This paper improves the slacks-based method for estimating inefficiency,derives the criteria for the selection of the weights of output and input inefficiencies in the objective function,and creates a new nonparametri...This paper improves the slacks-based method for estimating inefficiency,derives the criteria for the selection of the weights of output and input inefficiencies in the objective function,and creates a new nonparametric method for accounting economic growth.Based on this method,the paper estimates the sources of China s economic growth from 1978 to 2013.Our findings suggest that factor input and especially capital is a major source of economic growth for China as a whole and its major regions,and that economic growth in recent years is increasingly dependent on capital.For a rather long period of time before 2005,China s northeast,central and western regions lagged behind the eastern region in terms of economic growth,and TFP and factor input are major reasons behind such regional growth disparities.Although other regions have narrowed their disparities with and even overtaken the eastern region in terms of economic growth,the key driver is the rapid increase in the contribution of factor input.Advanced technologies of eastern region should be utilized to promote TFP progress in other regions,which is vital to economic growth in these regions and China as a whole.展开更多
Using retroactive adjustment approach of history data published by the National Bureau of Statistics （NBS）, this study has adjusted micro-level survey data of China Household Income Project Survey （CHIPS, 2007） an...Using retroactive adjustment approach of history data published by the National Bureau of Statistics （NBS）, this study has adjusted micro-level survey data of China Household Income Project Survey （CHIPS, 2007） and conducted point estimation on household income Gini coefficient using the NBS method. On this basis, the standard error of the point estimation of China＇s Gini coefficient is estimated using bootstrap method, creating a confidence interval of Gini coefficient. Results indicate that among five continuous declines of Gini coefficient between 2008 and 2013, only three declines are statistically significant. It is thus too early to jump at the conclusion that the Gini coefficient of China＇s household income distribution has already entered into a downward channel and at least the argument that China＇s Gini coefficient has been on the decline for five consecutive years is questionable.展开更多
Organic agriculture is one of successful models of low-carbon agriculture, and plays an important role in alleviating and adapting to climate change. However, the development of supply chain of organic agricultural pr...Organic agriculture is one of successful models of low-carbon agriculture, and plays an important role in alleviating and adapting to climate change. However, the development of supply chain of organic agricultural products lags behind, which seriously restricts development of organic agricultural product market. In this paper, major models and bottleneck of supply chain of organic agricultural products are analyzed, and finally countermeasures are put forward.展开更多
In September 2009 the Group of Twenty （G20） took over the Group of Eight （G8） as a premier forum ,for international economic cooperation at the Pittsburgh Summit. The first achievement of the new forum, a “Framew...In September 2009 the Group of Twenty （G20） took over the Group of Eight （G8） as a premier forum ,for international economic cooperation at the Pittsburgh Summit. The first achievement of the new forum, a “Framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced Growth＂, would be tested and improved in the G20 meetings in June 2010. Considering the escalating debt crisis in the euro zone since this spring and calls for getting rid of the weaknesses of the financial regulatory system, the G20 assumed the responsibility to formulate global strategies to keep economic recovery on track and lead world economies and financial systems to get away from the mess in a more prudential and skillful way.展开更多
Inter-clouds services build information bridges over computing clouds so as to provide the convenience for electronic commerce and other information services. However, the interactions between clouds have challenges i...Inter-clouds services build information bridges over computing clouds so as to provide the convenience for electronic commerce and other information services. However, the interactions between clouds have challenges in information disclosure, services spoofing and information inconsistent. This paper proposes a secure interaction and control method for inter-clouds services, which uses information encryption, digital signature,time logic control means, to protect users' privacy and keep the integrity and consistency of cloud customers' request information, and prevent the spoofing of information requests. The results show that the method could prevent the spoofing well in a stable network environment and improve the security of clouds sessions.展开更多
Ilanded a job in a Beijing bank in 2010 after graduating with a master’s degree.I was lucky.A job in a bank in the metropolis is well paid with bright career prospects,and consequently much sought after.But it didn’...Ilanded a job in a Beijing bank in 2010 after graduating with a master’s degree.I was lucky.A job in a bank in the metropolis is well paid with bright career prospects,and consequently much sought after.But it didn’t appeal to me.I found that sitting in a cubicle clad in a sharp suit from nine to five,five days a week was slowly eroding my展开更多
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO),a regional cooperative organization that strands the Eurasian continent, has a vast range of cooperation and is full of vitality.In the eight years since its inception,it has...The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO),a regional cooperative organization that strands the Eurasian continent, has a vast range of cooperation and is full of vitality.In the eight years since its inception,it has constantly improved its organi-展开更多
In the West human rights do not remain only at the level of appeals and cries from some thinkers but are embodied in basic belief and the values of the general public. The concept of human rights is intrinsically rela...In the West human rights do not remain only at the level of appeals and cries from some thinkers but are embodied in basic belief and the values of the general public. The concept of human rights is intrinsically related to the whole intellectual tradition, especially to religion and culture. It serves not only as a utilitarian rationality but also as value rationality. However, in their absorption and introduction of the Western concept of human rights in the 19^th and early 20^th centuries, the Chinese intellectuals treated these rights as a tool and means to achieve a rational objective -- national survival and prosperity. On the eve of the Opium War （1840-1842） Chinese society was already pregnant with grim possibilities but not yet ready for transformation into a modem society. In face of ＂the great changes unprecedented in three thousand years of Chinese history＂ （words of the Chinese thinker Liang Qichao） progressive Chinese intellectuals took a pragmatic approach in their study and acceptance of the Western culture, accepting or rejecting.展开更多
The Centra l Commit tee’s No. 1 Document for 2012 stresses great focus on farming technology and plans to increases financial expenditure on the improvement of agriculture, rural areas and farmers’ lives. The docume...The Centra l Commit tee’s No. 1 Document for 2012 stresses great focus on farming technology and plans to increases financial expenditure on the improvement of agriculture, rural areas and farmers’ lives. The document also aims to improve conditions for farming technology innovation,展开更多
The central bank announced a 0.25-percentage-point increase effective The People's Bank of China (PBOC),the central bank,announced on April 5th that it would raise bank's benchmark one-year borrowing and lendi...The central bank announced a 0.25-percentage-point increase effective The People's Bank of China (PBOC),the central bank,announced on April 5th that it would raise bank's benchmark one-year borrowing and lending rates by 0.25 percentage points effective April 6th; rates of other deposit and lending and Personal Housing Accumulation Fund Loan would also be adjusted accordingly.Loan rate for terms of more than three years would climb by 0.20 percentage points,with a smaller scale than deposit rate of the same terms.展开更多
Since the middle and later period of the 1990s, business process management has become the major thought and method of modem business administration. After tracking back of the management origin and probing into the r...Since the middle and later period of the 1990s, business process management has become the major thought and method of modem business administration. After tracking back of the management origin and probing into the relations between business process and management theory development, this paper finds after the proposition of Taylor＇s scientific management, the business process management began to sprout and was divided into four stages： technological stage of single procedure, interior networked stage, the stage of electronic network and overall networked stage. This paper also proposes the view that the evolvement of business progress management enlightens us a lot in the improvement of today＇s business administration.展开更多
Since entering the"New Normal",China's economic growth has reached a new phase.Thanks to Reform and Opening-up since the late 1970s,China’s productive potential has been continuously released and the ec...Since entering the"New Normal",China's economic growth has reached a new phase.Thanks to Reform and Opening-up since the late 1970s,China’s productive potential has been continuously released and the economy grew rapidly for a sustained period.However,the economy faces both old challenges stemming from the relatively extensive growth mode in the early stage,as well as new challenges putting pressure on resources and environment,leading to downward pressures on the economy.The Central Economic Work Conference(CEWC)in December 2013 pointed out that China has to deal simultaneously with slower economic growth,difficult structural adjustments and the impacts of previous economic stimulus measures.In 2014,President Xi Jinping,when visiting Henan Province,mentioned for the first time the"New Normal",stating that,"China’s economic development is still in an important window of strategic opportunity.展开更多
As pointed out by General Secretary Xi Jinping,it is a top priority for the current financial system in China to vigorously raise the share of direct financing and play the role of capital markets in serving the real ...As pointed out by General Secretary Xi Jinping,it is a top priority for the current financial system in China to vigorously raise the share of direct financing and play the role of capital markets in serving the real economy.Currently,our private equity(PE)funds,as an important participant in capital markets,are functioning to select excellent enterprises,encourage entrepreneurship and innovation,connect technology and capital,provide resources for getting listed,and optimize resource allocation,showing active performance in the periods of corporate growth,regulation adoption,financing and mergers and acquisitions(M&As).展开更多
The period between 1993 and 2002 was a crucial part of China's macroeconomic regulation and financial reform and opening-up. Throughout most of this phase, the author was involved in making major decisions on mone...The period between 1993 and 2002 was a crucial part of China's macroeconomic regulation and financial reform and opening-up. Throughout most of this phase, the author was involved in making major decisions on monetary policy, financial markets, regulation, reform and opening-up, and fulfilled his duties as a central bank leader. This paper is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.展开更多
With increased cyber attacks over years,information system security assessment becomes more and more important.This paper provides an ontology-based attack model,and then utilizes it to assess the information system s...With increased cyber attacks over years,information system security assessment becomes more and more important.This paper provides an ontology-based attack model,and then utilizes it to assess the information system security from attack angle.We categorize attacks into a taxonomy suitable for security assessment.The proposed taxonomy consists of five dimensions,which include attack impact,attack vector,attack target,vulnerability and defense.Afterwards we build an ontology according to the taxonomy.In the ontology,attack related concepts included in the five dimensions and relationships between them are formalized and analyzed in detail.We also populate our attack ontology with information from national vulnerability database(NVD)about the vulnerabilities,such as common vulnerabilities and exposures(CVE),common weakness enumeration(CWE),common vulnerability scoring system(CVSS),and common platform enumeration(CPE).Finally we propose an ontology-based framework for security assessment of network and computer systems,and describe the utilization of ontology in the security assessment and the method for evaluating attack efect on the system when it is under attack.展开更多
This paper examines how the difference in institutional environments constitutes differential IPO underpricing across countries. Using the Heritage Foundation＇s Index of Economic Freedom （IEF） as a proxy for the he...This paper examines how the difference in institutional environments constitutes differential IPO underpricing across countries. Using the Heritage Foundation＇s Index of Economic Freedom （IEF） as a proxy for the heterogeneous institutional environment, and a sample of 3728 IPOs from 22 countries and regions over the period 1993--2014, we find that countries with higher economic freedom have significantly less serious IPO underpricing problems. Moreover, we find that among the 10 economic freedom factors covered by theIEF, financial freedom related factors play a more important role in reducing the IPO underpricing problem. Finally, consistent with the market sentiment hypothesis, we find strong evidence that pre-IPO market sentiment influences IPO firstday returns, and that the IPO underpricing problem is less severe when the market is bearish.展开更多
Due to the problems arising when the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is applied over wireless networks, many TCP performance enhancement mechanisms have been proposed. However, such mechanisms aren't compatibl...Due to the problems arising when the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is applied over wireless networks, many TCP performance enhancement mechanisms have been proposed. However, such mechanisms aren't compatible with IPSec protocol. The paper reviews the TCP performance enhancement mechanisms in wireless networks. Then the conflicts between them are analyzed. Several proposals for solving theconflicts are discussed, and their benefit and limitations are examined.展开更多
Based on the social-cognitive model of transference, this paper discusses the transference effect of the leader-member exchange （LMX） relationship between the follower and the previous leader. The results show that ...Based on the social-cognitive model of transference, this paper discusses the transference effect of the leader-member exchange （LMX） relationship between the follower and the previous leader. The results show that the LMX between follower and the previous leader influences the follower＇s LMX with the current leader. The study identifies two moderators： both the traits difference between the previous leader and the current leader and the follower＇s individual transition resistance negatively moderate the main effect between the previous LMX and the current LMX.展开更多
Since 2018,the Chinese foreign exchange market has shown increasing resilience,withstanding several sharp drops in the RMB exchange rate and capital flow reversals。
Social distancing to fight the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of contactless technology,represented by remote work,video conferencing,online education,online payments,and so forth.The flourishing inf...Social distancing to fight the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of contactless technology,represented by remote work,video conferencing,online education,online payments,and so forth.The flourishing information infrastructure has supported the normal operations of social and economic order during the pandemic.To hedge against the risk of an economic downturn,the Chinese government has proposed accelerating the construction of new infrastructure,such as the fifth-generation mobile communication(5G)network and data centers,and cultivating a data factor market.Thus,digital infrastructure construction is becoming a national development strategy.展开更多
文摘This paper improves the slacks-based method for estimating inefficiency,derives the criteria for the selection of the weights of output and input inefficiencies in the objective function,and creates a new nonparametric method for accounting economic growth.Based on this method,the paper estimates the sources of China s economic growth from 1978 to 2013.Our findings suggest that factor input and especially capital is a major source of economic growth for China as a whole and its major regions,and that economic growth in recent years is increasingly dependent on capital.For a rather long period of time before 2005,China s northeast,central and western regions lagged behind the eastern region in terms of economic growth,and TFP and factor input are major reasons behind such regional growth disparities.Although other regions have narrowed their disparities with and even overtaken the eastern region in terms of economic growth,the key driver is the rapid increase in the contribution of factor input.Advanced technologies of eastern region should be utilized to promote TFP progress in other regions,which is vital to economic growth in these regions and China as a whole.
文摘Using retroactive adjustment approach of history data published by the National Bureau of Statistics （NBS）, this study has adjusted micro-level survey data of China Household Income Project Survey （CHIPS, 2007） and conducted point estimation on household income Gini coefficient using the NBS method. On this basis, the standard error of the point estimation of China＇s Gini coefficient is estimated using bootstrap method, creating a confidence interval of Gini coefficient. Results indicate that among five continuous declines of Gini coefficient between 2008 and 2013, only three declines are statistically significant. It is thus too early to jump at the conclusion that the Gini coefficient of China＇s household income distribution has already entered into a downward channel and at least the argument that China＇s Gini coefficient has been on the decline for five consecutive years is questionable.
基金Supported by Beijing Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project(No.:11JGB035)Henan Province Soft Science Project of 2011(112400430012)
文摘Organic agriculture is one of successful models of low-carbon agriculture, and plays an important role in alleviating and adapting to climate change. However, the development of supply chain of organic agricultural products lags behind, which seriously restricts development of organic agricultural product market. In this paper, major models and bottleneck of supply chain of organic agricultural products are analyzed, and finally countermeasures are put forward.
文摘In September 2009 the Group of Twenty （G20） took over the Group of Eight （G8） as a premier forum ,for international economic cooperation at the Pittsburgh Summit. The first achievement of the new forum, a “Framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced Growth＂, would be tested and improved in the G20 meetings in June 2010. Considering the escalating debt crisis in the euro zone since this spring and calls for getting rid of the weaknesses of the financial regulatory system, the G20 assumed the responsibility to formulate global strategies to keep economic recovery on track and lead world economies and financial systems to get away from the mess in a more prudential and skillful way.
基金supported by The National Special Research Fund for Non-Profit Sector (AQSIQ)(No.201410037)
文摘Inter-clouds services build information bridges over computing clouds so as to provide the convenience for electronic commerce and other information services. However, the interactions between clouds have challenges in information disclosure, services spoofing and information inconsistent. This paper proposes a secure interaction and control method for inter-clouds services, which uses information encryption, digital signature,time logic control means, to protect users' privacy and keep the integrity and consistency of cloud customers' request information, and prevent the spoofing of information requests. The results show that the method could prevent the spoofing well in a stable network environment and improve the security of clouds sessions.
文摘Ilanded a job in a Beijing bank in 2010 after graduating with a master’s degree.I was lucky.A job in a bank in the metropolis is well paid with bright career prospects,and consequently much sought after.But it didn’t appeal to me.I found that sitting in a cubicle clad in a sharp suit from nine to five,five days a week was slowly eroding my
文摘The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO),a regional cooperative organization that strands the Eurasian continent, has a vast range of cooperation and is full of vitality.In the eight years since its inception,it has constantly improved its organi-
文摘In the West human rights do not remain only at the level of appeals and cries from some thinkers but are embodied in basic belief and the values of the general public. The concept of human rights is intrinsically related to the whole intellectual tradition, especially to religion and culture. It serves not only as a utilitarian rationality but also as value rationality. However, in their absorption and introduction of the Western concept of human rights in the 19^th and early 20^th centuries, the Chinese intellectuals treated these rights as a tool and means to achieve a rational objective -- national survival and prosperity. On the eve of the Opium War （1840-1842） Chinese society was already pregnant with grim possibilities but not yet ready for transformation into a modem society. In face of ＂the great changes unprecedented in three thousand years of Chinese history＂ （words of the Chinese thinker Liang Qichao） progressive Chinese intellectuals took a pragmatic approach in their study and acceptance of the Western culture, accepting or rejecting.
文摘The Centra l Commit tee’s No. 1 Document for 2012 stresses great focus on farming technology and plans to increases financial expenditure on the improvement of agriculture, rural areas and farmers’ lives. The document also aims to improve conditions for farming technology innovation,
文摘The central bank announced a 0.25-percentage-point increase effective The People's Bank of China (PBOC),the central bank,announced on April 5th that it would raise bank's benchmark one-year borrowing and lending rates by 0.25 percentage points effective April 6th; rates of other deposit and lending and Personal Housing Accumulation Fund Loan would also be adjusted accordingly.Loan rate for terms of more than three years would climb by 0.20 percentage points,with a smaller scale than deposit rate of the same terms.
文摘Since the middle and later period of the 1990s, business process management has become the major thought and method of modem business administration. After tracking back of the management origin and probing into the relations between business process and management theory development, this paper finds after the proposition of Taylor＇s scientific management, the business process management began to sprout and was divided into four stages： technological stage of single procedure, interior networked stage, the stage of electronic network and overall networked stage. This paper also proposes the view that the evolvement of business progress management enlightens us a lot in the improvement of today＇s business administration.
文摘Since entering the"New Normal",China's economic growth has reached a new phase.Thanks to Reform and Opening-up since the late 1970s,China’s productive potential has been continuously released and the economy grew rapidly for a sustained period.However,the economy faces both old challenges stemming from the relatively extensive growth mode in the early stage,as well as new challenges putting pressure on resources and environment,leading to downward pressures on the economy.The Central Economic Work Conference(CEWC)in December 2013 pointed out that China has to deal simultaneously with slower economic growth,difficult structural adjustments and the impacts of previous economic stimulus measures.In 2014,President Xi Jinping,when visiting Henan Province,mentioned for the first time the"New Normal",stating that,"China’s economic development is still in an important window of strategic opportunity.
文摘As pointed out by General Secretary Xi Jinping,it is a top priority for the current financial system in China to vigorously raise the share of direct financing and play the role of capital markets in serving the real economy.Currently,our private equity(PE)funds,as an important participant in capital markets,are functioning to select excellent enterprises,encourage entrepreneurship and innovation,connect technology and capital,provide resources for getting listed,and optimize resource allocation,showing active performance in the periods of corporate growth,regulation adoption,financing and mergers and acquisitions(M&As).
文摘The period between 1993 and 2002 was a crucial part of China's macroeconomic regulation and financial reform and opening-up. Throughout most of this phase, the author was involved in making major decisions on monetary policy, financial markets, regulation, reform and opening-up, and fulfilled his duties as a central bank leader. This paper is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.
基金the National Basic Research Program(973)of China(No.2010CB731403)the Information Network Security Key Laboratory Open Project of the Ministry of Public Security of China(No.C09603)the Shanghai Key Scientific and Technological Project(No.11511504302)
文摘With increased cyber attacks over years,information system security assessment becomes more and more important.This paper provides an ontology-based attack model,and then utilizes it to assess the information system security from attack angle.We categorize attacks into a taxonomy suitable for security assessment.The proposed taxonomy consists of five dimensions,which include attack impact,attack vector,attack target,vulnerability and defense.Afterwards we build an ontology according to the taxonomy.In the ontology,attack related concepts included in the five dimensions and relationships between them are formalized and analyzed in detail.We also populate our attack ontology with information from national vulnerability database(NVD)about the vulnerabilities,such as common vulnerabilities and exposures(CVE),common weakness enumeration(CWE),common vulnerability scoring system(CVSS),and common platform enumeration(CPE).Finally we propose an ontology-based framework for security assessment of network and computer systems,and describe the utilization of ontology in the security assessment and the method for evaluating attack efect on the system when it is under attack.
文摘This paper examines how the difference in institutional environments constitutes differential IPO underpricing across countries. Using the Heritage Foundation＇s Index of Economic Freedom （IEF） as a proxy for the heterogeneous institutional environment, and a sample of 3728 IPOs from 22 countries and regions over the period 1993--2014, we find that countries with higher economic freedom have significantly less serious IPO underpricing problems. Moreover, we find that among the 10 economic freedom factors covered by theIEF, financial freedom related factors play a more important role in reducing the IPO underpricing problem. Finally, consistent with the market sentiment hypothesis, we find strong evidence that pre-IPO market sentiment influences IPO firstday returns, and that the IPO underpricing problem is less severe when the market is bearish.
文摘Due to the problems arising when the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is applied over wireless networks, many TCP performance enhancement mechanisms have been proposed. However, such mechanisms aren't compatible with IPSec protocol. The paper reviews the TCP performance enhancement mechanisms in wireless networks. Then the conflicts between them are analyzed. Several proposals for solving theconflicts are discussed, and their benefit and limitations are examined.
文摘Based on the social-cognitive model of transference, this paper discusses the transference effect of the leader-member exchange （LMX） relationship between the follower and the previous leader. The results show that the LMX between follower and the previous leader influences the follower＇s LMX with the current leader. The study identifies two moderators： both the traits difference between the previous leader and the current leader and the follower＇s individual transition resistance negatively moderate the main effect between the previous LMX and the current LMX.
文摘Since 2018,the Chinese foreign exchange market has shown increasing resilience,withstanding several sharp drops in the RMB exchange rate and capital flow reversals。
文摘Social distancing to fight the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of contactless technology,represented by remote work,video conferencing,online education,online payments,and so forth.The flourishing information infrastructure has supported the normal operations of social and economic order during the pandemic.To hedge against the risk of an economic downturn,the Chinese government has proposed accelerating the construction of new infrastructure,such as the fifth-generation mobile communication(5G)network and data centers,and cultivating a data factor market.Thus,digital infrastructure construction is becoming a national development strategy.
