osteoporosis has been a severe threat to the health of the middle-aged and elderly,especially middle-aged and older women,the prevalence rate of osteoporosis in women is three times higher than that in men.By 2020,the number of patients with osteoporosis increased to 286.6 million.The number of hip fractures reached to 1.6382 million.The number of patients with osteoporosis will rise to 533.3 million in 2050.1 The theme for World Menopause Day 2021 was"Bone Health",which was decided by the Board of the International Menopause Society(IMS).展开更多
Menopausal hormone therapy(MHT)is used to treat menopausal complaints including the genitourinary syndrome of menopause,to prevent osteoporosis,and to treat bleeding problems.Since these can be the indications also in...Menopausal hormone therapy(MHT)is used to treat menopausal complaints including the genitourinary syndrome of menopause,to prevent osteoporosis,and to treat bleeding problems.Since these can be the indications also in young women,especially with POI(premature ovarian insufficiency)or with surgical menopause(bilateral oophorectomy),also the old term"Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT)”is still used.The effective component is the estrogen component without relevant difference in the efficacy of the various MHT-preparations.Additional preventive benefits are reduction of cardiovascular disease(including prevention of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome),reduction of colon cancer,and perhaps also Alzheimer's disease,if started within a Kwindow of opportunity",i.e.in perimenopause or within 6-10 years after menopause.Primary indication for progestogen addition is to avoid the development of estrogen-dependent endometrial cancer,i.e.addition not recommended in hysterectomized women.Two main schedules,sequential-or continuous-combined estrogen/progestogen regimens,are used for treatment of bleeding problems.For this and for optimizing menstrual regulation detailed recommendations are given including proposed dosages for the available different progestogens if added to oral or transdermal estradiol in different estrogen dosages.The WHI-study demonstrated the main risks using MHT within a“worst-case scenario",i.e.start of MHT in old women with high risk for breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases,whereby only^conjugated equine estro-gens”and^medroxprogesterone acetate”have been tested.One main result was that the progestogen component is decisive for the risk of breast cancer,which according to own experimental research and observational studies may be reduced using the physiological progesterone or its isomer dydrogesterone.In addition we propose to push forward research for screening patients with increased breast cancer risk like we have done in the past decade demonstrating that certain membrane-bound receptors in breast cancer tissue or blood can increase this risk.To reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism and stroke,transdermal estradiol(gels,patches,)should be used,in free combination with progesterone or dydrogesterone as"golden standard"in patients with increased risk.To increase the compliance in our patients without special risks we mostly use the available fix-combinations of estradiol/dydrogesterone getting strong efficacy,good menstrual regulation or amenorrhea,respectively,but also other combinations may be indicated to take advantage of for example androgenic or antiandrogenic progestogens.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of bloodletting puncture and cupping in relieving breast cancer-related lymphedema.Methods:We conducted a non-randomized controlled study at the Galactophore Department of the 3...Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of bloodletting puncture and cupping in relieving breast cancer-related lymphedema.Methods:We conducted a non-randomized controlled study at the Galactophore Department of the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from March 2013 to December 2014.Seventy-five patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer-related lymphedema were divided into two groups in accordance with the patients' treatment choices:the treatment group (n =50) underwent bloodletting puncture and cupping every 5 days for 15 min/session (one session per day) combined with exercise training once a day for 30 minutes;the control group (n =25) underwent the same exercise training alone.Evaluation indexes were measured before and after treatment;these included arm circumference (at the wrist crease,10 cm distal to the wrist crease,the elbow crease,and 10 cm distal to the elbow crease)and visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain.The safety of the treatment was also evaluated.Results:The treatment period was 50 days for all 75 patients.At the end of the treatment period,the mean reduction in arm circumference was 1.21 (0.65) cm the treatment group,and 0.58 (0.78) cm in the control group.Compared with the control group,the treatment group had a significantly greater reduction in arm circumference (P =.03) and a significantly lower VAS score for pain (P =.01).No patient in either group experienced any adverse events.Conclusion:Bloodletting puncture and cupping effectively reduces arm circumference and relieves upper limb pain in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema.Our results provide sufficient basis for exploring cupping as long-term therapy for managing breast cancer-related lymphedema.展开更多
In this paper,we explored to develop a new concept of computer-and internet-based learning and training method in medicine,especially in obstetrics and gynecology,which is named as Virtual Academy of Women'Health(...In this paper,we explored to develop a new concept of computer-and internet-based learning and training method in medicine,especially in obstetrics and gynecology,which is named as Virtual Academy of Women'Health(VA).Especially in the times of infectious disease pandemics worldwide,learning at home rather than in big lectures hall,might be necessary and practical as never before.The VA is based on worldwide knowledge in medicine—free accessible on the internet-in terms of homepages,video and audio platforms,scientific papers,medical books,and different guidelines.A collection of different video-clips in various fields of women's health can assist the student or doctor in understanding the symptoms,diagnostics,and treatment of various diseases.There are two major targets of it-one is online education,and one is testing the knowledge by simulation of clinical cases.展开更多
To the Editor:Synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancer(SEOC)was found in approximately 5%of endometrial cancer(EC)patients and 10%of ovarian cancer patients.[1]In the case of concurrent coexistence of endometrial an...To the Editor:Synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancer(SEOC)was found in approximately 5%of endometrial cancer(EC)patients and 10%of ovarian cancer patients.[1]In the case of concurrent coexistence of endometrial and ovarian carcinomas,there are two scenarios:two independent primary tumors(IPTs)or ECs with ovarian metastases,which have different prognoses and treatment response.Previous studies have shown that endometrioid tumors classified as IPTs had a better prognosis than those classified as FIGO stage IIIA endometrial cancers(IIIA-ECs)(86%vs.58%5-year survival rates).展开更多
Summary What is already known on this topic?A new conceptual term,small and vulnerable newborns(SVN),bringing preterm birth,small for gestational age(SGA),or low birth weight(LBW)together is being advocated for assess...Summary What is already known on this topic?A new conceptual term,small and vulnerable newborns(SVN),bringing preterm birth,small for gestational age(SGA),or low birth weight(LBW)together is being advocated for assessing whether a child is at high risk.What is added by this report?According to the new conceptual term,the increasing incidence of high-risk newborns(from 9.82%to 10.96%)has been observed among 2,005,408 newborns over the period from 2013 to 2022,which is higher than using any of the three definitions of SVN.Maternal age≥35,primiparity,and multiple births are high risks for SVN.What are the implications for public health practice?The new conceptual framework should be used to better assess the number of high-risk newborns.Attention should be paid to multiple births to prevent preterm-related SVN.To reduce term newborns who are SGA,we need to be concerned not only with multiple pregnancies but also with first-time mothers.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects of orlistat combined with drospirenone/ethinylestradiol tablets(DRSP/EE)on anthropometric indices,sexual hormones,hepatorenal function parameters of overweight or obese patients wi...Objective:To investigate the effects of orlistat combined with drospirenone/ethinylestradiol tablets(DRSP/EE)on anthropometric indices,sexual hormones,hepatorenal function parameters of overweight or obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods:75 overweight or obese PCOS patients[body mass index(BMI)>24 kg/m^(2)]were recruited within the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology,Beying Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Capital Medical University,from April 2019 to January 2020,for a prospective,randomized,open-labelled comparing study.They were numbered one by one according to the order of recruitement and randomly divided into two groups,group 1 included 50 patients,orlistat plus DRSP/EE;group 2 included 25 patients treated with DRSP/EE alone.Both groups got the same comprehensive intervention in terms of individualized,standardized managment and monitoring of life-style like diet and exercise.The changes of anthropometric indices,sexual hormones,hepatorenal function parameters before and after three months of treatment in the two groups were compared.Results:After three months of treatment,body weight,waist circumference(WC),hip circumference(HC)and BMI of both groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05).The decrease of body weight,WC,HC and BMI in group 1 was significantly greater than those in group 2(P<0.05).Free testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin in both groups were significantly changed(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the hepatorenal function parameters between the two groups after three months treatment(P>0.05).Conclusion:To our knowledge our study is the first to investigate the effects of orlistat combined with DRSP/EE in overweight or obese PCOS patients comparing with the effect of using DRSP/EE alone.Orlistat combined with DRSP/EE was better than use DRSP/EE alone in getting weight loss,which provides an evidence for the choice of rational drug use in clinical practice.展开更多
Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is the most common endocrine and metabolic disease in women of reproductive age.PCOS is characterized by ovulatory disruption,which can lead to infertility.Patients with PCOS are also mo...Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is the most common endocrine and metabolic disease in women of reproductive age.PCOS is characterized by ovulatory disruption,which can lead to infertility.Patients with PCOS are also more likely to have poor pregnancy outcomes.For obese women,lifestyle interventions are recommended first,which have general health benefits.For women who have difficulty changing their lifestyle,drugs for the treatment of obesity or bariatric surgery could be considered.Clomiphene citrate is the first-line medication after weight loss that has been utilized in the past.Letrozole is supplanting clomiphene as the best option for ovulation induction for now,particularly in patients with PCOS.Metformin can improve ovulation and pregnancy rates;however,it has minimal effects in terms of raising live birth rates.Second-line therapies include gonadotropins and laparoscopic ovary drilling.In vitro fertilization can be utilized as a third-line treatment for patients with PCOS who have failed ovulation induction therapy or have other infertility factors.In summary,to achieve fertility,patients with PCOS require standardized individualized therapy.展开更多
Diminished ovarian reserve(DOR),generally defined as a decreased number or quality of oocytes,has a significant impact on quality of life and fertility in women.In recent years,the incidence of DOR has been increasing...Diminished ovarian reserve(DOR),generally defined as a decreased number or quality of oocytes,has a significant impact on quality of life and fertility in women.In recent years,the incidence of DOR has been increasing and the ages of patients are younger.The search for an effective DOR treatment has emerged as one of the preeminent research topics in reproductive health.An effective DOR therapy would improve ovarian function,fertility,and quality of life in patients.In this review we evaluated DOR treatment progress both in Western medicine and Chinese medicine,and elucidated the characteristics of each treatment.展开更多
To the Editor:Cesarean section(CS)is among the most important and safe procedures in obstetrics.When medically indicated,CS can be a life-saving intervention.During the Chinese one-child policy,couples tended to choos...To the Editor:Cesarean section(CS)is among the most important and safe procedures in obstetrics.When medically indicated,CS can be a life-saving intervention.During the Chinese one-child policy,couples tended to choose CS for various reasons.In 2010,the CS rate in China rose to among the world’s highest.^([1])Yet,CS can also have various adverse maternal and neonatal consequences.Maternal mortality and maternal and infant complications are higher with CS compared with vaginal delivery.[2]Over the past several decades,CS rates have increased sharply worldwide,and controlling these rates has become among the most prominent obstetric issues.展开更多
基金supported by Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals' Ascent Plan of China(No.DFL20181401).
文摘1.Introduction Global Healtii Journal focuses on global health-related topics,including global health practice,global health education,and so on.In this special issue,we focus on following themes:(1)an advanced therapy;(2)management strategy of infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS);(3)optimizing menopausal hormone therapy(MHT);and(4)an interpretation of expert consensus.All those works are the intense and painstaking efforts made by the researchers across the world,which cover some important topics on gynecological and reproductive endocrinology and improve the clinical routine as well further researches.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.81972041)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(grant No.7172112)。
文摘Glycans,either alone or in complex with glycan-binding proteins,are essential structures that can regulate cell biology by mediating protein stability or receptor dimerization under physiological and pathological conditions.Certain glycans are ligands for lectins,which are carbohydrate-specific receptors.Bone is a complex tissue that provides mechanical support for muscles and joints,and the regulation of bone mass in mammals is governed by complex interplay between bone-forming cells,called osteoblasts,and bone-resorbing cells,called osteoclasts.Bone erosion occurs when bone resorption notably exceeds bone formation.Osteoclasts may be activated during cancer,leading to a range of symptoms,including bone pain,fracture,and spinal cord compression.Our understanding of the role of protein glycosylation in cells and tissues involved in osteoclastogenesis suggests that glycosylation-based treatments can be used in the management of diseases.The aims of this review are to clarify the process of bone resorption and investigate the signaling pathways mediated by glycosylation and their roles in osteoclast biology.Moreover,we aim to outline how the lessons learned about these approaches are paving the way for future glycobiology-focused therapeutics.
基金funded by the Project Funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022T150445)the Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme(No.QML20211401)+1 种基金the Young Talent Foundation of PLA General Hospital(2019-YQPY-002)Beijing Nova Program(Z201100006820057).
文摘Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2(ROR2)has a vital role in osteogenesis.However,the mechanism underlying the regulation of ROR2 in osteogenic differentiation is still poorly comprehended.A previous study by our research group showed that a novel compound heterozygous ROR2 variation accounted for the autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome(ARRS).This study attempted to explore the impact of the ROR2:c.904C>T variant specifically on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.Methods:Coimmunoprecipitation(CoIP)-western blotting was carried out to identify the interaction between ROR2 and Wnt5a.Double-immunofluorescence staining was used for determining the expressions and co-localization of ROR2 and Wnt5a in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).Western blot(WB)analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)were conducted to identify the expression levels of ROR2 in the BMSCs transfected with LV-shROR2 or LV-ROR2-c.904C>T.The alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity was detected,and Alizarin Red S staining was done for evaluating the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.RT-qPCR was employed to identify the expression of the sphingomyelin synthase 1(SMS1)mRNA in the BMSCs transfected with LV-shROR2 or LV-ROR2-c.904C>T and the mRNA expression levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2),osteocalcin(OCN),and osteopontin(OPN).WB was performed to confirm the protein expressions of extracellular regulated protein kinases1(ERK),P-ERK,Smad family member1/5/8(Smad1/5/8),P-Smad1/5/8,P-P38,P38,RUNX2,OCN,and OPN in the BMSCs transfected with LV-shROR2/LV-ROR2-c.904C>T and sphingomyelin(SM).Results:The ROR2:c.904C>T mutant altered the subcellular localization of the ROR2 protein,which caused an impaired interaction between ROR2 and Wnt5a.The depletion of ROR2 restricted the osteogenic differentiation capability of BMSCs and downregulated the expression of SMS1.SM treatment could reverse the inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation in ROR2-depleted BMSCs.Conclusion:The findings of this work revealed that the ROR2:c.904C>T variant led to the loss of function of ROR2,which impaired the interaction between ROR2 and Wnt5a and also controlled the osteogenic differentiation capability of BMSCs.Furthermore,SM was revealed to be engaged in the osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs regulated by ROR2,which renders SM a potential target in the therapy for ARRS.
基金supported by grants from the Beijing Nova Program(grant number:Z201100006820069)the Hope Star Talent Incentive Program of the Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sci-ences,the National Natural Science Fund(grant number:81573224)+1 种基金the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(grant number:2021-I2M-1-023)the Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation Youth Branch(grant number:ZR202211080124).
文摘Objective:Considering that there are no effective biomarkers for the screening of cardia gastric cancer(CGC),we developed a noninvasive diagnostic approach,employing data-independent acquisition(DIA)proteomics to identify candidate protein markers.Methods:Plasma samples were obtained from 40 subjects,10 each for CGC,cardia high-grade dysplasia(CHGD),cardia low-grade dysplasia(CLGD),and healthy controls.Proteomic profiles were obtained through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS-based DIA proteomics.Candidate plasma proteins were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)combined with machine learning and further validated by the Human Protein Atlas(HPA)database.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)was used to evaluate the performance of the biomarker panel.Results:There was a clear distinction in proteomic features among CGC,CHGD,CLGD,and the healthy controls.According to the WGCNA,we found 42 positively associated and 164 inversely associated proteins related to CGC progression and demonstrated several canonical cancer-associated pathways.Combined with the results from random forests,LASSO regression,and immunohistochemical results from the HPA database,we identified three candidate proteins(GSTP1,CSRP1,and LY6G6F)that could together distinguish CLGD(AUC=0.91),CHGD(AUC=0.99)and CGC(AUC=0.98)from healthy controls with excellent accuracy.Conclusions:The panel of protein biomarkers showed promising diagnostic potential for CGC and precancerous lesions.Further validation and a larger-scale study are warranted to assess its potential clinical applications,suggesting a potential avenue for CGC prevention in the future.
文摘BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer is a kind of well-known tumors of female genitourinary system.Cervical stromal invasion is an adverse factor for poor prognosis of endometrial cancer.There is still controversy regarding the use of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in the diagnosis of cervical stromal invasion of endometrial cancer.The diagnosis of cervical stromal invasion varies significantly between different observers and institutions.We present a limited case series of the particular pattern of endometrial cancer,which infiltrates the cervical stroma and is often overlooked.CASE SUMMARY We present three cases of endometrial carcinoma with cervical stromal invasion with cancer-free uterine cavity.One patient,a reproductive-aged woman,exhibited irregular menstruation and was diagnosed with endometrial polyps by hysteroscopy and segmental curettage.A MRI scan revealed polypoid nodules within the internal cervical orifice.The other two cases were postmenopausal women who presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding.Hysteroscopy and segmental curettage suggested atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium.MRI scans did not detect any malignant signs in the endometrium.In one case,a nonthickened endometrium was observed,while in another,hyperplasia of the endometrium was seen.Notably,none of these patients had malignant tumors identified in the uterine cavity via MRI scans.However,postoperative pathological results following hysterectomy consistently indicated cervical stromal invasion.CONCLUSION Cervical stromal invasion is easily missed if no cancer is found in the uterine body on MRI.Immunohistochemistry of endoscopic curettage specimens should be conducted to avoid underestimation of the disease.
基金Supported by Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(No.2020-2-2111)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.9212007).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?With socioeconomic development,the increase of older pregnancies and multiparas has brought risks to mothers and infants.What is added by this report?As parities increased,the proportion of women of advanced maternal age(AMA)and non-local domicile increased,while the proportion of women with higher education levels decreased.Women with≥3 parities are more likely to have preterm birth(PTB)and macrosomia.What are the implications for public health practice?A comprehensive analysis of pregnancy traits among women at different parities offers a robust foundation for tailored strategies against adverse pregnancy outcomes.
基金Supported by Beijing Hospitals Authority’Ascent Plan(DFL20191402)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82171671)+2 种基金Scientific Research Common Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(KM202110025007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1000304)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7222248).
文摘What is already known about this topic?The level of molybdenum(Mo)in a mother’s urine has been linked to the growth rate of the fetus and the blood pressure levels in children.What is added by this report?We evaluated the variations in maternal plasma Mo concentrations throughout pregnancy and their potential association with the risk of spontaneous preterm birth(SPB).What are the implications for public health practice?Future research must determine the Mo levels in pregnant women across various regions in China.Moreover,particular attention needs to be given to the potential increase in Mo concentration throughout pregnancy and its possible adverse impacts on the health of both the mother and the fetus.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Common Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(KM202110025007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82171671)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development(2016YFC1000304)Beijing Hospitals Authority’Ascent Plan(DFL20191402).
文摘Background The intrauterine environment has a profound and long-lasting influence on the health of the offspring.However,its impact on the postnatal catch-up growth of twin children remains unclarified.Therefore,this study aimed to explore the maternal factors in pregnancy associated with twin offspring growth.Methods This study included 3142 live twin children born to 1571 mothers from the Beijing Birth Cohort Study conducted from 2016 to 2021 in Beijing,China.Original and corrected weight-for-age standard deviation scores of the twin offspring from birth to 36 months of age were calculated according to the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards.The corresponding weight trajectories were identified by the latent trajectory model.Maternal factors in pregnancy associated with the weight trajectories of the twin offspring were examined after adjustment for potential confounders.Results Five weight trajectories of the twin children were identified,with 4.9%(154/3142)exhibiting insufficient catch-up growth,30.6%(961/3142),and 46.8%(1469/3142)showing adequate catch-up growth from different birth weights,and 15.0%(472/3142)and 2.7%(86/3142)showing various degrees of excessive catch-up growth.Maternal short stature[adjusted odds ratio(OR)=0.691,95%confidence interval(CI)=0.563–0.848,P=0.0004]and lower total gestational weight gain(GWG)(adjusted OR=0.774,95%CI=0.616–0.972,P=0.03)were associated with insufficient catch-up growth of the offspring.Maternal stature(adjusted OR=1.331,95%CI=1.168–1.518,P<0.001),higher pre-pregnancy body mass index(BMI)(adjusted OR=1.230,95%CI=1.090–1.387,P<0.001),total GWG(adjusted OR=1.207,95%CI=1.068–1.364,P=0.002),GWG rate(adjusted OR=1.165,95%CI=1.027–1.321,P=0.02),total cholesterol(TC)(adjusted OR=1.150,95%CI=1.018–1.300,P=0.03)and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C)(adjusted OR=1.177,95%CI=1.041–1.330)in early pregnancy were associated with excessive growth of the offspring.The pattern of weight trajectories was similar between monochorionic and dichorionic twins.Maternal height,pre-pregnancy BMI,GWG,TC and LDL-C in early pregnancy were positively associated with excess growth in dichorionic twins,yet a similar association was observed only between maternal height and postnatal growth in monochorionic twins.Conclusion This study identified the effect of maternal stature,weight status,and blood lipid profiles during pregnancy on postnatal weight trajectories of the twin offspring,thereby providing a basis for twin pregnancy management to improve the long-term health of the offspring.
文摘Objectives:This study aimed to explore the status of job satisfaction,emotional labour,core competencies and job stress and the associations of emotional labour and core competencies with the job satisfaction of nurses in China.Methods:Data were collected by using a self-designed general information questionnaire,a job satisfaction questionnaire(McCloskey/Mueller Satisfaction Scale),a nurse emotional labour questionnaire,the Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses questionnaire,and a nurse job stressor questionnaire.A total of 13,448 nurses from 92 hospitals across mainland of China were surveyed,and 11,337 respondents(84.3%response rate)completed the questionnaires.Results:The survey results indicated that Chinese nurses had average job satisfaction(24.77±5.23),moderate job stress(86.84±21.12),moderate to high emotional labour experiences(55.08±9.63)and high competency(195.77±37.61).Multiple linear regression indicated that surface acting was negatively correlated with job satisfaction(P<0.01),while deep acting(P<0.01)and nurses'core competence(P<0.01)were positively associated with job satisfaction.Besides,The results also indicated job stress,geographical distribution,hospital category,gender,work shift,only children,parenting status,monthly salary,nursing experience,professional title,hospital area were the influencing factors of job satisfaction(P<0.05).Conclusion:The improvement of the emotional labour and competency of nurses may help enhance their job satisfaction.
文摘BACKGROUND Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma(LGESS)classically exhibits a proliferative morphology.However,morphological variation of extrauterine tumors presents a diagnostic challenge.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 76-year-old female patient with extensive extrauterine and abdominal neoplastic lesions.Computed tomography showed massive pleural and ascitic fluid,and there was an increase in serum cancer antigen 125.She underwent bilateral adnexectomy and tumor resection.The right ovary had been replaced by a multinodular mass that was 8.5 cm×4.5 cm×3.5 cm in size.In addition,there was a 24 cm×15 cm×13 cm mesenteric mass,which was also multinodular,with local invasion of the intestinal serosa and underlying muscle.Under the microscope,the tumors in different places exhibited two different patterns,thus presenting great challenges to diagnosis and treatment.Thorough pathological assessment eliminated all differential diagnoses in favor of metastatic LGESS derived from a 20-year-old primary tumor initially misdiagnosed as leiomyosarcoma.CONCLUSION LGESS morphology varies according to tumor location.Accurate diagnosis is critical for appropriate treatment and improved prognosis and patient care.
基金supported by China Health Promotion Foundation(CHPF-2018-OP-11)Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals' Ascent Plan of China(DFL20181401).
文摘Osteoporosis and associated fractures are the most common chronic metabolic bone disease and represent a major global health problem.With the aging of the population,osteoporosis has been a severe threat to the health of the middle-aged and elderly,especially middle-aged and older women,the prevalence rate of osteoporosis in women is three times higher than that in men.By 2020,the number of patients with osteoporosis increased to 286.6 million.The number of hip fractures reached to 1.6382 million.The number of patients with osteoporosis will rise to 533.3 million in 2050.1 The theme for World Menopause Day 2021 was"Bone Health",which was decided by the Board of the International Menopause Society(IMS).
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81671411)Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals’Ascent Plan of China(No.DFL20181401).
文摘Menopausal hormone therapy(MHT)is used to treat menopausal complaints including the genitourinary syndrome of menopause,to prevent osteoporosis,and to treat bleeding problems.Since these can be the indications also in young women,especially with POI(premature ovarian insufficiency)or with surgical menopause(bilateral oophorectomy),also the old term"Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT)”is still used.The effective component is the estrogen component without relevant difference in the efficacy of the various MHT-preparations.Additional preventive benefits are reduction of cardiovascular disease(including prevention of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome),reduction of colon cancer,and perhaps also Alzheimer's disease,if started within a Kwindow of opportunity",i.e.in perimenopause or within 6-10 years after menopause.Primary indication for progestogen addition is to avoid the development of estrogen-dependent endometrial cancer,i.e.addition not recommended in hysterectomized women.Two main schedules,sequential-or continuous-combined estrogen/progestogen regimens,are used for treatment of bleeding problems.For this and for optimizing menstrual regulation detailed recommendations are given including proposed dosages for the available different progestogens if added to oral or transdermal estradiol in different estrogen dosages.The WHI-study demonstrated the main risks using MHT within a“worst-case scenario",i.e.start of MHT in old women with high risk for breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases,whereby only^conjugated equine estro-gens”and^medroxprogesterone acetate”have been tested.One main result was that the progestogen component is decisive for the risk of breast cancer,which according to own experimental research and observational studies may be reduced using the physiological progesterone or its isomer dydrogesterone.In addition we propose to push forward research for screening patients with increased breast cancer risk like we have done in the past decade demonstrating that certain membrane-bound receptors in breast cancer tissue or blood can increase this risk.To reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism and stroke,transdermal estradiol(gels,patches,)should be used,in free combination with progesterone or dydrogesterone as"golden standard"in patients with increased risk.To increase the compliance in our patients without special risks we mostly use the available fix-combinations of estradiol/dydrogesterone getting strong efficacy,good menstrual regulation or amenorrhea,respectively,but also other combinations may be indicated to take advantage of for example androgenic or antiandrogenic progestogens.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of bloodletting puncture and cupping in relieving breast cancer-related lymphedema.Methods:We conducted a non-randomized controlled study at the Galactophore Department of the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from March 2013 to December 2014.Seventy-five patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer-related lymphedema were divided into two groups in accordance with the patients' treatment choices:the treatment group (n =50) underwent bloodletting puncture and cupping every 5 days for 15 min/session (one session per day) combined with exercise training once a day for 30 minutes;the control group (n =25) underwent the same exercise training alone.Evaluation indexes were measured before and after treatment;these included arm circumference (at the wrist crease,10 cm distal to the wrist crease,the elbow crease,and 10 cm distal to the elbow crease)and visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain.The safety of the treatment was also evaluated.Results:The treatment period was 50 days for all 75 patients.At the end of the treatment period,the mean reduction in arm circumference was 1.21 (0.65) cm the treatment group,and 0.58 (0.78) cm in the control group.Compared with the control group,the treatment group had a significantly greater reduction in arm circumference (P =.03) and a significantly lower VAS score for pain (P =.01).No patient in either group experienced any adverse events.Conclusion:Bloodletting puncture and cupping effectively reduces arm circumference and relieves upper limb pain in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema.Our results provide sufficient basis for exploring cupping as long-term therapy for managing breast cancer-related lymphedema.
基金This paper was supported by Beijing Municipal Administration of HospitaFs Ascent Plan of China (No.DFL20181401).
文摘In this paper,we explored to develop a new concept of computer-and internet-based learning and training method in medicine,especially in obstetrics and gynecology,which is named as Virtual Academy of Women'Health(VA).Especially in the times of infectious disease pandemics worldwide,learning at home rather than in big lectures hall,might be necessary and practical as never before.The VA is based on worldwide knowledge in medicine—free accessible on the internet-in terms of homepages,video and audio platforms,scientific papers,medical books,and different guidelines.A collection of different video-clips in various fields of women's health can assist the student or doctor in understanding the symptoms,diagnostics,and treatment of various diseases.There are two major targets of it-one is online education,and one is testing the knowledge by simulation of clinical cases.
文摘To the Editor:Synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancer(SEOC)was found in approximately 5%of endometrial cancer(EC)patients and 10%of ovarian cancer patients.[1]In the case of concurrent coexistence of endometrial and ovarian carcinomas,there are two scenarios:two independent primary tumors(IPTs)or ECs with ovarian metastases,which have different prognoses and treatment response.Previous studies have shown that endometrioid tumors classified as IPTs had a better prognosis than those classified as FIGO stage IIIA endometrial cancers(IIIA-ECs)(86%vs.58%5-year survival rates).
基金Supported by Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(No.2020-2-2111)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.9212007).
文摘Summary What is already known on this topic?A new conceptual term,small and vulnerable newborns(SVN),bringing preterm birth,small for gestational age(SGA),or low birth weight(LBW)together is being advocated for assessing whether a child is at high risk.What is added by this report?According to the new conceptual term,the increasing incidence of high-risk newborns(from 9.82%to 10.96%)has been observed among 2,005,408 newborns over the period from 2013 to 2022,which is higher than using any of the three definitions of SVN.Maternal age≥35,primiparity,and multiple births are high risks for SVN.What are the implications for public health practice?The new conceptual framework should be used to better assess the number of high-risk newborns.Attention should be paid to multiple births to prevent preterm-related SVN.To reduce term newborns who are SGA,we need to be concerned not only with multiple pregnancies but also with first-time mothers.
基金supported by Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals'Ascent Plan of China(No.DFL20181401).
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects of orlistat combined with drospirenone/ethinylestradiol tablets(DRSP/EE)on anthropometric indices,sexual hormones,hepatorenal function parameters of overweight or obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods:75 overweight or obese PCOS patients[body mass index(BMI)>24 kg/m^(2)]were recruited within the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology,Beying Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Capital Medical University,from April 2019 to January 2020,for a prospective,randomized,open-labelled comparing study.They were numbered one by one according to the order of recruitement and randomly divided into two groups,group 1 included 50 patients,orlistat plus DRSP/EE;group 2 included 25 patients treated with DRSP/EE alone.Both groups got the same comprehensive intervention in terms of individualized,standardized managment and monitoring of life-style like diet and exercise.The changes of anthropometric indices,sexual hormones,hepatorenal function parameters before and after three months of treatment in the two groups were compared.Results:After three months of treatment,body weight,waist circumference(WC),hip circumference(HC)and BMI of both groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05).The decrease of body weight,WC,HC and BMI in group 1 was significantly greater than those in group 2(P<0.05).Free testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin in both groups were significantly changed(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the hepatorenal function parameters between the two groups after three months treatment(P>0.05).Conclusion:To our knowledge our study is the first to investigate the effects of orlistat combined with DRSP/EE in overweight or obese PCOS patients comparing with the effect of using DRSP/EE alone.Orlistat combined with DRSP/EE was better than use DRSP/EE alone in getting weight loss,which provides an evidence for the choice of rational drug use in clinical practice.
基金supported by Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals'Ascent Plan(No.DFL20181401)of China.
文摘Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is the most common endocrine and metabolic disease in women of reproductive age.PCOS is characterized by ovulatory disruption,which can lead to infertility.Patients with PCOS are also more likely to have poor pregnancy outcomes.For obese women,lifestyle interventions are recommended first,which have general health benefits.For women who have difficulty changing their lifestyle,drugs for the treatment of obesity or bariatric surgery could be considered.Clomiphene citrate is the first-line medication after weight loss that has been utilized in the past.Letrozole is supplanting clomiphene as the best option for ovulation induction for now,particularly in patients with PCOS.Metformin can improve ovulation and pregnancy rates;however,it has minimal effects in terms of raising live birth rates.Second-line therapies include gonadotropins and laparoscopic ovary drilling.In vitro fertilization can be utilized as a third-line treatment for patients with PCOS who have failed ovulation induction therapy or have other infertility factors.In summary,to achieve fertility,patients with PCOS require standardized individualized therapy.
基金Supported by the Fund for Beijing Science&Technology Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.JJ-2018-73)。
文摘Diminished ovarian reserve(DOR),generally defined as a decreased number or quality of oocytes,has a significant impact on quality of life and fertility in women.In recent years,the incidence of DOR has been increasing and the ages of patients are younger.The search for an effective DOR treatment has emerged as one of the preeminent research topics in reproductive health.An effective DOR therapy would improve ovarian function,fertility,and quality of life in patients.In this review we evaluated DOR treatment progress both in Western medicine and Chinese medicine,and elucidated the characteristics of each treatment.
文摘To the Editor:Cesarean section(CS)is among the most important and safe procedures in obstetrics.When medically indicated,CS can be a life-saving intervention.During the Chinese one-child policy,couples tended to choose CS for various reasons.In 2010,the CS rate in China rose to among the world’s highest.^([1])Yet,CS can also have various adverse maternal and neonatal consequences.Maternal mortality and maternal and infant complications are higher with CS compared with vaginal delivery.[2]Over the past several decades,CS rates have increased sharply worldwide,and controlling these rates has become among the most prominent obstetric issues.
