Due to the difficult segmentation of land destiny, popularity destiny, industry destiny on the platform of common interests demand, the regional governance of production and living for the needs of the people in cross...Due to the difficult segmentation of land destiny, popularity destiny, industry destiny on the platform of common interests demand, the regional governance of production and living for the needs of the people in cross-regional areas, such as in the aspects of security, education, assignment and management of water resources, transportation, energy, environment protection and public health, the administrative border regional cooperation is relatively easy. These aspects are equivalent to public products. Just because of this, it leads to problems that nobody will not control. The governments, in order to realize regional economic coordinated development and to eliminate the regional interests parties of administrative regions economy in microcosmic, were adapting various self-protection measures, even including that "you may have your policy but I have my countermeasures" that is derived from inter-regional economic relations. The action of market segmentation has limited the flow of various economic development elements, especially the condition of "dead end highway", resource exploitation and use, difficult social security work in social living of the administrative boundary zone. This paper studies the typical economical district of Wuling mountain area in the obvious strategic position at the junction of Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei provinces from the angle of regional public management and public choice to present issue awareness and academic purpose.展开更多
The community is a necessary environment with the help of which people with mental disorders can be rehabilitated and can return to society.The WHO(World Health Organization)advocates that mental health services shoul...The community is a necessary environment with the help of which people with mental disorders can be rehabilitated and can return to society.The WHO(World Health Organization)advocates that mental health services should be available at the grassroots level and be integrated systematically into the primary healthcare(PHC)system[1].The WHO's Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2020 also sets one of the four objectives in community-based settings:the provisi on of comprehe nsive,in tegrated mental health and social care services[2].According to the WHO's Project Atlas,published in 2001,community care facilities for mental health exist in 63.4%of countries(n=183),covering 79.9%of the world's population[3].Specialists and researchers in numerous countries have recognized and affirmed the effectiveness of community-based management for mental disorders[4,5] associated with the reform[6,7].展开更多
During the last 30 years, China has witnessed rapid economic growth and dramatic urbanization, with about 1.2 x 107 rural people migrating annually into urban areas. Meanwhile, especially since 1995, the rural populat...During the last 30 years, China has witnessed rapid economic growth and dramatic urbanization, with about 1.2 x 107 rural people migrating annually into urban areas. Meanwhile, especially since 1995, the rural population has been declining, which is closely linked to land circulation and the increase in farm size in many villages. Increasing scale of farming operations is often regarded as a key to avoiding the abandonment of farmland and to increasing the income of rural farmers. However, until now, there has been little research on the spatial and temporal variability of farm size at the national level in China. Using data from the national agricultural cen- sus and rural household surveys, this study examines the characteristics of land use circulation and the consequent changes in the area of farmland per household. The results show that： 1） 12.2% of rural households were involved in land circulation at the national level. The highest amounts of land circulation have occurred in those provinces where the farmland per capita is more than 0.2 ha or less than 0.1 ha; 2） over 80% of households operate less than 0.6 ha of farmland; 3） the proportion of mid-sized farms （between 0.2 ha and 0.6 ha per household） has decreased while the smallest and the largest farms have increased. This bears some similarity with the phenomenon known as the ＇disappearing middle＇, referring to the changes in farm size. This study establishes a framework for interpreting the factors affecting the changes in farm size in China, which include two promoting factors （urbanization and agriculture） and four hindering fac- tors （agricultual land system, household registration, stable clan system, and farmland loss）.展开更多
The high prevalence of diabetes has become a major public health issue worldwide[1], particularly in middle-and low-income countries[2]. The prevalence of diabetes in China, the largest developing country,has more tha...The high prevalence of diabetes has become a major public health issue worldwide[1], particularly in middle-and low-income countries[2]. The prevalence of diabetes in China, the largest developing country,has more than quadrupled in recent decades, and many cases of diabetes are undiagnosed[3]. The problem with missed diabetes diagnoses is a challenge faced both by China and the rest of the world[4].展开更多
Antimicrobial resistance is a major problem in the management of infectious diseases. African indigenous functional food-plants such as Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum may constitute important sources of phytoche...Antimicrobial resistance is a major problem in the management of infectious diseases. African indigenous functional food-plants such as Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum may constitute important sources of phytochemical constituents for the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds against infectious organisms. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial pro- perties of Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum-leaves used as functional food-plants in the O.R. Tambo district municipality of South Africa. Organic and aqueous solvent-extracts of C. album and S. nigrum were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC127853), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051), Escherichia coli (25922) and Enterococcus faecalis (51299) using standard microbiological techniques. Ciprofloxacin was included in all the experimental runs as positive control antibiotic. The aqueous extracts of both plants were the most active with zones of inhibition diameters ranging from 0 mm - 20 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) values ranging from 0.63 mg/mL - 10 mg/mL. The positive control antibiotic was highly active with zones of inhibition diameters ranging from 17 mm - 31 mm and MIC50 values from 0.0003 mg/mL - 0.0005mg/mL for all the bacteria tested. Both extracts were bactericidal with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranges from 2.5mg/mL - 20mg/mL. From the results, it can be concluded that both plants possess compounds with antimicrobial properties, thus validating scientifically their use in traditional medicine. However, more studies to document the respective plant-principles responsible for antimicrobial activity of these plants would shed more light on their functional properties.展开更多
The current paper has elaborated the efficient utilization of liquid biodiesel waste in combination with dillapiole and citronella essential oil as active ingredients.Sawdust,cellulose and hydrophobic silica were used...The current paper has elaborated the efficient utilization of liquid biodiesel waste in combination with dillapiole and citronella essential oil as active ingredients.Sawdust,cellulose and hydrophobic silica were used as inert ingredients,which make the tablet to float over the water surface.ATR-FTIR analysis of tablet confirmed the compatibility with citronella oil,dillapiole,liquid biodiesel waste in tablet composition after compression.Physico-chemical analysis studies show that tablet parameters are in standard limits.SEM analysis shows some porous structures in tablet composition which confirms the floating nature of the tablets.The specific ratio(2:2:1)of citronella oil,dillapiole and liquid biodiesel waste showed maximum mortality,i.e.95%after 24 h.After application,the tablet is nontoxic towards the aquatic organisms and water quality remains unaf-fected.The better performance of the tablets has been evaluated in terms of characterization studies,viz.ATR-FTIR and SEM studies and bioefficacy trials which confirmed the presence of active ingredients responsible for insecticidal activity.展开更多
Copper oxide nanoparticles are an integral part of modern agrochemical industries,such as pesticides and nano fertilizers.It has been extensively reviewed and reported that the interaction of nanoparticles with plant ...Copper oxide nanoparticles are an integral part of modern agrochemical industries,such as pesticides and nano fertilizers.It has been extensively reviewed and reported that the interaction of nanoparticles with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPRs)may be toxic due to their accumulation in the soil and may remain in contact for a long time which causes a negative impact on the soil microbial community.The study presented here,investigates the impact of the copper oxide nanoparticles on the isolated PGPR species Bacillius megaterium AGNTL MM7 in invitro conditions.We observed that the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS)at¼of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations(MIC)of CuO nanoparticles resulted in a decrease in the Indole Acetic Acid(IAA)production(83.02μg/ml)as the marker of the nanoparticles mediated stress on the Bacillus megaterium AGNTL MM7.The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)assay was observed at 4 mg/ml.The solubility of CuO nanoparticles was 0.014%and the Nanotracking analyzer estimated the mean average size 188 nm in a liquid medium such as water.Transmission Electron Microscopic(TEM)studies observed that the concentration of 1 mg/ml nanoparticles showed a strong affinity with cell envelope and caused a significant negative impact on the microorganism,resulting in 58%inhibition in IAA production was observed in comparison to the control i.e.,197.8μg/ml.The flow cytometric analysis also significantly validated the toxicity at the same concentration.展开更多
Introduction:Ethiopia has made efforts to tackle the challenges of low crop and livestock productivity and degradation of land resources through various rural development strategies.However,increasing demands for food...Introduction:Ethiopia has made efforts to tackle the challenges of low crop and livestock productivity and degradation of land resources through various rural development strategies.However,increasing demands for food,animal feed,fuel,and income-generating activities are putting pressure on the land.In this paper,we describe the production pressure and competition between crop and livestock production,quantify rates of land-use/cover(LULC)changes,and examine driving forces and consequences of land conversion.Methods:The study was conducted in Gudo Beret watershed,North Shewa Zone of Amhara region,Ethiopia.It used a combination of methods including remote sensing,household interviews,field observations,focus group discussions,and key informant interviews.Supervised and unsupervised image classification methods were employed to map LULC classes for 31 years(1984–2016).Results:The results of satellite remote sensing revealed that 51%of the land in the study area was subject to accelerated land conversions.The household survey results indicated that feed resources and grain production pressures were 1.43 and 1.34 t ha^(−1) respectively.The observed annual changes in plantation and settlement areas were 2.6%and 2.9%.This was mainly at the expense of bushland and grazing land systems.Cropland increased(0.4%year^(−1))while grazing land reduced(3.5%year^(−1))under contrasting dynamics and competitive changes.An increase in human and livestock populations and farm expansion were major drivers of land conversion that adversely affected household livelihoods and the natural ecosystem.The consequences of these pressures resulted in a lack of animal feed,low crop-livestock productivity,and a reduction in natural vegetation coverage.Conclusions:We suggest that sustainable land resource management,more integrated crop-livestock production,and the use of productivity-enhancing technologies could play a role in managing competition for land resources.展开更多
Unsustainable land use management and the resulting soil erosion are among the most pervasive problems in rural Ethiopia,where most of the country’s people live,jeopardizing food security.Despite various efforts to i...Unsustainable land use management and the resulting soil erosion are among the most pervasive problems in rural Ethiopia,where most of the country’s people live,jeopardizing food security.Despite various efforts to introduce soil conservation measures and assess their costs and benefits,it is unclear how efficient these measures are from an economic point of view in securing food production.This paper examines the costs and benefits of three soil conservation measures applied in the country in three different rural districts facing different degrees of soil erosion problems using survey data collected from 750 farm households.A production function is estimated to quantify the costs and benefits of more sustainable land use management practices.We show that the soil conservation measures significantly increase productivity and hence food security.Comparing the costs and benefits,the results indicate that implementing soil conservation measures would benefit farm communities in the case study areas through increased grain productivity and food security.展开更多
基金supported by National Social Science Fund of China (Grant No.09XJY011)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Normal University (Grant No.26X2602)
文摘Due to the difficult segmentation of land destiny, popularity destiny, industry destiny on the platform of common interests demand, the regional governance of production and living for the needs of the people in cross-regional areas, such as in the aspects of security, education, assignment and management of water resources, transportation, energy, environment protection and public health, the administrative border regional cooperation is relatively easy. These aspects are equivalent to public products. Just because of this, it leads to problems that nobody will not control. The governments, in order to realize regional economic coordinated development and to eliminate the regional interests parties of administrative regions economy in microcosmic, were adapting various self-protection measures, even including that "you may have your policy but I have my countermeasures" that is derived from inter-regional economic relations. The action of market segmentation has limited the flow of various economic development elements, especially the condition of "dead end highway", resource exploitation and use, difficult social security work in social living of the administrative boundary zone. This paper studies the typical economical district of Wuling mountain area in the obvious strategic position at the junction of Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei provinces from the angle of regional public management and public choice to present issue awareness and academic purpose.
文摘The community is a necessary environment with the help of which people with mental disorders can be rehabilitated and can return to society.The WHO(World Health Organization)advocates that mental health services should be available at the grassroots level and be integrated systematically into the primary healthcare(PHC)system[1].The WHO's Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2020 also sets one of the four objectives in community-based settings:the provisi on of comprehe nsive,in tegrated mental health and social care services[2].According to the WHO's Project Atlas,published in 2001,community care facilities for mental health exist in 63.4%of countries(n=183),covering 79.9%of the world's population[3].Specialists and researchers in numerous countries have recognized and affirmed the effectiveness of community-based management for mental disorders[4,5] associated with the reform[6,7].
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.4097111241161140352)Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China(No.STSN-09-04)
文摘During the last 30 years, China has witnessed rapid economic growth and dramatic urbanization, with about 1.2 x 107 rural people migrating annually into urban areas. Meanwhile, especially since 1995, the rural population has been declining, which is closely linked to land circulation and the increase in farm size in many villages. Increasing scale of farming operations is often regarded as a key to avoiding the abandonment of farmland and to increasing the income of rural farmers. However, until now, there has been little research on the spatial and temporal variability of farm size at the national level in China. Using data from the national agricultural cen- sus and rural household surveys, this study examines the characteristics of land use circulation and the consequent changes in the area of farmland per household. The results show that： 1） 12.2% of rural households were involved in land circulation at the national level. The highest amounts of land circulation have occurred in those provinces where the farmland per capita is more than 0.2 ha or less than 0.1 ha; 2） over 80% of households operate less than 0.6 ha of farmland; 3） the proportion of mid-sized farms （between 0.2 ha and 0.6 ha per household） has decreased while the smallest and the largest farms have increased. This bears some similarity with the phenomenon known as the ＇disappearing middle＇, referring to the changes in farm size. This study establishes a framework for interpreting the factors affecting the changes in farm size in China, which include two promoting factors （urbanization and agriculture） and four hindering fac- tors （agricultual land system, household registration, stable clan system, and farmland loss）.
基金supported by the Szechwan Province Science and Technology Agency Fund Project [2009FZ 0027]Chengdu,China and the Population and Health Project of the Chengdu Municipal Science and Technology Bureau[10YTYB272SF-182]
文摘The high prevalence of diabetes has become a major public health issue worldwide[1], particularly in middle-and low-income countries[2]. The prevalence of diabetes in China, the largest developing country,has more than quadrupled in recent decades, and many cases of diabetes are undiagnosed[3]. The problem with missed diabetes diagnoses is a challenge faced both by China and the rest of the world[4].
文摘Antimicrobial resistance is a major problem in the management of infectious diseases. African indigenous functional food-plants such as Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum may constitute important sources of phytochemical constituents for the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds against infectious organisms. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial pro- perties of Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum-leaves used as functional food-plants in the O.R. Tambo district municipality of South Africa. Organic and aqueous solvent-extracts of C. album and S. nigrum were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC127853), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051), Escherichia coli (25922) and Enterococcus faecalis (51299) using standard microbiological techniques. Ciprofloxacin was included in all the experimental runs as positive control antibiotic. The aqueous extracts of both plants were the most active with zones of inhibition diameters ranging from 0 mm - 20 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) values ranging from 0.63 mg/mL - 10 mg/mL. The positive control antibiotic was highly active with zones of inhibition diameters ranging from 17 mm - 31 mm and MIC50 values from 0.0003 mg/mL - 0.0005mg/mL for all the bacteria tested. Both extracts were bactericidal with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranges from 2.5mg/mL - 20mg/mL. From the results, it can be concluded that both plants possess compounds with antimicrobial properties, thus validating scientifically their use in traditional medicine. However, more studies to document the respective plant-principles responsible for antimicrobial activity of these plants would shed more light on their functional properties.
基金support from the University Grants Commission,India,Grant number:F.15*42/SAII/2012.
文摘The current paper has elaborated the efficient utilization of liquid biodiesel waste in combination with dillapiole and citronella essential oil as active ingredients.Sawdust,cellulose and hydrophobic silica were used as inert ingredients,which make the tablet to float over the water surface.ATR-FTIR analysis of tablet confirmed the compatibility with citronella oil,dillapiole,liquid biodiesel waste in tablet composition after compression.Physico-chemical analysis studies show that tablet parameters are in standard limits.SEM analysis shows some porous structures in tablet composition which confirms the floating nature of the tablets.The specific ratio(2:2:1)of citronella oil,dillapiole and liquid biodiesel waste showed maximum mortality,i.e.95%after 24 h.After application,the tablet is nontoxic towards the aquatic organisms and water quality remains unaf-fected.The better performance of the tablets has been evaluated in terms of characterization studies,viz.ATR-FTIR and SEM studies and bioefficacy trials which confirmed the presence of active ingredients responsible for insecticidal activity.
文摘Copper oxide nanoparticles are an integral part of modern agrochemical industries,such as pesticides and nano fertilizers.It has been extensively reviewed and reported that the interaction of nanoparticles with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPRs)may be toxic due to their accumulation in the soil and may remain in contact for a long time which causes a negative impact on the soil microbial community.The study presented here,investigates the impact of the copper oxide nanoparticles on the isolated PGPR species Bacillius megaterium AGNTL MM7 in invitro conditions.We observed that the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS)at¼of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations(MIC)of CuO nanoparticles resulted in a decrease in the Indole Acetic Acid(IAA)production(83.02μg/ml)as the marker of the nanoparticles mediated stress on the Bacillus megaterium AGNTL MM7.The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)assay was observed at 4 mg/ml.The solubility of CuO nanoparticles was 0.014%and the Nanotracking analyzer estimated the mean average size 188 nm in a liquid medium such as water.Transmission Electron Microscopic(TEM)studies observed that the concentration of 1 mg/ml nanoparticles showed a strong affinity with cell envelope and caused a significant negative impact on the microorganism,resulting in 58%inhibition in IAA production was observed in comparison to the control i.e.,197.8μg/ml.The flow cytometric analysis also significantly validated the toxicity at the same concentration.
基金This study was financially supported by the United States Agency for International Development(USAID)through Africa RISING research program.
文摘Introduction:Ethiopia has made efforts to tackle the challenges of low crop and livestock productivity and degradation of land resources through various rural development strategies.However,increasing demands for food,animal feed,fuel,and income-generating activities are putting pressure on the land.In this paper,we describe the production pressure and competition between crop and livestock production,quantify rates of land-use/cover(LULC)changes,and examine driving forces and consequences of land conversion.Methods:The study was conducted in Gudo Beret watershed,North Shewa Zone of Amhara region,Ethiopia.It used a combination of methods including remote sensing,household interviews,field observations,focus group discussions,and key informant interviews.Supervised and unsupervised image classification methods were employed to map LULC classes for 31 years(1984–2016).Results:The results of satellite remote sensing revealed that 51%of the land in the study area was subject to accelerated land conversions.The household survey results indicated that feed resources and grain production pressures were 1.43 and 1.34 t ha^(−1) respectively.The observed annual changes in plantation and settlement areas were 2.6%and 2.9%.This was mainly at the expense of bushland and grazing land systems.Cropland increased(0.4%year^(−1))while grazing land reduced(3.5%year^(−1))under contrasting dynamics and competitive changes.An increase in human and livestock populations and farm expansion were major drivers of land conversion that adversely affected household livelihoods and the natural ecosystem.The consequences of these pressures resulted in a lack of animal feed,low crop-livestock productivity,and a reduction in natural vegetation coverage.Conclusions:We suggest that sustainable land resource management,more integrated crop-livestock production,and the use of productivity-enhancing technologies could play a role in managing competition for land resources.
基金The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research(NWOWOTRO)is gratefully acknowledged for funding this project.We are also grateful for the co-funding received from the Institute for Environmental Studies,VU University Amsterdam.A word of thanks goes to Ted Veldkamp and Jurre Tanja from the VU University Amsterdam for their help with the on-site pre-testing of the survey and focus group discussions,and Dr.Melesse Temesgen and Mr.Sebsib Belay from Addis Ababa University for their assistance in organizing the pre-test and data collection.Finally,we are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on previous versions of this paper.As always,the authors remain sole responsible for the content of the paper.
文摘Unsustainable land use management and the resulting soil erosion are among the most pervasive problems in rural Ethiopia,where most of the country’s people live,jeopardizing food security.Despite various efforts to introduce soil conservation measures and assess their costs and benefits,it is unclear how efficient these measures are from an economic point of view in securing food production.This paper examines the costs and benefits of three soil conservation measures applied in the country in three different rural districts facing different degrees of soil erosion problems using survey data collected from 750 farm households.A production function is estimated to quantify the costs and benefits of more sustainable land use management practices.We show that the soil conservation measures significantly increase productivity and hence food security.Comparing the costs and benefits,the results indicate that implementing soil conservation measures would benefit farm communities in the case study areas through increased grain productivity and food security.
