Within the last few decades, increases in computational resources have contributed enormously to the progress of science and engineering (S & E). To continue making rapid advancements, the S & E community must...Within the last few decades, increases in computational resources have contributed enormously to the progress of science and engineering (S & E). To continue making rapid advancements, the S & E community must be able to access computing resources. One way to provide such resources is through High-Performance Computing (HPC) centers. Many academic research institutions offer their own HPC Centers but struggle to make the computing resources easily accessible and user-friendly. Here we present SHABU, a RESTful Web API framework that enables S & E communities to access resources from Boston University’s Shared Computing Center (SCC). The SHABU requirements are derived from the use cases described in this work.展开更多
In recent decades,Haiti has been subject to man-made and natural disasters that have left its citizens vulnerable to a range of shocks.With a weak state unable to protect its populace,Haitians are exposed to some of t...In recent decades,Haiti has been subject to man-made and natural disasters that have left its citizens vulnerable to a range of shocks.With a weak state unable to protect its populace,Haitians are exposed to some of the highest levels of poverty and violence in the Western Hemisphere.In recent years,Haitians have experienced two crises that this study analyzes:the instability and political violence of“peyi lòk”as well as the global pandemic of COVID-19.This community-based assessment explores the impact of these two crises on the mental health and psychological well-being of 38 Haitian university students in the understudied northern part of the country.Results indicate that both crises had similarities related to their psychological effects on young people,most notably in terms of traumatic experiences related to threats or violence,forced confinement,and large increases in population-wide uncertainty.Additionally,the extreme violence of“peyi lòk”and the widespread unpredictability of COVID-19 and its effects in the early days of the pandemic resulted in high levels of stress and fear.Both crises also resulted in extreme economic hardship for students,with many reporting difficulties accessing basic needs such as food and water.This study highlights how converging population-level crises in“complex emergencies”can heighten trauma and compromise mental health.展开更多
Variability in the location and shape of the dayside magnetopause is attributed to magnetic reconnection,a fundamental process that enables the transfer of mass,energy,and momentum from the solar wind into the magneto...Variability in the location and shape of the dayside magnetopause is attributed to magnetic reconnection,a fundamental process that enables the transfer of mass,energy,and momentum from the solar wind into the magnetosphere.The spatial and temporal properties of the magnetopause,under varying solar and magnetospheric conditions,remain largely unknown because empirical studies using in-situ observations are challenging to interpret.Global wide field-of-view(FOV)imaging is the only means to simultaneously observe the spatial distribution of the plasma properties over the vast dayside magnetospheric region and,subsequently,quantify the energy transport from the interplanetary medium into the terrestrial magnetosphere.Two upcoming missions,ESA/CAS SMILE and NASA’s LEXI will provide wide-field imagery of the dayside magnetosheath in soft X-rays,an emission generated by charge exchange interactions between high charge-state heavy ions of solar wind origin and exospheric neutral atoms.High-cadence two-dimensional observations of the magnetosheath will allow the estimation of dynamic properties of its inner boundary,the magnetopause,and enable studies of its response to changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field orientation.This work introduces a statistically-based estimation approach based on inverse theory to estimate the spatial distribution of magnetosheath soft X-ray emissivities and,with this,identify the location of the magnetopause over the Sun−Earth line.To do so,we simulate the magnetosheath structure using the MHD-based OpenGGCM model and generate synthetic soft X-ray images using LEXI’s orbit and attitude information.Our results show that 3-D estimations using the described statistically-based technique are robust against Poisson-distributed shot noise inherent to soft X-ray images.Also,our proposed methodology shows that the accuracy of both three-dimensional(3-D)estimation and the magnetopause standoff distance calculation highly depends on the observational point.展开更多
The Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)and Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)missions will image the Earth’s dayside magneto pause and cusps in soft X-rays after their respective l...The Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)and Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)missions will image the Earth’s dayside magneto pause and cusps in soft X-rays after their respective launches in the near future,to specify glo bal magnetic reconnection modes for varying solar wind conditions.To suppo rt the success of these scientific missions,it is critical to develop techniques that extract the magnetopause locations from the observed soft X-ray images.In this research,we introduce a new geometric equation that calculates the subsolar magnetopause position(RS)from a satellite position,the look direction of the instrument,and the angle at which the X-ray emission is maximized.Two assumptions are used in this method:(1)The look direction where soft X-ray emissions are maximized lies tangent to the magnetopause,and(2)the magnetopause surface near the subsolar point is almost spherical and thus RSis nea rly equal to the radius of the magneto pause curvature.We create synthetic soft X-ray images by using the Open Geospace General Circulation Model(OpenGGCM)global magnetohydrodynamic model,the galactic background,the instrument point spread function,and Poisson noise.We then apply the fast Fourier transform and Gaussian low-pass filte rs to the synthetic images to re move noise and obtain accurate look angles for the soft X-ray pea ks.From the filte red images,we calculate RS and its accuracy for different LEXI locations,look directions,and solar wind densities by using the OpenGGCM subsolar magnetopause location as ground truth.Our method estimates RS with an accuracy of<0.3 RE when the solar wind density exceeds>10 cm-3.The accuracy improves for greater solar wind densities and during southward interplanetary magnetic fields.The method ca ptures the magnetopause motion during southwa rd interplaneta ry magnetic field turnings.Consequently,the technique will enable quantitative analysis of the magnetopause motion and help reveal the dayside reconnection modes for dynamic solar wind conditions.This technique will suppo rt the LEXI and SMILE missions in achieving their scientific o bjectives.展开更多
While we eagerly anticipate SMILE’s(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer)unprecedented X-ray observations of the Earth’s magnetosheath and the initiation of a new era of magnetospheric research,it seems...While we eagerly anticipate SMILE’s(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer)unprecedented X-ray observations of the Earth’s magnetosheath and the initiation of a new era of magnetospheric research,it seems appropriate to look ahead to the abilities of the next generation of astrophysics missions.Of these,the Line Emission Mapper(LEM),a large aperture micro-calorimeter based mission,is currently planned to be able to observe the magnetosheath at high spectral resolution(~2 eV).With a field of view of~30′,LEM will allow higher spatial resolution and higher cadence measurement of the motion of a very small portion of the magnetopause over relatively short periods of time(multiple hours),complementing SMILE’s global mapping.LEM’s strength is its spectral resolution.It will be able to measure the abundance of a broad range of elements and ionization states,many of which are inaccessible to current in situ instruments,and will be able to separate the emission from the magnetosheath from the emission from the cosmic X-ray background using the difference in their relative velocities.展开更多
Research Background: Sickle cell trait has no treatment or cure and predominantly affects people who are Black, but can affect anyone of any race or ethnicity. While commonly incorrectly considered benign by providers...Research Background: Sickle cell trait has no treatment or cure and predominantly affects people who are Black, but can affect anyone of any race or ethnicity. While commonly incorrectly considered benign by providers and the public, people with a sickle cell trait experience life-threatening outcomes that are exacerbated by extreme conditions. There is a severe lack of awareness and understanding of sickle cell trait and the associated health complications among sickle cell trait carriers and healthcare providers. Purpose/Aim: Interventions that aim to improve awareness of sickle cell trait differ in approaches and are not well documented in the literature. This typology aims to highlight current efforts to inform targeted interventions that raise awareness through consistent messaging, educate people and providers on sickle cell trait and the related health complications, and support the design and implementation of comprehensive sickle cell trait awareness initiatives. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of United States-based sickle cell trait interventions and performed a content analysis to identify the categories and characteristics of these efforts. We then organized the results into a typology according to established protocols. Results: Among 164 interventions, twenty-five (15%) met the typology inclusion criteria described above and were grouped into categories: Seven of twenty-five interventions were Educational Interventions (28%), three of twenty-five interventions (12%) were Combined Screening and Educational-Based Interventions, eight of twenty-five interventions (32%) were Policy and Guideline-Based Intervention, and six of twenty-five interventions (24%) were Sickle Cell Trait Organization-Led Interventions. Conclusions: There is a lack of consistency in messaging across interventions whether delivered by credible healthcare institutions or national organizations, which can result in lack of education and awareness and confusion around sickle cell trait. Categorizing interventions through a typology allows clarity and informs consistency in messaging, which should be at the forefront of future sickle cell trait efforts.展开更多
The change processes and trends of shoreline and tidal flat forced by human activities are essential issues for the sustainability of coastal area,which is also of great significance for understanding coastal ecologic...The change processes and trends of shoreline and tidal flat forced by human activities are essential issues for the sustainability of coastal area,which is also of great significance for understanding coastal ecological environment changes and even global changes.Based on field measurements,combined with Linear Regression(LR)model and Inverse Distance Weighing(IDW)method,this paper presents detailed analysis on the change history and trend of the shoreline and tidal flat in Bohai Bay.The shoreline faces a high erosion chance under the action of natural factors,while the tidal flat faces a different erosion and deposition patterns in Bohai Bay due to the impact of human activities.The implication of change rule for ecological protection and recovery is also discussed.Measures should be taken to protect the coastal ecological environment.The models used in this paper show a high correlation coefficient between observed and modeling data,which means that this method can be used to predict the changing trend of shoreline and tidal flat.The research results of present study can provide scientific supports for future coastal protection and management.展开更多
The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)is part of the scientific payload of the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission.SMILE is a joint science mission between the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese...The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)is part of the scientific payload of the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission.SMILE is a joint science mission between the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and is due for launch in 2025.SXI is a compact X-ray telescope with a wide field-of-view(FOV)capable of encompassing large portions of Earth’s magnetosphere from the vantage point of the SMILE orbit.SXI is sensitive to the soft X-rays produced by the Solar Wind Charge eXchange(SWCX)process produced when heavy ions of solar wind origin interact with neutral particles in Earth’s exosphere.SWCX provides a mechanism for boundary detection within the magnetosphere,such as the position of Earth’s magnetopause,because the solar wind heavy ions have a very low density in regions of closed magnetic field lines.The sensitivity of the SXI is such that it can potentially track movements of the magnetopause on timescales of a few minutes and the orbit of SMILE will enable such movements to be tracked for segments lasting many hours.SXI is led by the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom(UK)with collaborating organisations on hardware,software and science support within the UK,Europe,China and the United States.展开更多
One in five Americans experience symptoms associated with at least one mental health disorder every year. These include behavioral addictions, which have long been overlooked despite their similar neural bases with su...One in five Americans experience symptoms associated with at least one mental health disorder every year. These include behavioral addictions, which have long been overlooked despite their similar neural bases with substance addictions. Gambling addiction, a type of behavioral addiction, deserves particular attention given the significant negative effects, this addiction has on financial and interpersonal health. The purpose of this paper is to review the available literature concerning the behavioral and neural processes involved in gambling addiction, including: the anticipation of reward, the role of dopamine, and the neural substrates of the decision-making processes involved in gambling addiction. Market research has also identified solutions that integrate applied neuroscience and self-tracking systems to monitor and manage mental health issues associated with gambling addiction. The authors then propose a gambling treatment-focused mobile app solution that addresses outstanding issues with a special design aimed at reversing plasticity in order to relieve the effects of gambling addiction. .展开更多
The joint European Space Agency and Chinese Academy of Sciences Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission will explore global dynamics of the magnetosphere under varying solar wind and interplane...The joint European Space Agency and Chinese Academy of Sciences Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission will explore global dynamics of the magnetosphere under varying solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions,and simultaneously monitor the auroral response of the Northern Hemisphere ionosphere.Combining these large-scale responses with medium and fine-scale measurements at a variety of cadences by additional ground-based and space-based instruments will enable a much greater scientific impact beyond the original goals of the SMILE mission.Here,we describe current community efforts to prepare for SMILE,and the benefits and context various experiments that have explicitly expressed support for SMILE can offer.A dedicated group of international scientists representing many different experiment types and geographical locations,the Ground-based and Additional Science Working Group,is facilitating these efforts.Preparations include constructing an online SMILE Data Fusion Facility,the discussion of particular or special modes for experiments such as coherent and incoherent scatter radar,and the consideration of particular observing strategies and spacecraft conjunctions.We anticipate growing interest and community engagement with the SMILE mission,and we welcome novel ideas and insights from the solar-terrestrial community.展开更多
<正> This special issue of Current Zoology concerning thebehavior, ecology, and evolution of fishes is comprisedof the peer-reviewed Proceedings of the 2008 Ecologicaland Evolutionary Ecology of Fishes Biennial ...<正> This special issue of Current Zoology concerning thebehavior, ecology, and evolution of fishes is comprisedof the peer-reviewed Proceedings of the 2008 Ecologicaland Evolutionary Ecology of Fishes Biennial Conferencethat was held June 29-July 3 at Boston University,Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The conferenceand its four symposia were organized by a local organi-展开更多
The sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia are known to disproportionately affect impoverished communities and communities of color, especially in urban areas. Moreover, socioeconomic and demog...The sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia are known to disproportionately affect impoverished communities and communities of color, especially in urban areas. Moreover, socioeconomic and demographic factors such as poverty and race/ethnicity may contribute to a difference in treatment setting choice as well as a delay in care seeking. In an urban metropolitan area such as Boston, the overall gonorrhea and chlamydia rates are higher than national rates, and such differences are even more marked in certain neighborhoods with greater proportions of individuals who are impoverished, young, and of color. Using a retrospective analysis of city wide data, we highlight the effects of socioeconomic and demographic variables on urban STI prevalence. High poverty rates, race/ethnicity and younger adult populations are linked to disproportionately high STI rates. Interestingly, STI rates do not appear to be influenced by the universal health care coverage offered to the whole Massachusetts’ resident populations. We examine the effects of these variables in Boston neighborhoods in conjunction to STI rates and hypothesize that the observed rates are underestimates of the true prevalence of infection. Future studies will investigate how these same socioeconomic and demographic factors influence which treatment settings are chosen and subsequently lead to a delay in treatment.展开更多
Four extreme ultraviolet(EUV)solar radiation proxies(Magnesium II core-to-wing ratio(MgII),Lymanαflux(Fα),10.7-cm solar radio flux(F10.7),and sunspot number(Rz))were analyzed during the last four consecutive solar a...Four extreme ultraviolet(EUV)solar radiation proxies(Magnesium II core-to-wing ratio(MgII),Lymanαflux(Fα),10.7-cm solar radio flux(F10.7),and sunspot number(Rz))were analyzed during the last four consecutive solar activity minima to investigate how they differ during minimum periods and how well they represent solar EUV radiation.Their variability within each minimum and between minima was compared by considering monthly means.A comparison was also made of their role in filtering the effect of solar activity from the critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer,foF2,which at mid to low latitudes depends mainly on EUV solar radiation.The last two solar cycles showed unusually low EUV radiation levels according to the four proxies.Regarding the connection between the EUV“true”variation and that of solar proxies,according to the foF2 filtering analysis,MgII and Fαbehaved in a more stable and suitable way,whereas Rz and F10.7 could be overestimating EUV levels during the last two minima,implying they would both underestimate the inter-minima difference of EUV when compared with the first two minima.展开更多
The detrimental effects of both diabetes mellitus(DM)and hyperglycemia in the perioperative period are well established and have driven extensive efforts to control blood glucose concentration(BGC)in a variety of clin...The detrimental effects of both diabetes mellitus(DM)and hyperglycemia in the perioperative period are well established and have driven extensive efforts to control blood glucose concentration(BGC)in a variety of clinical settings.It is now appreciated that acute BGC spikes,hypoglycemia,and high glycemic variability(GV)lead to more endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress than uncomplicated,chronically elevated BGC.In the perioperative setting,fasting is the primary approach to reducing the risk for pulmonary aspiration;however,prolonged fasting drives the body into a catabolic state and therefore may increase GV.Elevated GV in the perioperative period is associated with an increased risk for postoperative complications,including morbidity and mortality.These challenges pose a conundrum for the management of patients typically instructed to fast for at least 8 h before surgery.Preliminary evidence suggests that the administration of an oral preoperative carbohydrate load(PCL)to stimulate endogenous insulin production and reduce GV in the perioperative period may attenuate BGC spikes and ultimately decrease postoperative morbidity,without significantly increasing the risk of pulmonary aspiration.The aim of this scoping review is to summarize the available evidence on the impact of PCL on perioperative GV and surgical outcomes,with an emphasis on evidence pertaining to patients with DM.The clinical relevance of GV will be summarized,the relationship between GV and postoperative course will be explored,and the impact of PCL on GV and surgical outcomes will be presented.A total of 13 articles,presented in three sections,were chosen for inclusion.This scoping review concludes that the benefits of a PCL outweigh the risks in most patients,even in those with well controlled type 2 DM.The administration of a PCL might effectively minimize metabolic derangements such as GV and ultimately result in reduced postoperative morbidity and mortality,but this remains to be proven.Future efforts to standardize the content and timing of a PCL are needed.Ultimately,a rigorous data-driven consensus opinion regarding PCL administration that identifies optimal carbohydrate content,volume,and timing of ingestion should be established.展开更多
As the internet of things(IoT)continues to expand rapidly,the significance of its security concerns has grown in recent years.To address these concerns,physical unclonable functions(PUFs)have emerged as valuable tools...As the internet of things(IoT)continues to expand rapidly,the significance of its security concerns has grown in recent years.To address these concerns,physical unclonable functions(PUFs)have emerged as valuable tools for enhancing IoT security.PUFs leverage the inherent randomness found in the embedded hardware of IoT devices.However,it has been shown that some PUFs can be modeled by attackers using machine-learning-based approaches.In this paper,a new deep learning(DL)-based modeling attack is introduced to break the resistance of complex XAPUFs.Because training DL models is a problem that falls under the category of NP-hard problems,there has been a significant increase in the use of meta-heuristics(MH)to optimize DL parameters.Nevertheless,it is widely recognized that finding the right balance between exploration and exploitation when dealing with complex problems can pose a significant challenge.To address these chal-lenges,a novel migration-based multi-parent genetic algorithm(MBMPGA)is developed to train the deep convolutional neural network(DCNN)in order to achieve a higher rate of accuracy and convergence speed while decreas-ing the run-time of the attack.In the proposed MBMPGA,a non-linear migration model of the biogeography-based optimization(BBO)is utilized to enhance the exploitation ability of GA.A new multi-parent crossover is then introduced to enhance the exploration ability of GA.The behavior of the proposed MBMPGA is examined on two real-world optimization problems.In benchmark problems,MBMPGA outperforms other MH algorithms in convergence rate.The proposed model are also compared with previous attacking models on several simulated challenge-response pairs(CRPs).The simulation results on the XAPUF datasets show that the introduced attack in this paper obtains more than 99%modeling accuracy even on 8-XAPUF.In addition,the proposed MBMPGA-DCNN outperforms the state-of-the-art modeling attacks in a reduced timeframe and with a smaller number of required sets of CRPs.The area under the curve(AUC)of MBMPGA-DCNN outperforms other architectures.MBMPGA-DCNN achieved sensitivities,specificities,and accuracies of 99.12%,95.14%,and 98.21%,respectively,in the test datasets,establishing it as the most successful method.展开更多
An ultrasound wave is a kind of acoustic signal with a frequency greater than 20 kHz,which is widely used in diverse fields such as medical imaging diagnosis,nondestructive testing and resource exploration.A variety o...An ultrasound wave is a kind of acoustic signal with a frequency greater than 20 kHz,which is widely used in diverse fields such as medical imaging diagnosis,nondestructive testing and resource exploration.A variety of ultrasound sensors have been developed for ultrasound detection.Particularly for photoacoustic imaging,specialized ultrasound sensors with high sensitivity,small size,and broad bandwidth are needed.However,achieving such sensor perform-ance still poses a great challenge to the current state-of-the-art in ultrasound sensor technology.A recent work pub-lished in Opto-Electronic Advances(DOI:10.29026/oea.2022.200076)proposes a microfiber-based ultrasound sensor that breaks the limitations of existing ultrasound sensors.Benefiting from the large evanescent field characteristic of mi-crofiber,combined with the coherent detection technology,the proposed sensor realized highly sensitive ultrasound de-tection and demonstrated excellent performance in high-resolution photoacoustic imaging.The highly sensitive and mini-aturized microfiber ultrasound sensor provides a competitive alternative for various applications,such as endoscopic photoacoustic imaging of the intestinal tract and blood vessels in animals.展开更多
BACKGROUND Liver transplant(LT)is becoming increasingly common with improved life expectancy.Joint replacement is usually a safe procedure;however,its safety in LT recipients remains understudied.AIM To evaluate the m...BACKGROUND Liver transplant(LT)is becoming increasingly common with improved life expectancy.Joint replacement is usually a safe procedure;however,its safety in LT recipients remains understudied.AIM To evaluate the mortality,outcome,and 90-d readmission rate in LT patients undergoing hip and knee replacement surgery.METHODS Patients with history of LT who underwent hip and knee replacement surgery between 2016 and 2019 were identified using the National Readmission Database.RESULTS A total of 5046119 hip and knee replacement surgeries were identified.3219 patients had prior LT.Mean age of patients with no history of LT was 67.51[95%confidence interval(CI):67.44-67.58],while it was 64.05(95%CI:63.55-64.54)in patients with LT.Patients with history of LT were more likely to have prolonged length of hospital stay(17.1%vs 8.4%,P<0.001).The mortality rate for patients with no history of LT was 0.22%,while it was 0.24%for patients with LT(P=0.792).Patients with history of LT were more likely to have re-admissions within 90 d of initial hospitalization:11.4%as compared to 6.2%in patients without history of LT(P<0.001).The mortality rate between both groups during readmission was not statistically different(1.9%vs 2%,P=0.871)respectively.CONCLUSION Hip and knee replacements in patients with history of LT are not associated with increased mortality;increased readmissions were more frequent in this cohort of patients.Chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure appear to predict higher risk of readmission.展开更多
Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.Ho...Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.展开更多
文摘Within the last few decades, increases in computational resources have contributed enormously to the progress of science and engineering (S & E). To continue making rapid advancements, the S & E community must be able to access computing resources. One way to provide such resources is through High-Performance Computing (HPC) centers. Many academic research institutions offer their own HPC Centers but struggle to make the computing resources easily accessible and user-friendly. Here we present SHABU, a RESTful Web API framework that enables S & E communities to access resources from Boston University’s Shared Computing Center (SCC). The SHABU requirements are derived from the use cases described in this work.
文摘In recent decades,Haiti has been subject to man-made and natural disasters that have left its citizens vulnerable to a range of shocks.With a weak state unable to protect its populace,Haitians are exposed to some of the highest levels of poverty and violence in the Western Hemisphere.In recent years,Haitians have experienced two crises that this study analyzes:the instability and political violence of“peyi lòk”as well as the global pandemic of COVID-19.This community-based assessment explores the impact of these two crises on the mental health and psychological well-being of 38 Haitian university students in the understudied northern part of the country.Results indicate that both crises had similarities related to their psychological effects on young people,most notably in terms of traumatic experiences related to threats or violence,forced confinement,and large increases in population-wide uncertainty.Additionally,the extreme violence of“peyi lòk”and the widespread unpredictability of COVID-19 and its effects in the early days of the pandemic resulted in high levels of stress and fear.Both crises also resulted in extreme economic hardship for students,with many reporting difficulties accessing basic needs such as food and water.This study highlights how converging population-level crises in“complex emergencies”can heighten trauma and compromise mental health.
基金supported by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center through Cooperative Agreement 80NSSC21M0180 to Catholic UniversityPartnership for Heliophysics and Space Environment Research(PHaSER)+2 种基金the NASA Heliophysics United States Participating Investigator Program under Grant WBS516741.01.24.01.03(DS)support from the NASA grants 80NSSC19K0844,80NSSC20K1670,and 80MSFC20C0019the NASA GSFC internal fundings(HIF,ISFM,and IRAD)。
文摘Variability in the location and shape of the dayside magnetopause is attributed to magnetic reconnection,a fundamental process that enables the transfer of mass,energy,and momentum from the solar wind into the magnetosphere.The spatial and temporal properties of the magnetopause,under varying solar and magnetospheric conditions,remain largely unknown because empirical studies using in-situ observations are challenging to interpret.Global wide field-of-view(FOV)imaging is the only means to simultaneously observe the spatial distribution of the plasma properties over the vast dayside magnetospheric region and,subsequently,quantify the energy transport from the interplanetary medium into the terrestrial magnetosphere.Two upcoming missions,ESA/CAS SMILE and NASA’s LEXI will provide wide-field imagery of the dayside magnetosheath in soft X-rays,an emission generated by charge exchange interactions between high charge-state heavy ions of solar wind origin and exospheric neutral atoms.High-cadence two-dimensional observations of the magnetosheath will allow the estimation of dynamic properties of its inner boundary,the magnetopause,and enable studies of its response to changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field orientation.This work introduces a statistically-based estimation approach based on inverse theory to estimate the spatial distribution of magnetosheath soft X-ray emissivities and,with this,identify the location of the magnetopause over the Sun−Earth line.To do so,we simulate the magnetosheath structure using the MHD-based OpenGGCM model and generate synthetic soft X-ray images using LEXI’s orbit and attitude information.Our results show that 3-D estimations using the described statistically-based technique are robust against Poisson-distributed shot noise inherent to soft X-ray images.Also,our proposed methodology shows that the accuracy of both three-dimensional(3-D)estimation and the magnetopause standoff distance calculation highly depends on the observational point.
基金supported by NASA(Grant Nos.80NSSC19K0844,80NSSC20K1670,80MSFC20C0019,and 80GSFC21M0002)support from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center internal funding programs(HIF,Internal Scientist Funding Model,and Internal Research and Development)。
文摘The Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)and Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)missions will image the Earth’s dayside magneto pause and cusps in soft X-rays after their respective launches in the near future,to specify glo bal magnetic reconnection modes for varying solar wind conditions.To suppo rt the success of these scientific missions,it is critical to develop techniques that extract the magnetopause locations from the observed soft X-ray images.In this research,we introduce a new geometric equation that calculates the subsolar magnetopause position(RS)from a satellite position,the look direction of the instrument,and the angle at which the X-ray emission is maximized.Two assumptions are used in this method:(1)The look direction where soft X-ray emissions are maximized lies tangent to the magnetopause,and(2)the magnetopause surface near the subsolar point is almost spherical and thus RSis nea rly equal to the radius of the magneto pause curvature.We create synthetic soft X-ray images by using the Open Geospace General Circulation Model(OpenGGCM)global magnetohydrodynamic model,the galactic background,the instrument point spread function,and Poisson noise.We then apply the fast Fourier transform and Gaussian low-pass filte rs to the synthetic images to re move noise and obtain accurate look angles for the soft X-ray pea ks.From the filte red images,we calculate RS and its accuracy for different LEXI locations,look directions,and solar wind densities by using the OpenGGCM subsolar magnetopause location as ground truth.Our method estimates RS with an accuracy of<0.3 RE when the solar wind density exceeds>10 cm-3.The accuracy improves for greater solar wind densities and during southward interplanetary magnetic fields.The method ca ptures the magnetopause motion during southwa rd interplaneta ry magnetic field turnings.Consequently,the technique will enable quantitative analysis of the magnetopause motion and help reveal the dayside reconnection modes for dynamic solar wind conditions.This technique will suppo rt the LEXI and SMILE missions in achieving their scientific o bjectives.
基金financial support from CNES via its Sun-Heliosphere-Magnetosphere(SHM)programsupport from NASA grant#80NSSC20K1709。
文摘While we eagerly anticipate SMILE’s(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer)unprecedented X-ray observations of the Earth’s magnetosheath and the initiation of a new era of magnetospheric research,it seems appropriate to look ahead to the abilities of the next generation of astrophysics missions.Of these,the Line Emission Mapper(LEM),a large aperture micro-calorimeter based mission,is currently planned to be able to observe the magnetosheath at high spectral resolution(~2 eV).With a field of view of~30′,LEM will allow higher spatial resolution and higher cadence measurement of the motion of a very small portion of the magnetopause over relatively short periods of time(multiple hours),complementing SMILE’s global mapping.LEM’s strength is its spectral resolution.It will be able to measure the abundance of a broad range of elements and ionization states,many of which are inaccessible to current in situ instruments,and will be able to separate the emission from the magnetosheath from the emission from the cosmic X-ray background using the difference in their relative velocities.
文摘Research Background: Sickle cell trait has no treatment or cure and predominantly affects people who are Black, but can affect anyone of any race or ethnicity. While commonly incorrectly considered benign by providers and the public, people with a sickle cell trait experience life-threatening outcomes that are exacerbated by extreme conditions. There is a severe lack of awareness and understanding of sickle cell trait and the associated health complications among sickle cell trait carriers and healthcare providers. Purpose/Aim: Interventions that aim to improve awareness of sickle cell trait differ in approaches and are not well documented in the literature. This typology aims to highlight current efforts to inform targeted interventions that raise awareness through consistent messaging, educate people and providers on sickle cell trait and the related health complications, and support the design and implementation of comprehensive sickle cell trait awareness initiatives. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of United States-based sickle cell trait interventions and performed a content analysis to identify the categories and characteristics of these efforts. We then organized the results into a typology according to established protocols. Results: Among 164 interventions, twenty-five (15%) met the typology inclusion criteria described above and were grouped into categories: Seven of twenty-five interventions were Educational Interventions (28%), three of twenty-five interventions (12%) were Combined Screening and Educational-Based Interventions, eight of twenty-five interventions (32%) were Policy and Guideline-Based Intervention, and six of twenty-five interventions (24%) were Sickle Cell Trait Organization-Led Interventions. Conclusions: There is a lack of consistency in messaging across interventions whether delivered by credible healthcare institutions or national organizations, which can result in lack of education and awareness and confusion around sickle cell trait. Categorizing interventions through a typology allows clarity and informs consistency in messaging, which should be at the forefront of future sickle cell trait efforts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41602205, 42293261)the China Geological Survey Program (DD20189506, DD20211301)+2 种基金the Special Investigation Project on Science and Technology Basic Resources of the Ministry of Science and Technology (2021FY101003)the Central Guidance for Local Scientific and Technological Development Fund of 2023the Project of Hebei University of Environmental Engineering (GCY202301)
文摘The change processes and trends of shoreline and tidal flat forced by human activities are essential issues for the sustainability of coastal area,which is also of great significance for understanding coastal ecological environment changes and even global changes.Based on field measurements,combined with Linear Regression(LR)model and Inverse Distance Weighing(IDW)method,this paper presents detailed analysis on the change history and trend of the shoreline and tidal flat in Bohai Bay.The shoreline faces a high erosion chance under the action of natural factors,while the tidal flat faces a different erosion and deposition patterns in Bohai Bay due to the impact of human activities.The implication of change rule for ecological protection and recovery is also discussed.Measures should be taken to protect the coastal ecological environment.The models used in this paper show a high correlation coefficient between observed and modeling data,which means that this method can be used to predict the changing trend of shoreline and tidal flat.The research results of present study can provide scientific supports for future coastal protection and management.
基金funding and support from the United Kingdom Space Agency(UKSA)the European Space Agency(ESA)+5 种基金funded and supported through the ESA PRODEX schemefunded through PRODEX PEA 4000123238the Research Council of Norway grant 223252funded by Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 grant PID2019-107061GB-C61funding and support from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)funding and support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)。
文摘The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)is part of the scientific payload of the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission.SMILE is a joint science mission between the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and is due for launch in 2025.SXI is a compact X-ray telescope with a wide field-of-view(FOV)capable of encompassing large portions of Earth’s magnetosphere from the vantage point of the SMILE orbit.SXI is sensitive to the soft X-rays produced by the Solar Wind Charge eXchange(SWCX)process produced when heavy ions of solar wind origin interact with neutral particles in Earth’s exosphere.SWCX provides a mechanism for boundary detection within the magnetosphere,such as the position of Earth’s magnetopause,because the solar wind heavy ions have a very low density in regions of closed magnetic field lines.The sensitivity of the SXI is such that it can potentially track movements of the magnetopause on timescales of a few minutes and the orbit of SMILE will enable such movements to be tracked for segments lasting many hours.SXI is led by the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom(UK)with collaborating organisations on hardware,software and science support within the UK,Europe,China and the United States.
文摘One in five Americans experience symptoms associated with at least one mental health disorder every year. These include behavioral addictions, which have long been overlooked despite their similar neural bases with substance addictions. Gambling addiction, a type of behavioral addiction, deserves particular attention given the significant negative effects, this addiction has on financial and interpersonal health. The purpose of this paper is to review the available literature concerning the behavioral and neural processes involved in gambling addiction, including: the anticipation of reward, the role of dopamine, and the neural substrates of the decision-making processes involved in gambling addiction. Market research has also identified solutions that integrate applied neuroscience and self-tracking systems to monitor and manage mental health issues associated with gambling addiction. The authors then propose a gambling treatment-focused mobile app solution that addresses outstanding issues with a special design aimed at reversing plasticity in order to relieve the effects of gambling addiction. .
基金supported by Royal Society grant DHFR1211068funded by UKSA+14 种基金STFCSTFC grant ST/M001083/1funded by STFC grant ST/W00089X/1supported by NERC grant NE/W003309/1(E3d)funded by NERC grant NE/V000748/1support from NERC grants NE/V015133/1,NE/R016038/1(BAS magnetometers),and grants NE/R01700X/1 and NE/R015848/1(EISCAT)supported by NERC grant NE/T000937/1NSFC grants 42174208 and 41821003supported by the Research Council of Norway grant 223252PRODEX arrangement 4000123238 from the European Space Agencysupport of the AUTUMN East-West magnetometer network by the Canadian Space Agencysupported by NASA’s Heliophysics U.S.Participating Investigator Programsupport from grant NSF AGS 2027210supported by grant Dnr:2020-00106 from the Swedish National Space Agencysupported by the German Research Foundation(DFG)under number KR 4375/2-1 within SPP"Dynamic Earth"。
文摘The joint European Space Agency and Chinese Academy of Sciences Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission will explore global dynamics of the magnetosphere under varying solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions,and simultaneously monitor the auroral response of the Northern Hemisphere ionosphere.Combining these large-scale responses with medium and fine-scale measurements at a variety of cadences by additional ground-based and space-based instruments will enable a much greater scientific impact beyond the original goals of the SMILE mission.Here,we describe current community efforts to prepare for SMILE,and the benefits and context various experiments that have explicitly expressed support for SMILE can offer.A dedicated group of international scientists representing many different experiment types and geographical locations,the Ground-based and Additional Science Working Group,is facilitating these efforts.Preparations include constructing an online SMILE Data Fusion Facility,the discussion of particular or special modes for experiments such as coherent and incoherent scatter radar,and the consideration of particular observing strategies and spacecraft conjunctions.We anticipate growing interest and community engagement with the SMILE mission,and we welcome novel ideas and insights from the solar-terrestrial community.
文摘<正> This special issue of Current Zoology concerning thebehavior, ecology, and evolution of fishes is comprisedof the peer-reviewed Proceedings of the 2008 Ecologicaland Evolutionary Ecology of Fishes Biennial Conferencethat was held June 29-July 3 at Boston University,Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The conferenceand its four symposia were organized by a local organi-
文摘The sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia are known to disproportionately affect impoverished communities and communities of color, especially in urban areas. Moreover, socioeconomic and demographic factors such as poverty and race/ethnicity may contribute to a difference in treatment setting choice as well as a delay in care seeking. In an urban metropolitan area such as Boston, the overall gonorrhea and chlamydia rates are higher than national rates, and such differences are even more marked in certain neighborhoods with greater proportions of individuals who are impoverished, young, and of color. Using a retrospective analysis of city wide data, we highlight the effects of socioeconomic and demographic variables on urban STI prevalence. High poverty rates, race/ethnicity and younger adult populations are linked to disproportionately high STI rates. Interestingly, STI rates do not appear to be influenced by the universal health care coverage offered to the whole Massachusetts’ resident populations. We examine the effects of these variables in Boston neighborhoods in conjunction to STI rates and hypothesize that the observed rates are underestimates of the true prevalence of infection. Future studies will investigate how these same socioeconomic and demographic factors influence which treatment settings are chosen and subsequently lead to a delay in treatment.
基金Research Project Numbers PIUNT E642 and PIP 2957supported by National Science Foundation Grant Number AGS-2152365
文摘Four extreme ultraviolet(EUV)solar radiation proxies(Magnesium II core-to-wing ratio(MgII),Lymanαflux(Fα),10.7-cm solar radio flux(F10.7),and sunspot number(Rz))were analyzed during the last four consecutive solar activity minima to investigate how they differ during minimum periods and how well they represent solar EUV radiation.Their variability within each minimum and between minima was compared by considering monthly means.A comparison was also made of their role in filtering the effect of solar activity from the critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer,foF2,which at mid to low latitudes depends mainly on EUV solar radiation.The last two solar cycles showed unusually low EUV radiation levels according to the four proxies.Regarding the connection between the EUV“true”variation and that of solar proxies,according to the foF2 filtering analysis,MgII and Fαbehaved in a more stable and suitable way,whereas Rz and F10.7 could be overestimating EUV levels during the last two minima,implying they would both underestimate the inter-minima difference of EUV when compared with the first two minima.
文摘The detrimental effects of both diabetes mellitus(DM)and hyperglycemia in the perioperative period are well established and have driven extensive efforts to control blood glucose concentration(BGC)in a variety of clinical settings.It is now appreciated that acute BGC spikes,hypoglycemia,and high glycemic variability(GV)lead to more endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress than uncomplicated,chronically elevated BGC.In the perioperative setting,fasting is the primary approach to reducing the risk for pulmonary aspiration;however,prolonged fasting drives the body into a catabolic state and therefore may increase GV.Elevated GV in the perioperative period is associated with an increased risk for postoperative complications,including morbidity and mortality.These challenges pose a conundrum for the management of patients typically instructed to fast for at least 8 h before surgery.Preliminary evidence suggests that the administration of an oral preoperative carbohydrate load(PCL)to stimulate endogenous insulin production and reduce GV in the perioperative period may attenuate BGC spikes and ultimately decrease postoperative morbidity,without significantly increasing the risk of pulmonary aspiration.The aim of this scoping review is to summarize the available evidence on the impact of PCL on perioperative GV and surgical outcomes,with an emphasis on evidence pertaining to patients with DM.The clinical relevance of GV will be summarized,the relationship between GV and postoperative course will be explored,and the impact of PCL on GV and surgical outcomes will be presented.A total of 13 articles,presented in three sections,were chosen for inclusion.This scoping review concludes that the benefits of a PCL outweigh the risks in most patients,even in those with well controlled type 2 DM.The administration of a PCL might effectively minimize metabolic derangements such as GV and ultimately result in reduced postoperative morbidity and mortality,but this remains to be proven.Future efforts to standardize the content and timing of a PCL are needed.Ultimately,a rigorous data-driven consensus opinion regarding PCL administration that identifies optimal carbohydrate content,volume,and timing of ingestion should be established.
文摘As the internet of things(IoT)continues to expand rapidly,the significance of its security concerns has grown in recent years.To address these concerns,physical unclonable functions(PUFs)have emerged as valuable tools for enhancing IoT security.PUFs leverage the inherent randomness found in the embedded hardware of IoT devices.However,it has been shown that some PUFs can be modeled by attackers using machine-learning-based approaches.In this paper,a new deep learning(DL)-based modeling attack is introduced to break the resistance of complex XAPUFs.Because training DL models is a problem that falls under the category of NP-hard problems,there has been a significant increase in the use of meta-heuristics(MH)to optimize DL parameters.Nevertheless,it is widely recognized that finding the right balance between exploration and exploitation when dealing with complex problems can pose a significant challenge.To address these chal-lenges,a novel migration-based multi-parent genetic algorithm(MBMPGA)is developed to train the deep convolutional neural network(DCNN)in order to achieve a higher rate of accuracy and convergence speed while decreas-ing the run-time of the attack.In the proposed MBMPGA,a non-linear migration model of the biogeography-based optimization(BBO)is utilized to enhance the exploitation ability of GA.A new multi-parent crossover is then introduced to enhance the exploration ability of GA.The behavior of the proposed MBMPGA is examined on two real-world optimization problems.In benchmark problems,MBMPGA outperforms other MH algorithms in convergence rate.The proposed model are also compared with previous attacking models on several simulated challenge-response pairs(CRPs).The simulation results on the XAPUF datasets show that the introduced attack in this paper obtains more than 99%modeling accuracy even on 8-XAPUF.In addition,the proposed MBMPGA-DCNN outperforms the state-of-the-art modeling attacks in a reduced timeframe and with a smaller number of required sets of CRPs.The area under the curve(AUC)of MBMPGA-DCNN outperforms other architectures.MBMPGA-DCNN achieved sensitivities,specificities,and accuracies of 99.12%,95.14%,and 98.21%,respectively,in the test datasets,establishing it as the most successful method.
文摘An ultrasound wave is a kind of acoustic signal with a frequency greater than 20 kHz,which is widely used in diverse fields such as medical imaging diagnosis,nondestructive testing and resource exploration.A variety of ultrasound sensors have been developed for ultrasound detection.Particularly for photoacoustic imaging,specialized ultrasound sensors with high sensitivity,small size,and broad bandwidth are needed.However,achieving such sensor perform-ance still poses a great challenge to the current state-of-the-art in ultrasound sensor technology.A recent work pub-lished in Opto-Electronic Advances(DOI:10.29026/oea.2022.200076)proposes a microfiber-based ultrasound sensor that breaks the limitations of existing ultrasound sensors.Benefiting from the large evanescent field characteristic of mi-crofiber,combined with the coherent detection technology,the proposed sensor realized highly sensitive ultrasound de-tection and demonstrated excellent performance in high-resolution photoacoustic imaging.The highly sensitive and mini-aturized microfiber ultrasound sensor provides a competitive alternative for various applications,such as endoscopic photoacoustic imaging of the intestinal tract and blood vessels in animals.
文摘BACKGROUND Liver transplant(LT)is becoming increasingly common with improved life expectancy.Joint replacement is usually a safe procedure;however,its safety in LT recipients remains understudied.AIM To evaluate the mortality,outcome,and 90-d readmission rate in LT patients undergoing hip and knee replacement surgery.METHODS Patients with history of LT who underwent hip and knee replacement surgery between 2016 and 2019 were identified using the National Readmission Database.RESULTS A total of 5046119 hip and knee replacement surgeries were identified.3219 patients had prior LT.Mean age of patients with no history of LT was 67.51[95%confidence interval(CI):67.44-67.58],while it was 64.05(95%CI:63.55-64.54)in patients with LT.Patients with history of LT were more likely to have prolonged length of hospital stay(17.1%vs 8.4%,P<0.001).The mortality rate for patients with no history of LT was 0.22%,while it was 0.24%for patients with LT(P=0.792).Patients with history of LT were more likely to have re-admissions within 90 d of initial hospitalization:11.4%as compared to 6.2%in patients without history of LT(P<0.001).The mortality rate between both groups during readmission was not statistically different(1.9%vs 2%,P=0.871)respectively.CONCLUSION Hip and knee replacements in patients with history of LT are not associated with increased mortality;increased readmissions were more frequent in this cohort of patients.Chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure appear to predict higher risk of readmission.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QB014)Higher Education Institutions Youth Innovation Team Plan of Shandong Province(2022KJ192)+3 种基金Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University(2019QL009)Science and Technology Funding from Jinan(2020GXRC018)Talent Introduction Project of Shandong First Medical University(003067)High-level University and High-level Discipline Construction Project of Shandong First Medical University(923002011).
文摘Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.
