Objective To evaluate the association between serum uric acid(SUA)and kidney function decline.Methods Data was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study on the Chinese middle-aged and older popu...Objective To evaluate the association between serum uric acid(SUA)and kidney function decline.Methods Data was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study on the Chinese middle-aged and older population for analysis.The kidney function decline was defined as an annual estimated glomerular filtration rate(e GFR)decrease by>3 mL/min per 1.73 m^(2).Multivariable logistic regression was applied to determine the association between SUA and kidney function decline.The shape of the association was investigated by restricted cubic splines.Results A total of 7,346 participants were included,of which 1,004 individuals(13.67%)developed kidney function decline during the follow-up of 4 years.A significant dose-response relation was recorded between SUA and the kidney function decline(OR 1.14,95%CI 1.03-1.27),as the risk of kidney function decline increased by 14%per 1 mg/d L increase in SUA.In the subgroup analyses,such a relation was only recorded among women(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.03-1.45),those aged<60 years(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.05-1.42),and those without hypertension and without diabetes(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.06-1.41).Although the dose-response relation was not observed in men,the high level of SUA was related to kidney function decline(OR 1.83,95%CI 1.05-3.17).The restricted cubic spline analysis indicated that SUA>5 mg/dL was associated with a significantly higher risk of kidney function decline.Conclusion The SUA level was associated with kidney function decline.An elevation of SUA should therefore be addressed to prevent possible kidney impairment and dysfunction.展开更多
BACKGROUND Growing evidence have demonstrated that thyroid hormones have been involved in the processes of cardiovascular metabolism.However,the causal relationship of thyroid function and cardiometabolic health remai...BACKGROUND Growing evidence have demonstrated that thyroid hormones have been involved in the processes of cardiovascular metabolism.However,the causal relationship of thyroid function and cardiometabolic health remains partly unknown.METHODS The Mendelian randomization(MR)was used to test genetic,potentially causal relationships between instrumental variables and cardiometabolic traits.Genetic variants of free thyroxine(FT4)and thyrotropin(TSH)levels within the reference range were used as instrumental variables.Data for genetic associations with cardiometabolic diseases were acquired from the genome-wide association studies of the FinnGen,CARDIoGRAM and CARDIoGRAMplusC4D,CHARGE,and MEGASTROKE.This study was conducted using summary statistic data from large,previously described cohorts.Association between thyroid function and essential hypertension(EHTN),secondary hypertension(SHTN),hyperlipidemia(HPL),type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),ischemic heart disease(IHD),myocardial infarction(MI),heart failure(HF),pulmonary heart disease(PHD),stroke,and non-rheumatic valve disease(NRVD)were examined.RESULTS Genetically predicted FT4 levels were associated with SHTN(odds ratio=0.48;95%CI=0.04−0.82,P=0.027),HPL(odds ratio=0.67;95%CI=0.18−0.88,P=0.023),T2DM(odds ratio=0.80;95%CI=0.42−0.86,P=0.005),IHD(odds ratio=0.85;95%CI=0.49−0.98,P=0.039),NRVD(odds ratio=0.75;95%CI=0.27−0.97,P=0.039).Additionally,genetically predicted TSH levels were associated with HF(odds ratio=0.82;95%CI=0.68−0.99,P=0.042),PHD(odds ratio=0.75;95%CI=0.32−0.82,P=0.006),stroke(odds ratio=0.95;95%CI=0.81−0.97,P=0.007).However,genetically predicted thyroid function traits were not associated with EHTN and MI.CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests FT4 and TSH are associated with cardiometabolic diseases,underscoring the importance of the pituitary-thyroid-cardiac axis in cardiometabolic health susceptibility.展开更多
Pathogenic organisms,animals,and humans have always existed in the same ecosystem,but people rarely think of this when they are engaged in specific research regarding human health.However,people often argue on which o...Pathogenic organisms,animals,and humans have always existed in the same ecosystem,but people rarely think of this when they are engaged in specific research regarding human health.However,people often argue on which of heredity or environment is more important to human health,and they never doubt the importance of environments on health.The unifying concepts of One Health are not entirely new as it has reemerged and been recognized again in recent years.One Health was formally endorsed by 3 bodies of the United Nations in 2010 including the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO),the World Organization for Animal Health(OIE),and the World Health Organization(WHO)(1).Moreover,November 3 has been designated as One Health Day in 2016(2).展开更多
By the end of 2018,there were about 5.1 billion internet users worldwide who accounted for 67%of the total population(1).Health problems have emerged following widespread use of the internet as a new model of social a...By the end of 2018,there were about 5.1 billion internet users worldwide who accounted for 67%of the total population(1).Health problems have emerged following widespread use of the internet as a new model of social activity,such as anonymous personal attacks or abuse and information leakages.A more potent threat is the unverified information being provided by the internet or electronic media that can lead to unsubstantiated judgments and improper responses to information regarding an individual’s health status.展开更多
Background:Nucleic acid test(NAT)could effectively control the spread of COVID-19 caused by large-scale sports competitions.However,quantitative analysis on the appropriate frequency of NAT is scarce,and the cost-effe...Background:Nucleic acid test(NAT)could effectively control the spread of COVID-19 caused by large-scale sports competitions.However,quantitative analysis on the appropriate frequency of NAT is scarce,and the cost-effectiveness and necessity of high-frequency NAT remain to be fully explored and validated.This study aims to optimize the COVID-19 surveillance strategies through cost-effectiveness analysis for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and the upcoming Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.Methods:A total of 18 scenarios were designed regarding the NAT frequency,symptom monitoring,and strengthening close-contact control.An agent-based stochastic dynamic model was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different NAT scenarios and optimize the surveillance strategies.The dynamics of the proposed model included the arrival and departure of agents,transmission of the disease according to Poisson processes,and quarantine of agents based on regular NATs and symptom onset.Accumulative infections,cost,and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER)were simulated in the frame of the model.ICER was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different scenarios.Univariate sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the results.Results:In Scenario 16,where the competition-related personnel(CRP)received NAT daily and national sports delegation(NSD)with quarantined infections accepted an additional NAT daily,accumulative infection was 320.90(90 initial infections),the total cost was(United States Dollar)USD 8920000,and the cost of detecting out each infection was USD 27800.Scenario 16 would reduce the total cost by USD 22570000(avoid 569.61 infections),USD 1420000(avoid 47.2 infections)compared with Scenario 10(weekly NAT,strengthened close contact control)and Scenario 7(daily NAT,no strengthened close contact control),respectively.Sensitivity analysis showed that the result was most sensitive to the change in basic reproductive number.Conclusions:High-frequency NATs such as bidaily,daily,and twice a day were cost-effective.NAT daily for CRP with strengthening close-contact control could be prioritized in defense against COVID-19 at large-scale sports competitions.This study could assist policymakers by assessing the cost-effectiveness of NAT scenarios and provide the host country with an optimal COVID-19 surveillance strategy.展开更多
Background:Thyroid dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular diseases.However,the role of thyroid function in lipid metabolism remains partly unknown.The present study aimed to investigate the causal association b...Background:Thyroid dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular diseases.However,the role of thyroid function in lipid metabolism remains partly unknown.The present study aimed to investigate the causal association between thyroid function and serum lipid metabolism via a genetic analysis termed Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods:The MR approach uses a genetic variant as the instrumental variable in epidemiological studies to mimic a randomized controlled trial.A two-sample MR was performed to assess the causal association,using summary statistics from the Atrial Fibrillation Genetics Consortium(n=537,409)and the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium(n=188,577).The clinical measures of thyroid function include thyrotropin(TSH),free triiodothyronine(FT3)and free thyroxine(FT4)levels,FT3:FT4 ratio and concentration of thyroid peroxidase antibodies(TPOAb).The serum lipid metabolism traits include total cholesterol(TC)and triglycerides,high-density lipoprotein,and low-density lipoprotein(LDL)levels.The MR estimate and MR inverse variance-weighted method were used to assess the association between thyroid function and serum lipid metabolism.Results:The results demonstrated that increased TSH levels were significantly associated with higher TC(β=0.052,P=0.002)and LDL(β=0.041,P=0.018)levels.In addition,the FT3:FT4 ratio was significantly associated with TC(β=0.240,P=0.033)and LDL(β=0.025,P=0.027)levels.However,no significant differences were observed between genetically predicted FT4 and TPOAb and serum lipids.Conclusion:Taken together,the results of the present study suggest an association between thyroid function and serum lipid metabolism,highlighting the importance of the pituitary-thyroid-cardiac axis in dyslipidemia susceptibility.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)Delta variant has proved to have increased transmissibility,and mutations that can cause partial immune esc...Summary What is already known about this topic?The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)Delta variant has proved to have increased transmissibility,and mutations that can cause partial immune escape,which makes its transmission more insidious.What is added by this report?This study showed that probable cases who had negative results in nucleic acid testing but had positive IgM test result and/or IgG test value of over 20 S/CO in antibodies testing.展开更多
What is already known on this topic?Despite the impressive achievements in eliminating tuberculosis(TB),the TB burden is still heavy in China.By 2010,China halved the prevalence and mortality reported in 1990,but Chin...What is already known on this topic?Despite the impressive achievements in eliminating tuberculosis(TB),the TB burden is still heavy in China.By 2010,China halved the prevalence and mortality reported in 1990,but China is still one of 30 high-TB burden countries in the world.What is added by this report?A dynamic transmission model including both rifampin resistant TB(RR-TB)and relapse of pulmonary TB was created.The TB incidence of Shanghai in 2025 and 2035 was predicted,and sensitively analysis of reducing transmission,treating latent TB infection(LTBI),and reducing the recurrence rate was conducted.What are the implications for public health practice?Screening for latent TB infections should be carried out regularly in high-risk groups and areas using tuberculin skin testing and/or interferon gamma release assays.展开更多
Persons who use drugs are a high-risk subpopulation for HIV infection because more than one drug user often take drugs together,which increases the risk of HIV transmission.For the PWUDs who had tested for HIV,we extr...Persons who use drugs are a high-risk subpopulation for HIV infection because more than one drug user often take drugs together,which increases the risk of HIV transmission.For the PWUDs who had tested for HIV,we extracted data on demographic characteristics,drug types,injection drug use behavior,encrypted IDs of co-users,and drug use location from the National Dynamic Management and Control Database for Persons Who Use Drugs between January 2008 and July 2016.We mapped and classified Co-UDs’networks and estimated the risk of HIV infection.Drug co-use networks were formulated on the basis of connections between PWUDs at the same time and location.Latent profile analysis(LPA)and logistic regression models were used to cluster the classes and to estimate the HIV infection risk among them,respectively.A total of 470967 PWUDs were included,among whom 69529 Co-UDs formed 7001 networks,which were categorized into three classes:Class A(n=211,3.0%)had large networks,with more members(median 10.0(IQR:8.0-14.5)),and comprised depressant and stimulant users located in central and eastern China;Class B(n=3770,53.8%)was dominated by depressant users(median 3.0(IQR:3.0-4.0))across the country;Class C(n=3020,43.1%)was dominated by stimulant users(median 3.0(IQR:3.0-4.0))located in central and eastern China.The HIV infection rates were 9.71%,3.33%,and 0.33%in Classes A,B,and C,respectively.Compared with Class A,Classes B and C were associated with decreased odds of HIV infection.Our findings suggest that more attention should be paid to larger networks,with a relatively high HIV infection risk,to enhance prevention and intervention strategies.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Reducing population mobility and increasing the vaccination rate for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can decrease the transmission of coronavirus disease ...Summary What is already known about this topic?Reducing population mobility and increasing the vaccination rate for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can decrease the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).What is added by this report?In order to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 to the levels of influenza after restoring normal mobility,the efficacy against infection needs to be increased to 40%and the efficacy against symptomatic disease needs to be increased to 90%.The efficacy against infection has a more important impact compared to efficacy against symptomatic disease or death on the transmission of COVID-19 at the population level.What are the implications for public health practice?The population should continue maintaining nonpharmaceutical interventions and minimize international movement to prevent transmission of COVID-19.Furthermore,developing new vaccines or promoting booster vaccinations should be considered to increase efficacy.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Studies indicate that viruses could spread across species,but it is difficult to know when and where such small probability events occur because it is almost impossible t...Summary What is already known about this topic?Studies indicate that viruses could spread across species,but it is difficult to know when and where such small probability events occur because it is almost impossible to design an observational study on the whole landscape.What is added by this report?We did a comprehensive analysis on the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and tried to find the time,place,and host that the viruses stayed in their long evolutionary history.What are the implications for public health practice?Public databases are helpful to understand the risk of virus infection in humans and also a cost-effective method for monitoring public health and safety events.展开更多
文摘Objective To evaluate the association between serum uric acid(SUA)and kidney function decline.Methods Data was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study on the Chinese middle-aged and older population for analysis.The kidney function decline was defined as an annual estimated glomerular filtration rate(e GFR)decrease by>3 mL/min per 1.73 m^(2).Multivariable logistic regression was applied to determine the association between SUA and kidney function decline.The shape of the association was investigated by restricted cubic splines.Results A total of 7,346 participants were included,of which 1,004 individuals(13.67%)developed kidney function decline during the follow-up of 4 years.A significant dose-response relation was recorded between SUA and the kidney function decline(OR 1.14,95%CI 1.03-1.27),as the risk of kidney function decline increased by 14%per 1 mg/d L increase in SUA.In the subgroup analyses,such a relation was only recorded among women(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.03-1.45),those aged<60 years(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.05-1.42),and those without hypertension and without diabetes(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.06-1.41).Although the dose-response relation was not observed in men,the high level of SUA was related to kidney function decline(OR 1.83,95%CI 1.05-3.17).The restricted cubic spline analysis indicated that SUA>5 mg/dL was associated with a significantly higher risk of kidney function decline.Conclusion The SUA level was associated with kidney function decline.An elevation of SUA should therefore be addressed to prevent possible kidney impairment and dysfunction.
文摘BACKGROUND Growing evidence have demonstrated that thyroid hormones have been involved in the processes of cardiovascular metabolism.However,the causal relationship of thyroid function and cardiometabolic health remains partly unknown.METHODS The Mendelian randomization(MR)was used to test genetic,potentially causal relationships between instrumental variables and cardiometabolic traits.Genetic variants of free thyroxine(FT4)and thyrotropin(TSH)levels within the reference range were used as instrumental variables.Data for genetic associations with cardiometabolic diseases were acquired from the genome-wide association studies of the FinnGen,CARDIoGRAM and CARDIoGRAMplusC4D,CHARGE,and MEGASTROKE.This study was conducted using summary statistic data from large,previously described cohorts.Association between thyroid function and essential hypertension(EHTN),secondary hypertension(SHTN),hyperlipidemia(HPL),type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),ischemic heart disease(IHD),myocardial infarction(MI),heart failure(HF),pulmonary heart disease(PHD),stroke,and non-rheumatic valve disease(NRVD)were examined.RESULTS Genetically predicted FT4 levels were associated with SHTN(odds ratio=0.48;95%CI=0.04−0.82,P=0.027),HPL(odds ratio=0.67;95%CI=0.18−0.88,P=0.023),T2DM(odds ratio=0.80;95%CI=0.42−0.86,P=0.005),IHD(odds ratio=0.85;95%CI=0.49−0.98,P=0.039),NRVD(odds ratio=0.75;95%CI=0.27−0.97,P=0.039).Additionally,genetically predicted TSH levels were associated with HF(odds ratio=0.82;95%CI=0.68−0.99,P=0.042),PHD(odds ratio=0.75;95%CI=0.32−0.82,P=0.006),stroke(odds ratio=0.95;95%CI=0.81−0.97,P=0.007).However,genetically predicted thyroid function traits were not associated with EHTN and MI.CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests FT4 and TSH are associated with cardiometabolic diseases,underscoring the importance of the pituitary-thyroid-cardiac axis in cardiometabolic health susceptibility.
文摘Pathogenic organisms,animals,and humans have always existed in the same ecosystem,but people rarely think of this when they are engaged in specific research regarding human health.However,people often argue on which of heredity or environment is more important to human health,and they never doubt the importance of environments on health.The unifying concepts of One Health are not entirely new as it has reemerged and been recognized again in recent years.One Health was formally endorsed by 3 bodies of the United Nations in 2010 including the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO),the World Organization for Animal Health(OIE),and the World Health Organization(WHO)(1).Moreover,November 3 has been designated as One Health Day in 2016(2).
基金Key Joint Project for Data Center of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Guangdong Provincial Government(U1611264)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91546203,91846302).
文摘By the end of 2018,there were about 5.1 billion internet users worldwide who accounted for 67%of the total population(1).Health problems have emerged following widespread use of the internet as a new model of social activity,such as anonymous personal attacks or abuse and information leakages.A more potent threat is the unverified information being provided by the internet or electronic media that can lead to unsubstantiated judgments and improper responses to information regarding an individual’s health status.
基金supposed by National Natural Science Foundation of China(72104008,72174004,82041023)National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFF0306001)。
文摘Background:Nucleic acid test(NAT)could effectively control the spread of COVID-19 caused by large-scale sports competitions.However,quantitative analysis on the appropriate frequency of NAT is scarce,and the cost-effectiveness and necessity of high-frequency NAT remain to be fully explored and validated.This study aims to optimize the COVID-19 surveillance strategies through cost-effectiveness analysis for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and the upcoming Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.Methods:A total of 18 scenarios were designed regarding the NAT frequency,symptom monitoring,and strengthening close-contact control.An agent-based stochastic dynamic model was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different NAT scenarios and optimize the surveillance strategies.The dynamics of the proposed model included the arrival and departure of agents,transmission of the disease according to Poisson processes,and quarantine of agents based on regular NATs and symptom onset.Accumulative infections,cost,and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER)were simulated in the frame of the model.ICER was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different scenarios.Univariate sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the results.Results:In Scenario 16,where the competition-related personnel(CRP)received NAT daily and national sports delegation(NSD)with quarantined infections accepted an additional NAT daily,accumulative infection was 320.90(90 initial infections),the total cost was(United States Dollar)USD 8920000,and the cost of detecting out each infection was USD 27800.Scenario 16 would reduce the total cost by USD 22570000(avoid 569.61 infections),USD 1420000(avoid 47.2 infections)compared with Scenario 10(weekly NAT,strengthened close contact control)and Scenario 7(daily NAT,no strengthened close contact control),respectively.Sensitivity analysis showed that the result was most sensitive to the change in basic reproductive number.Conclusions:High-frequency NATs such as bidaily,daily,and twice a day were cost-effective.NAT daily for CRP with strengthening close-contact control could be prioritized in defense against COVID-19 at large-scale sports competitions.This study could assist policymakers by assessing the cost-effectiveness of NAT scenarios and provide the host country with an optimal COVID-19 surveillance strategy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81825003,91957123)the Peking University Start-up Grant(BMU2018YJ002)+1 种基金High-performance Computing Platform of Peking University and Beijing Technology and Business University Grant(No.88442Y0033)Thyroid Hormone Replacement for Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Dyslipidemia in Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases(NCT03606824)。
文摘Background:Thyroid dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular diseases.However,the role of thyroid function in lipid metabolism remains partly unknown.The present study aimed to investigate the causal association between thyroid function and serum lipid metabolism via a genetic analysis termed Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods:The MR approach uses a genetic variant as the instrumental variable in epidemiological studies to mimic a randomized controlled trial.A two-sample MR was performed to assess the causal association,using summary statistics from the Atrial Fibrillation Genetics Consortium(n=537,409)and the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium(n=188,577).The clinical measures of thyroid function include thyrotropin(TSH),free triiodothyronine(FT3)and free thyroxine(FT4)levels,FT3:FT4 ratio and concentration of thyroid peroxidase antibodies(TPOAb).The serum lipid metabolism traits include total cholesterol(TC)and triglycerides,high-density lipoprotein,and low-density lipoprotein(LDL)levels.The MR estimate and MR inverse variance-weighted method were used to assess the association between thyroid function and serum lipid metabolism.Results:The results demonstrated that increased TSH levels were significantly associated with higher TC(β=0.052,P=0.002)and LDL(β=0.041,P=0.018)levels.In addition,the FT3:FT4 ratio was significantly associated with TC(β=0.240,P=0.033)and LDL(β=0.025,P=0.027)levels.However,no significant differences were observed between genetically predicted FT4 and TPOAb and serum lipids.Conclusion:Taken together,the results of the present study suggest an association between thyroid function and serum lipid metabolism,highlighting the importance of the pituitary-thyroid-cardiac axis in dyslipidemia susceptibility.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFC0849200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91546203,91846302).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)Delta variant has proved to have increased transmissibility,and mutations that can cause partial immune escape,which makes its transmission more insidious.What is added by this report?This study showed that probable cases who had negative results in nucleic acid testing but had positive IgM test result and/or IgG test value of over 20 S/CO in antibodies testing.
基金Key Joint Project for Data Center of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Guangdong Provincial Government(U1611264)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91546203,91846302).
文摘What is already known on this topic?Despite the impressive achievements in eliminating tuberculosis(TB),the TB burden is still heavy in China.By 2010,China halved the prevalence and mortality reported in 1990,but China is still one of 30 high-TB burden countries in the world.What is added by this report?A dynamic transmission model including both rifampin resistant TB(RR-TB)and relapse of pulmonary TB was created.The TB incidence of Shanghai in 2025 and 2035 was predicted,and sensitively analysis of reducing transmission,treating latent TB infection(LTBI),and reducing the recurrence rate was conducted.What are the implications for public health practice?Screening for latent TB infections should be carried out regularly in high-risk groups and areas using tuberculin skin testing and/or interferon gamma release assays.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.91546203,91846302 and 72104008]the Chinese Ministry of Public Security[Grant No.0716-1541GA590508]+1 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China[Grant No.2020YFC0849200]the Beijing Advanced Discipline Construction Project[Grant No.BMU2021GJJXK002]。
文摘Persons who use drugs are a high-risk subpopulation for HIV infection because more than one drug user often take drugs together,which increases the risk of HIV transmission.For the PWUDs who had tested for HIV,we extracted data on demographic characteristics,drug types,injection drug use behavior,encrypted IDs of co-users,and drug use location from the National Dynamic Management and Control Database for Persons Who Use Drugs between January 2008 and July 2016.We mapped and classified Co-UDs’networks and estimated the risk of HIV infection.Drug co-use networks were formulated on the basis of connections between PWUDs at the same time and location.Latent profile analysis(LPA)and logistic regression models were used to cluster the classes and to estimate the HIV infection risk among them,respectively.A total of 470967 PWUDs were included,among whom 69529 Co-UDs formed 7001 networks,which were categorized into three classes:Class A(n=211,3.0%)had large networks,with more members(median 10.0(IQR:8.0-14.5)),and comprised depressant and stimulant users located in central and eastern China;Class B(n=3770,53.8%)was dominated by depressant users(median 3.0(IQR:3.0-4.0))across the country;Class C(n=3020,43.1%)was dominated by stimulant users(median 3.0(IQR:3.0-4.0))located in central and eastern China.The HIV infection rates were 9.71%,3.33%,and 0.33%in Classes A,B,and C,respectively.Compared with Class A,Classes B and C were associated with decreased odds of HIV infection.Our findings suggest that more attention should be paid to larger networks,with a relatively high HIV infection risk,to enhance prevention and intervention strategies.
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Reducing population mobility and increasing the vaccination rate for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can decrease the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).What is added by this report?In order to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 to the levels of influenza after restoring normal mobility,the efficacy against infection needs to be increased to 40%and the efficacy against symptomatic disease needs to be increased to 90%.The efficacy against infection has a more important impact compared to efficacy against symptomatic disease or death on the transmission of COVID-19 at the population level.What are the implications for public health practice?The population should continue maintaining nonpharmaceutical interventions and minimize international movement to prevent transmission of COVID-19.Furthermore,developing new vaccines or promoting booster vaccinations should be considered to increase efficacy.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[No.2020YFC0849200,2021YFC0863400]NSFC projects[No.72174004,91546203,91846302].
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Studies indicate that viruses could spread across species,but it is difficult to know when and where such small probability events occur because it is almost impossible to design an observational study on the whole landscape.What is added by this report?We did a comprehensive analysis on the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and tried to find the time,place,and host that the viruses stayed in their long evolutionary history.What are the implications for public health practice?Public databases are helpful to understand the risk of virus infection in humans and also a cost-effective method for monitoring public health and safety events.
