Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization as well as urban land management are major constraints to land planning in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A household data collection and analysis was carried out in 283 random h...Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization as well as urban land management are major constraints to land planning in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A household data collection and analysis was carried out in 283 random households in the Nkafu municipality, eastern DR Congo, to assess the local community’s perception of rapid urbanization and its impact on land policy and management of the built landscape. Data of socio-demographics characteristics, rapid urbanization, and environment management data were collected and analyzed using XLStat version 2019. In addition, the study area location map, land use and cover change maps were generated using ArcMap 10.8. Results indicate that landowners are dominant and, build simple houses with unsustainable building materials (i.e. wooden plank) obtained locally. In addition, land management is not appreciated by local communities, due to anarchic construction due to lack of financial resources generating thus an increasing amount of urban waste, which is poorly managed. The study suggests, urban roads renew, building in conformity with urban planning and building regulations, potable water supply and health services availability to improve the study area. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use, would provide spatial information on land planning in the study area.展开更多
This study investigated the major ion composition and sources in wet and dry deposition samples collected over 15 months (December 2017 to February 2019) at four stations representing four different land use/cover typ...This study investigated the major ion composition and sources in wet and dry deposition samples collected over 15 months (December 2017 to February 2019) at four stations representing four different land use/cover types on the western side of Lake Kivu basin in D.R. Congo. The samples were collected every 13 days for dry deposition and two to three times per month for wet deposition. Samples were analyzed for major ionic components (Cl<sup>-, NO<sub>-</sub>3</sup>, SO<sub>2-</sub>4</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>+</sub>4</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, CO<sub>2-</sub>3</sup>, HCO<sub>-</sub>3</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup>). Electrical conductivity and pH were analyzed immediately in the field while major ion measurements were in the laboratory. Results showed the pH of both the dry and the wet depositions were higher than what would have been expected based on equilibration with atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> (pH > 5.6) at all four sites, with conductivity less than 50 μS/cm. The neutralization process in dry and wet atmospheric deposition is due to Ca<sup>2+</sup>, NH<sub>+</sub>4</sup>, HCO<sub>-</sub>3</sup> and CO<sub>2-</sub>3</sup>. The anion: cation ratio in dry deposition was close to 1 for Iko and Bukavu, and it was greater than 1.0 (1.1 - 1.2) for Lwiro and Goma in wet deposition. The dominant anions in wet deposition were SO<sub>2-</sub>4</sup> and NO<sub>-</sub>3</sup>, found around the rural area near cement factory and the urban area near active volcanoes, respectively. The most abundant cation was Na+ followed by K<sup>+</sup>. The enrichment factors and correlation analysis suggest that the main sources of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> were disintegration of soil processes, aeolian suspension of soil and volcanic ash, biomass burning and the cement/lime factory around the Lake Kivu basin.展开更多
文摘Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization as well as urban land management are major constraints to land planning in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A household data collection and analysis was carried out in 283 random households in the Nkafu municipality, eastern DR Congo, to assess the local community’s perception of rapid urbanization and its impact on land policy and management of the built landscape. Data of socio-demographics characteristics, rapid urbanization, and environment management data were collected and analyzed using XLStat version 2019. In addition, the study area location map, land use and cover change maps were generated using ArcMap 10.8. Results indicate that landowners are dominant and, build simple houses with unsustainable building materials (i.e. wooden plank) obtained locally. In addition, land management is not appreciated by local communities, due to anarchic construction due to lack of financial resources generating thus an increasing amount of urban waste, which is poorly managed. The study suggests, urban roads renew, building in conformity with urban planning and building regulations, potable water supply and health services availability to improve the study area. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use, would provide spatial information on land planning in the study area.
文摘This study investigated the major ion composition and sources in wet and dry deposition samples collected over 15 months (December 2017 to February 2019) at four stations representing four different land use/cover types on the western side of Lake Kivu basin in D.R. Congo. The samples were collected every 13 days for dry deposition and two to three times per month for wet deposition. Samples were analyzed for major ionic components (Cl<sup>-, NO<sub>-</sub>3</sup>, SO<sub>2-</sub>4</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>+</sub>4</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, CO<sub>2-</sub>3</sup>, HCO<sub>-</sub>3</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup>). Electrical conductivity and pH were analyzed immediately in the field while major ion measurements were in the laboratory. Results showed the pH of both the dry and the wet depositions were higher than what would have been expected based on equilibration with atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> (pH > 5.6) at all four sites, with conductivity less than 50 μS/cm. The neutralization process in dry and wet atmospheric deposition is due to Ca<sup>2+</sup>, NH<sub>+</sub>4</sup>, HCO<sub>-</sub>3</sup> and CO<sub>2-</sub>3</sup>. The anion: cation ratio in dry deposition was close to 1 for Iko and Bukavu, and it was greater than 1.0 (1.1 - 1.2) for Lwiro and Goma in wet deposition. The dominant anions in wet deposition were SO<sub>2-</sub>4</sup> and NO<sub>-</sub>3</sup>, found around the rural area near cement factory and the urban area near active volcanoes, respectively. The most abundant cation was Na+ followed by K<sup>+</sup>. The enrichment factors and correlation analysis suggest that the main sources of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> were disintegration of soil processes, aeolian suspension of soil and volcanic ash, biomass burning and the cement/lime factory around the Lake Kivu basin.
