In the present study,the spatial-temporal distribution of b-value along the five faults area(the Judi fault,Thaple fault,Kathmandu fault,Motihari-Gauri Shanker fault,and Motihari-Everest fault)was investigated after t...In the present study,the spatial-temporal distribution of b-value along the five faults area(the Judi fault,Thaple fault,Kathmandu fault,Motihari-Gauri Shanker fault,and Motihari-Everest fault)was investigated after the Gorkha earthquake(M7.8).The earthquake catalog of 10,500 events was prepared by compiling the published catalogs.The study area is bounded in the central Himalaya from 26.5°to 29°in latitude direction and 84°to 87°in longitude direction.The frequency magnitude distribution shows the variation of the b-value along with fault areas from 0.45 to 0.69,indicating a common characteristic of aftershock sequences.In particular,the Judi fault area,Thaple fault area,and Motihari-Everest fault area are characterized by the low b-values of 0.45±0.02,0.48±0.02,and 0.55±0.04,respectively.These regions could be the source region for future earthquakes.The low b-value observed for fault areas are also consistent with the thrust faulting pattern in the region as indicated by the focal mechanism of mainshock and major aftershocks.The temporal variation of b-value shows inevitable fluctuations during25 April to 12 May 2015.Among the area selected,the Motihari-Everest fault area is in critical strain(mechanically locked)conditions,as indicated by the stepwise energy release pattern.展开更多
On April 25, 2015, Nepal was struck by the MW7.8 Gorkha earthquake followed by an intense aftershock sequence. It was one of the most destructive earthquakes in the Himalayan arc, causing more than 8900 fatalities. In...On April 25, 2015, Nepal was struck by the MW7.8 Gorkha earthquake followed by an intense aftershock sequence. It was one of the most destructive earthquakes in the Himalayan arc, causing more than 8900 fatalities. In this study, we analyzed the dataset (429 events, magnitude of completeness (Mc) ≥ 4.2 local magnitude) of the first 45 days after the Gorkha earthquake to estimate the seismicity parameters b-value, D-value, and p-value. We used the maximum likelihood method to estimate the b-value and Omori-Utsu parameters, whereas the correlation integral method was applied to estimate the fractal dimension (D-value). The analysis was carried out using running and sliding window techniques. The lowest b-value (0.57 ± 0.04) and the highest D-value (1.65 ± 0.02) were computed at the time of the Gorkha earthquake, after which the b-value significantly increased to a maximum of 1.57. It again dropped to 0.93 at the time of the major aftershock on May 12, 2015. The D-value showed an initial quick drop and then decreased in a wavy pattern until the end of the study period, indicating the clustering and scattering of earthquakes in a fault region. The b-value contour map identified the eastern part of the study area as a high stress region (b = ~0.8), implying that the stress shifted to that region. The D-value contour map reveals that the seismogenic structure shifted from linear to planar in the region. The rate of aftershock decay (p = 0.86 ± 0.04) for a short period reflects that the level of stress decreased rapidly. This study helps to understand the level of stress and seismicity pattern of a region, which could be useful for aftershock studies.展开更多
Civets are alluring nocturnal carnivores having variant external features with different coat colors, stripes and spots, carpal and metatarsal pads, closed or open peri-anal scent glands in both sexes which have great...Civets are alluring nocturnal carnivores having variant external features with different coat colors, stripes and spots, carpal and metatarsal pads, closed or open peri-anal scent glands in both sexes which have great taxonomic value and make these animals acclimatize in a wide range of geographical landscapes from hilly areas to patchy gardens and thin forests of the low land (Terai) located in or near the human settlement areas. The range of Head Body Length (HBL) and Tail Length (TL) in <em>Paradoxurus </em>spp. and <em>Viverricula </em>spp. distinguishes civets from felids. The study of civets was carried out by direct observation and videos and/or photographs were taken in the sighted places with the record of geological coordinates as evidence. For the record of civets, four wards (<em>i.e.</em> 7, 10, 11 and 12) were selected from Bharatpur Metropolitan City by lottery methods from the purposively selected 15 wards out of 29. These selected wards were visited randomly once or upon call in a month riding on a motorbike at the speed of 10 to 20 kilometer per hour in average speed and was crossed 2400 kilometers during four years beginning from January, 2016 to December, 2019. As a result, 11 civets of three Species, six Subspecies and two genera (<em>i.e. Paradoxurus</em> spp. and<em> Viverricula</em> spp.) were recorded. Among these animals, four subspecies were from Paradoxurinae and two were from Viverrinae subfamilies. Likewise, <em>Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus</em> were reported, 9.09% (n = 1);<em>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus minor</em>, 9.09% (n = 1);<em>Paradoxurus hermaphtoditus pallasii</em>, 54.55% (n = 6);<em>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus</em>, 9.09% (n = 1);<em> Viverricula indica baptistae</em>, 9.09% (n = 1);and <em>Viverricula indica mayori</em>, 9.09% (n = 1). Conclusively, the first records of the civet Species and Subspecies from thin gardens of fruiting trees and human houses or settlement areas in the city of Bharatpur, Chitwan, have created a great field to explore ecology and population status. However, human-civet conflicts have been created by the potential harm to poultry and pets as well as possible reservoir hosts of parasitic zoonoses and Covid-19 Viruses. Consequently, the population of civets is declining in an alarming rate due to the threats of vehicle and electric accidents, snaring and random killing by the people.展开更多
The birds and mammals are nature gifted gene banks which differ greatly with variation in altitudes, climates, landscapes, vegetation and availability of food and water. The altitudinal variation in Nepal is 60 m to 8...The birds and mammals are nature gifted gene banks which differ greatly with variation in altitudes, climates, landscapes, vegetation and availability of food and water. The altitudinal variation in Nepal is 60 m to 8,848 m which affects climatic conditions and habitat types within short distance that influence species diversity of wild animals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to reveal species richness, behaviors and luring factors for birds and mammals to attract to an urban area of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, the South-central lowland of Nepal. The methods applied to record species diversity of birds and mammals were made from a home point (a point of study made at the North-west corner of verandah in first floor of my home) located in Bharatpur-9, Saradpur, Sitalpath, in the coordinates of 27<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span></span>39'55"N and 84<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span></span>26'08"E. The animal species were observed thrice daily (at 7 AM, 10 AM and 2 PM) for 2 months beginning from 24 March to 23 May 2020 during the period of lockdown of COVID-19 and were listed in “Observation Data Sheet”. The photographs and/or videos were taken except one of the species of bats (<em>i.e. Myotis formosus</em>) and six species of birds which were flying swiftly over the sky in 70 m in diameter (<em>i.e.</em> 7,436 square meters or 22 kattha in area) of the home point. The results obtained from my study were;83 species, 53 genera and 37 families of wild birds;and 6 species, 5 genera and 3 families of wild mammals. Among birds, <em>Dicrurus</em> and <em>Ploceus</em> were recorded the highest 7.54% (4/53);followed by <em>Acridotheres</em>, <em>Megalaima</em>, <em>Merops</em>, <em>Oriolus</em>, <em>Psittacula</em> and <em>Streptopelia</em> with 5.66% (3/53), and remaining twelve genera were found 3.77% (2/53), and thirty three genera were 1.88% (1/53). Similarly, 33.33% (2/6) of <em>Herpestes</em>;and 16.66% (1/6) of each <em>Canis</em>, <em>Vulpes</em>, <em>Pipistrellus</em> and <em>Myotis</em> were recorded among mammals. Conclusively, I found that the species of birds and mammals were lured to human settlement area due to availability of food (<em>i.e.</em> small in/vertebrates, kitchen garbage etc.);crops (<em>i.e.</em> maize, sesame etc.);vegetables (<em>i.e.</em> bean);fruits (litchi, mango, berries etc.);nesting places and healthy environment. However, there is great chance of transmission of viral (rabies, foot-mouth disease etc.), bacterial (tuberculosis) and parasitic zoonoses (echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, helminthiasis etc.) to humans and domesticated animals through feces and saliva droppings in addition to the poultry raiding, biting to people and damage of fruits, vegetables and crops creating conflicts.展开更多
The research work is carried out to find spectrum of wavelength of the emitted radiations from filament bulb. Both temperature and wavelength measurement are based on theoretical model. The temperature finding formula...The research work is carried out to find spectrum of wavelength of the emitted radiations from filament bulb. Both temperature and wavelength measurement are based on theoretical model. The temperature finding formula for tungsten filament is obtained by using blackbody radiation approach. The peak wavelength of the emitted radiation is obtained 1.461 μm and 1.125 μm for 6 and 500 watt bulb respectively by using Wein’s displacement law which depends upon temperature of the filament. The wavelength obtained by using Wein’s displacement law, is just an index, which helps to investigate, “how the radiation energy density is distributed” so as to give rise to an electromagnetic spectrum. The results obtained from the applied methodologies show that the accuracy of a model is quite good. Some mathematical techniques and probability theory are used to verify the work. The work is followed by both classical and quantum analysis to justify the results. Temperature only is not the key factor that deserves power of the bulb. The value of resistance plays a vital role in fixing power of the bulb. At least one factor is important in the calibration of the power of the bulb, “either temperature or surface area” of the filament.展开更多
基金Tribhuvan University,Nepal for providing sabbatical leave and University Grants Commission(UGC),Nepal for providing financial support in the form of fellowship
文摘In the present study,the spatial-temporal distribution of b-value along the five faults area(the Judi fault,Thaple fault,Kathmandu fault,Motihari-Gauri Shanker fault,and Motihari-Everest fault)was investigated after the Gorkha earthquake(M7.8).The earthquake catalog of 10,500 events was prepared by compiling the published catalogs.The study area is bounded in the central Himalaya from 26.5°to 29°in latitude direction and 84°to 87°in longitude direction.The frequency magnitude distribution shows the variation of the b-value along with fault areas from 0.45 to 0.69,indicating a common characteristic of aftershock sequences.In particular,the Judi fault area,Thaple fault area,and Motihari-Everest fault area are characterized by the low b-values of 0.45±0.02,0.48±0.02,and 0.55±0.04,respectively.These regions could be the source region for future earthquakes.The low b-value observed for fault areas are also consistent with the thrust faulting pattern in the region as indicated by the focal mechanism of mainshock and major aftershocks.The temporal variation of b-value shows inevitable fluctuations during25 April to 12 May 2015.Among the area selected,the Motihari-Everest fault area is in critical strain(mechanically locked)conditions,as indicated by the stepwise energy release pattern.
文摘On April 25, 2015, Nepal was struck by the MW7.8 Gorkha earthquake followed by an intense aftershock sequence. It was one of the most destructive earthquakes in the Himalayan arc, causing more than 8900 fatalities. In this study, we analyzed the dataset (429 events, magnitude of completeness (Mc) ≥ 4.2 local magnitude) of the first 45 days after the Gorkha earthquake to estimate the seismicity parameters b-value, D-value, and p-value. We used the maximum likelihood method to estimate the b-value and Omori-Utsu parameters, whereas the correlation integral method was applied to estimate the fractal dimension (D-value). The analysis was carried out using running and sliding window techniques. The lowest b-value (0.57 ± 0.04) and the highest D-value (1.65 ± 0.02) were computed at the time of the Gorkha earthquake, after which the b-value significantly increased to a maximum of 1.57. It again dropped to 0.93 at the time of the major aftershock on May 12, 2015. The D-value showed an initial quick drop and then decreased in a wavy pattern until the end of the study period, indicating the clustering and scattering of earthquakes in a fault region. The b-value contour map identified the eastern part of the study area as a high stress region (b = ~0.8), implying that the stress shifted to that region. The D-value contour map reveals that the seismogenic structure shifted from linear to planar in the region. The rate of aftershock decay (p = 0.86 ± 0.04) for a short period reflects that the level of stress decreased rapidly. This study helps to understand the level of stress and seismicity pattern of a region, which could be useful for aftershock studies.
文摘Civets are alluring nocturnal carnivores having variant external features with different coat colors, stripes and spots, carpal and metatarsal pads, closed or open peri-anal scent glands in both sexes which have great taxonomic value and make these animals acclimatize in a wide range of geographical landscapes from hilly areas to patchy gardens and thin forests of the low land (Terai) located in or near the human settlement areas. The range of Head Body Length (HBL) and Tail Length (TL) in <em>Paradoxurus </em>spp. and <em>Viverricula </em>spp. distinguishes civets from felids. The study of civets was carried out by direct observation and videos and/or photographs were taken in the sighted places with the record of geological coordinates as evidence. For the record of civets, four wards (<em>i.e.</em> 7, 10, 11 and 12) were selected from Bharatpur Metropolitan City by lottery methods from the purposively selected 15 wards out of 29. These selected wards were visited randomly once or upon call in a month riding on a motorbike at the speed of 10 to 20 kilometer per hour in average speed and was crossed 2400 kilometers during four years beginning from January, 2016 to December, 2019. As a result, 11 civets of three Species, six Subspecies and two genera (<em>i.e. Paradoxurus</em> spp. and<em> Viverricula</em> spp.) were recorded. Among these animals, four subspecies were from Paradoxurinae and two were from Viverrinae subfamilies. Likewise, <em>Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus</em> were reported, 9.09% (n = 1);<em>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus minor</em>, 9.09% (n = 1);<em>Paradoxurus hermaphtoditus pallasii</em>, 54.55% (n = 6);<em>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus</em>, 9.09% (n = 1);<em> Viverricula indica baptistae</em>, 9.09% (n = 1);and <em>Viverricula indica mayori</em>, 9.09% (n = 1). Conclusively, the first records of the civet Species and Subspecies from thin gardens of fruiting trees and human houses or settlement areas in the city of Bharatpur, Chitwan, have created a great field to explore ecology and population status. However, human-civet conflicts have been created by the potential harm to poultry and pets as well as possible reservoir hosts of parasitic zoonoses and Covid-19 Viruses. Consequently, the population of civets is declining in an alarming rate due to the threats of vehicle and electric accidents, snaring and random killing by the people.
文摘The birds and mammals are nature gifted gene banks which differ greatly with variation in altitudes, climates, landscapes, vegetation and availability of food and water. The altitudinal variation in Nepal is 60 m to 8,848 m which affects climatic conditions and habitat types within short distance that influence species diversity of wild animals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to reveal species richness, behaviors and luring factors for birds and mammals to attract to an urban area of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, the South-central lowland of Nepal. The methods applied to record species diversity of birds and mammals were made from a home point (a point of study made at the North-west corner of verandah in first floor of my home) located in Bharatpur-9, Saradpur, Sitalpath, in the coordinates of 27<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span></span>39'55"N and 84<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span></span>26'08"E. The animal species were observed thrice daily (at 7 AM, 10 AM and 2 PM) for 2 months beginning from 24 March to 23 May 2020 during the period of lockdown of COVID-19 and were listed in “Observation Data Sheet”. The photographs and/or videos were taken except one of the species of bats (<em>i.e. Myotis formosus</em>) and six species of birds which were flying swiftly over the sky in 70 m in diameter (<em>i.e.</em> 7,436 square meters or 22 kattha in area) of the home point. The results obtained from my study were;83 species, 53 genera and 37 families of wild birds;and 6 species, 5 genera and 3 families of wild mammals. Among birds, <em>Dicrurus</em> and <em>Ploceus</em> were recorded the highest 7.54% (4/53);followed by <em>Acridotheres</em>, <em>Megalaima</em>, <em>Merops</em>, <em>Oriolus</em>, <em>Psittacula</em> and <em>Streptopelia</em> with 5.66% (3/53), and remaining twelve genera were found 3.77% (2/53), and thirty three genera were 1.88% (1/53). Similarly, 33.33% (2/6) of <em>Herpestes</em>;and 16.66% (1/6) of each <em>Canis</em>, <em>Vulpes</em>, <em>Pipistrellus</em> and <em>Myotis</em> were recorded among mammals. Conclusively, I found that the species of birds and mammals were lured to human settlement area due to availability of food (<em>i.e.</em> small in/vertebrates, kitchen garbage etc.);crops (<em>i.e.</em> maize, sesame etc.);vegetables (<em>i.e.</em> bean);fruits (litchi, mango, berries etc.);nesting places and healthy environment. However, there is great chance of transmission of viral (rabies, foot-mouth disease etc.), bacterial (tuberculosis) and parasitic zoonoses (echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, helminthiasis etc.) to humans and domesticated animals through feces and saliva droppings in addition to the poultry raiding, biting to people and damage of fruits, vegetables and crops creating conflicts.
文摘The research work is carried out to find spectrum of wavelength of the emitted radiations from filament bulb. Both temperature and wavelength measurement are based on theoretical model. The temperature finding formula for tungsten filament is obtained by using blackbody radiation approach. The peak wavelength of the emitted radiation is obtained 1.461 μm and 1.125 μm for 6 and 500 watt bulb respectively by using Wein’s displacement law which depends upon temperature of the filament. The wavelength obtained by using Wein’s displacement law, is just an index, which helps to investigate, “how the radiation energy density is distributed” so as to give rise to an electromagnetic spectrum. The results obtained from the applied methodologies show that the accuracy of a model is quite good. Some mathematical techniques and probability theory are used to verify the work. The work is followed by both classical and quantum analysis to justify the results. Temperature only is not the key factor that deserves power of the bulb. The value of resistance plays a vital role in fixing power of the bulb. At least one factor is important in the calibration of the power of the bulb, “either temperature or surface area” of the filament.
