Many of the sedimentary basins in western China were formed through the superposition and compounding of at least two previously developed sedimentary basins and in general they can be termed as complex superimposed b...Many of the sedimentary basins in western China were formed through the superposition and compounding of at least two previously developed sedimentary basins and in general they can be termed as complex superimposed basins. The distinct differences between these basins and monotype basins are their discontinuous stratigraphic sedimentation, stratigraphic structure and stratigraphic stress-strain action over geological history. Based on the correlation of chronological age on structural sections, superimposed basins can be divided into five types in this study： （1） continuous sedimentation type superimposed basins, （2） middle and late stratigraphic superimposed basins, （3） early and late stratigraphic superimposed basins, （4） early and middle stratigraphic superimposed basins, and （5） long-term exposed superimposed basins. Multiple source-reservoir-caprock assemblages have developed in such basins. In addition, multi-stage hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, multiple sources, polycyclic hydrocarbon accumulation and multiple-type hydrocarbon reservoirs adjustment, reformation and destruction have occurred in these basins. The complex reservoirs that have been discovered widely in the superimposed basins to date have remarkably different geologic features from primary reservoirs, and the root causes of this are folding, denudation and the fracture effect caused by multiphase tectonic events in the superimposed basins as well as associated seepage, diffusion, spilling, oxidation, degradation and cracking. Based on their genesis characteristics, complex reservoirs are divided into five categories： （1） primary reservoirs, （2） trap adjustment type reservoirs, （3） component variant reservoirs, （4） phase conversion type reservoirs and （5） scale-reformed reservoirs.展开更多
So far there has been no common opinion on oil source of the Chepaizi swell in the Junggar Basin. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the pathway system and trend of hydrocarbon migration, and this resulted in dif...So far there has been no common opinion on oil source of the Chepaizi swell in the Junggar Basin. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the pathway system and trend of hydrocarbon migration, and this resulted in difficulties in study of oil-gas accumulation patterns. In this paper, study of nitrogen compounds distribution in oils from Chepaizi was carried out in order to classify source rocks of oils stored in different reservoirs in the study area. Then, migration characteristics of oils from the same source were investigated by using nitrogen compounds parameters. The results of nitrogen compounds in a group of oil/oil sand samples from the same source indicate that the oils trapped in the Chepaizi swell experienced an obvious vertical migration. With increasing migration distance, amounts and indices of carbazoles have a regular changing pattern （in a fine linear relationship）. By using nitrogen compounds techniques, the analyzed oil/oil sand samples of Chepaizi can be classified into two groups. One is the samples stored in reservoir beds of the Cretaceous and Tertiary, and these oils came from mainly Jurassic source rock with a small amount of Cretaceous rock; the other is those stored in the Jurassic, Permian and Carboniferous beds, and they originated from the Permian source. In addition, a sample of oil from an upper Jurassic reservoir （Well Ka 6）, which was generated from Jurassic coal source rock, has a totally different nitrogen compound distribution from those of the above-mentioned two groups of samples, which were generated from mudstone sources. Because of influence from fractionation of oil migration, amounts and ratios of nitrogen compounds with different structures and polarities change regularly with increasing migrating distance, and as a result the samples with the same source follow a good linear relationship in content and ratio, while the oil samples of different sources have obviously different nitrogen compound distribution owing to different organic matter types of their source rocks. These conclusions of oil source study are identical with those obtained by other geochemical bio-markers. Therefore, nitrogen compounds are of great significance in oil type classification and oil/source correlation.展开更多
On the assumption that the seismic wavelet amplitude spectrum is estimated accurately, a group of wavelets with different phase spectra, regarded as estimated wavelets, are used to implement linear least-squares inver...On the assumption that the seismic wavelet amplitude spectrum is estimated accurately, a group of wavelets with different phase spectra, regarded as estimated wavelets, are used to implement linear least-squares inversion. During inversion, except for the wavelet phase, all other factors affecting inversion results are not taken into account. The inversion results of a sparse reflectivity model （or blocky impedance model） show that： （1） although the synthetic data using inversion results matches well with the original seismic data, the inverted reflectivity and acoustic impedance are different from that of the real model. （2） the inversion result reliability is dependent on the estimated wavelet Z transform root distribution. When the estimated wavelet Z transform roots only differ from that of the real wavelet near the unit circle, the inverted reflectivity and impedance are usually consistent with the real model; （3） although the synthetic data matches well with the original data and the Cauchy norm （or modified Cauchy norm） with a constant damping parameter has been optimized, the inverted results are still greatly different from the real model. Finally, we suggest using the L1 norm, Kurtosis, variation, Cauchy norm with adaptive damping parameter or/and modified Cauchy norm with adaptive damping parameter as evaluation criteria to reduce the bad influence of inaccurate wavelet phase estimation and obtain good results in theory.展开更多
Resin and asphaltene were separated from Liaohe heavy oil. Catalytic aquathermolysis of asphaltene and resin was investigated by using water soluble catalysts （NiSO4 and FeSO4） and oil soluble catalysts （nickel nap...Resin and asphaltene were separated from Liaohe heavy oil. Catalytic aquathermolysis of asphaltene and resin was investigated by using water soluble catalysts （NiSO4 and FeSO4） and oil soluble catalysts （nickel naphthenate and iron naphthenate）. Before and after aquathermolysis, the properties of the resin and asphaltene was compared by means of ultimate analysis, vapor pressure osmometer （VPO） average molecular weight, X-ray diffraction （XRD）,^13C and ^1H nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）. The conversion sequence was as follows： No-catalyst〈NiSO4〈FeSO4〈nickel naphthenate〈iron naphthenate. In the presence of catalysts, the amount of H2 and CO increased significantly, while H2S in the gas product decreased. The molecular weight of asphaltene and resin increased after reaction without catalyst. But the catalysts restrained this trend. The H/C ratio of asphaltene and resin decreased after reaction. From the results of average structural parameters and molecular weight, it was found that asphaltene and resin were partly aggregated after aquathermolysis.展开更多
Superimposed basins in West China have experienced multi-stage tectonic events and multicycle hydrocarbon reservoir formation, and complex hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered widely in basins of this kind. Mos...Superimposed basins in West China have experienced multi-stage tectonic events and multicycle hydrocarbon reservoir formation, and complex hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered widely in basins of this kind. Most of the complex hydrocarbon reservoirs are characterized by relocation, scale re-construction, component variation and phase state transformation, and their distributions are very difficult to predict. Research shows that regional caprock （C）, high-quality sedimentary facies （Deposits, D）, paleohighs （Mountain, M） and source rock （S） are four geologic elements contributing to complex hydrocarbon reservoir formation and distribution of western superimposed basins. Longitudinal sequential combinations of the four elements control the strata of hydrocarbon reservoir formation, and planar superimpositions and combinations control the range of hydrocarbon reservoir and their simultaneous joint effects in geohistory determine the time of hydrocarbon reservoir formation. Multiple-element matching reservoir formation presents a basic mode of reservoir formation in superimposed basins, and we recommend it is expressed as T-CDMS. Based on the multiple-element matching reservoir formation mode, a comprehensive reservoir formation index （Tcdms） is developed in this paper to characterize reservoir formation conditions, and a method is presented to predict reservoir formation range and probability of occurrence in superimposed basins. Through application of new theory, methods and technology, the favorable reservoir formation range and probability of occurrence in the Ordovician target zone in Tarim Basin in four different reservoir formation periods are predicted. Results show that central Tarim, Yinmaili and Lunnan are the three most favorable regions where Ordovician oil and gas fields may have formed. The coincidence of prediction results with currently discovered hydrocarbon reservoirs reaches 97 %. This reflects the effectiveness and reliability of the new theory, methods and technology.展开更多
Seismic sedimentology is the study of sedimentary rocks and facies using seismic data. However, often the sedimentary body features can＇t be described quantitatively due to the limit of seismic resolution. High resol...Seismic sedimentology is the study of sedimentary rocks and facies using seismic data. However, often the sedimentary body features can＇t be described quantitatively due to the limit of seismic resolution. High resolution inversion offsets this limitation and is applied to seismic sedimentology to identify subtle traps under complex geologic conditions, thereby widening the applicable range of seismic sedimentology. In this paper, based on seismic sedimentology, seismic phase-controlled nonlinear random inversion is used to predict the sandy conglomerate reservoir of Es3 in the Chezhen depression in Shengli Oilfield. Thickness and sedimentary microfacies maps of sandy conglomerate bodies in several stages are presented and several subtle traps were predicted and verified by drilling.展开更多
Cave carbonate formations are characterized by heterogeneity, which makes electrical log prediction difficult. It is currently important to know how to use the dual laterolog to accurately identify and quantitatively ...Cave carbonate formations are characterized by heterogeneity, which makes electrical log prediction difficult. It is currently important to know how to use the dual laterolog to accurately identify and quantitatively evaluate caves. Using numerical simulation to calculate electrical log responses can provide a theoretical basis for cave identification and evaluation. In this paper, based on the dual laterolog principles, we first study different size spherical cave models using the finite element method （FEM）, determine a relation between resistivity and cave filling after comprehensively studying the log responses of cave models with different filling material, and finally study the dual laterolog responses on caves filled with shale, limestone, conglomerate, and thin laminated formation of sand and shale. The numerical results provide a theoretical basis for identification and evaluation of carbonate cave reservoirs.展开更多
The Kuqa foreland basin is an important petroliferous basin where gas predominates. The Kela-2 large natural gas reservoir and the Yinan-2, Dabei-1, Tuzi and Dina-11 gas reservoirs have been discovered in the basin up...The Kuqa foreland basin is an important petroliferous basin where gas predominates. The Kela-2 large natural gas reservoir and the Yinan-2, Dabei-1, Tuzi and Dina-11 gas reservoirs have been discovered in the basin up to the present. Natural gases in the Kelasu district and the Yinan district are generated from different source rocks indicated by methane and ethane carbon isotopes. The former is derived from both Jurassic and Triassic source rocks, while the latter is mainly from the Jurassic. Based on its multistage evolution and superposition and the intense tectonic transformation in the basin, the hydrocarbon charging history can be divided into the early and middle Himalayan hydrocarbon accumulation and the late Himalayan redistribution and re-enrichment. The heavier carbon isotope composition and the high natural gas ratio of C1/C1-4 indicate that the accumulated natural gas in the early Himalayan stage is destroyed and the present trapped natural gas was charged mainly in the middle and late Himalayan stages. Comparison and contrast of the oils produced in the Kelasu and Yinan regions indicate the hydrocarbon charging histories in the above two regions are complex and should be characterized by multistage hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.展开更多
Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential, however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated, and it i...Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential, however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated, and it is difficult to predict hydrocarbon-bearing properties. The research indicates that the oil and gas is controlled by structure facies belt and sedimentary system distribution macroscopically, and hydrocarbon-bearing properties of sand bodies are controlled by lithofacies and petrophysical facies microscopically. Controlled by ancient and current tectonic frameworks, most of the discovered oil and gas are distributed in the delta front sedimentary system of a palaeo-tectonic belt and an ancient slope belt. Subaqueous branch channels and estuary dams mainly with medium and fine sandstone are the main reservoirs and oil production layers, and sand bodies of high porosity and high permeability have good hydrocarbon-bearing properties; the facies controlling effect shows a reservoir controlling geologic model of relatively high porosity and permeability. The hydrocarbon distribution is also controlled by relatively low potential energy at the high points of local structure macroscopically, while most of the successful wells are distributed at the high points of local structure, and the hydrocarbon-bearing property is good at the place of relatively low potential energy; the hydrocarbon distribution is in close connection with faults, and the reservoirs near the fault in the region of relatively low pressure have good oil and gas shows; the distribution of lithologic reservoirs at the depression slope is controlled by the distribution of sand bodies at positions of relatively high porosity and permeability. The formation of the reservoir of the Jurassic in the Junggar Basin shows characteristics of favorable facies and low-potential coupling control, and among the currenffy discovered reservoirs and industrial hydrocarbon production wells, more than 90% are developed within the scope of facies- potential index FPI〉0.5, while the FPI and oil saturation of the discovered reservoir and unascertained traps have relatively good linear correlation. By establishing the relation model between hydrocarbon- bearing properties of traps and FPI, totally 43 favorable targets are predicted in four main target series of strata and mainly distributed in the Badaowan Formation and the Sangonghe Formation, and the most favorable targets include the north and east of the Shinan Sag, the middle and south of the Mobei Uplift, Cai-35 well area of the Cainan Oilfield, and North-74 well area of the Zhangbei fault-fold zone.展开更多
In this paper, we build up a three-dimensional model for CO2 storage in the deep reservoir. And this paper gives the mathematical formalism of combined geochemical and multi-phase flow. The results give us the informa...In this paper, we build up a three-dimensional model for CO2 storage in the deep reservoir. And this paper gives the mathematical formalism of combined geochemical and multi-phase flow. The results give us the information about geochemical changing caused by CO2 injection into aqueous, the dissolution or precipitation of reservoir minerals caused by aqueous components change, the change of water density, also the differences between this model and the simulation model without considering geochemical. The basic data for simulation is from York Reservoir.展开更多
The filter operator used in normal multichannel matching filter is physically realizable. This filter operator only delays seismic data in the filtering process. A non- causal multichannel matching filter based on a l...The filter operator used in normal multichannel matching filter is physically realizable. This filter operator only delays seismic data in the filtering process. A non- causal multichannel matching filter based on a least squares criterion is proposed to resolve the problem in which predicted multiple model data is later than real data. The differences between causal and non-causal multichannel matching filters are compared using a synthetic shot gather, which demonstrates the validity of the non-causal matching filter. In addition, a variable length sliding window which changes with offset and layer velocity is proposed to solve the count of events increasing with increasing offset in a fixed length sliding window. This variable length sliding window is also introduced into the modified and expanded multichannel matching filter. This method is applied to the Pluto1.5 synthetic data set. The benefits of the non-causal filter operator and variable length sliding window are demonstrated by the good multiple attenuation result.展开更多
In recent years, great progress has been made constantly in oil and gas exploration in the Lungudong region of the Tarim Basin. However, progress has been slow in the evaluation of its main oil-producing horizons -- t...In recent years, great progress has been made constantly in oil and gas exploration in the Lungudong region of the Tarim Basin. However, progress has been slow in the evaluation of its main oil-producing horizons -- the Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds. Based on previous researches and on the various data such as drilling, geology and oil test, in combination with the interpretation of each single-well imaging and conventional logging data, and through analysis and comparison, the identification methods in imaging and conventional logging for four types of carbonate reservoir beds in this region are summarized in this paper. Calculation formulas for four reservoir bed parameters, i. e. shale content, porosity, permeability and oil saturation in this region are proposed; and reservoir beds in this region are divided into three levels （Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ） by combining oil test data and logging data, The lower limits of the effective porosity of reservoir beds and the fracture porosity of effective reservoir beds are determined as 1.8% and 0.04%, respectively. The physical property parameters are calculated by conventional logging curves, and the most advantageous areas for reservoir development are predicted comprehensively. On the plane, the high-value zones of reservoir bed parameters are mainly concentrated in the N-S-trending strike-slip fault, the Sangtamu fault horst zone and near the LG38 well area; vertically, the reservoir bed parameters of the Yijianfang Formation are better than those of the Yingshan and Lianglitage formations.展开更多
The Tazhong paleouplift is divided into the upper and the lower structural layers, bounded by the unconformity surface at the top of the Ordovician carbonate rock. The reservoirs in the two layers from different parts...The Tazhong paleouplift is divided into the upper and the lower structural layers, bounded by the unconformity surface at the top of the Ordovician carbonate rock. The reservoirs in the two layers from different parts vary in number, type and reserves, but the mechanism was rarely researched before. Therefore, an explanation of the mechanism will promote petroleum exploration in Tazhong paleouplift. After studying the evolution and reservoir distribution of the Tazhong paleouplift, it is concluded that the evolution in late Caledonian, late Hercynian and Himalayan periods resulted in the upper and the lower structural layers. It is also defined that in the upper structural layer, structural and stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are developed at the top and the upper part of the paleouplift, which are dominated by oil reservoirs, while for the lower structural layer, lithological reservoirs are developed in the lower part of the paleouplift, which are dominated by gas reservoirs, and more reserves are discovered in the lower structural layer than the upper. Through a comparative analysis of accumulation conditions of the upper and the lower structural layers, the mechanism of enrichment differences is clearly explained. The reservoir and seal conditions of the lower structural layer are better than those of the upper layer, which is the reason why more reservoirs have been found in the former. The differences in the carrier system types, trap types and charging periods between the upper and the lower structural layers lead to differences in the reservoir types and distribution. An accumulation model is established for the Tazhong paleouplift. For the upper structural layer, the structural reservoirs and the stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are formed at the upper part of the paleouplift, while for the lower structural layer, the weathering crust reservoirs are formed at the top, the reef-flat reservoirs are formed on the lateral margin, the karst and inside reservoirs are formed in the lower part of the paleouplift.展开更多
The oil, gas and water volumes revealed by the productivity of exploratory wells do not reflect the actual underground situations. Under the geologic conditions, a certain amount of dissolved natural gas is stored in ...The oil, gas and water volumes revealed by the productivity of exploratory wells do not reflect the actual underground situations. Under the geologic conditions, a certain amount of dissolved natural gas is stored in oil or water. Based on the production test data of exploratory wells in the Tazhong uplift of the Tarim basin, this paper discusses in detail the differences in occurrence and distribution featrues between the surface and underground natural gases; presents a restoration of the surface gas occurrence to actual underground geologic conditions according to the dissolubility of natural gas under different temperature, pressure and medium conditions; and classifies the natural gas into three states, i.e. the oversaturated, saturated and undersaturated, according to its relative content underground. Through a comparative analysis of the differences in surface and underground occurrences of natural gas, it discusses the hydrocarbon reservoir formation mechanism and distribution rules, thereby providing guidances as new methods and technologies for the prediction of potential natural gas reservoir distribution in the study area.展开更多
Complex hydrocarbon reservoirs developed widely in the superimposed basins of China formed from multiple structural alterations, reformation and destruction of hydrocarbon reservoirs formed at early stages. They are c...Complex hydrocarbon reservoirs developed widely in the superimposed basins of China formed from multiple structural alterations, reformation and destruction of hydrocarbon reservoirs formed at early stages. They are characterized currently by trap adjustment, component variation, phase conversion, and scale reformation. This is significant for guiding current hydrocarbon exploration by revealing evolution mechanisms after hydrocarbon reservoir formation and for predicting remaining potential resources. Based on the analysis of a number of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs, there are four geologic features controlling the degree of destruction of hydrocarbon reservoirs formed at early stages： tectonic event intensity, frequency, time and caprock sealing for oil and gas during tectonic evolution. Research shows that the larger the tectonic event intensity, the more frequent the tectonic event, the later the last tectonic event, the weaker the caprock sealing for oil and gas, and the greater the volume of destroyed hydrocarbons in the early stages. Based on research on the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon reservoir destruction mechanisms, a geological model of tectonic superimposition and a mathematical model evaluating potential remaining complex hydrocarbon reservoirs have been established. The predication method and technical procedures were applied in the Tazhong area of Tarim Basin, where four stages of hydrocarbon accumulation and three stages of hydrocarbon alteration occurred. Geohistorical hydrocarbon accumulation reached 3.184 billion tons, of which 1.271 billion tons were destroyed. The total volume of remaining resources available for exploration is -1.9 billion tons.展开更多
Corrosion inhibition of three α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds on N80 steel at high temperature and in concentrated acid medium was evaluated, and the inhibition mechanism was investigated. The results proved that...Corrosion inhibition of three α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds on N80 steel at high temperature and in concentrated acid medium was evaluated, and the inhibition mechanism was investigated. The results proved that both cinnamaldehyde and benzalacetone had an evident anticorrosion effect and could reduce the corrosion of steel effectively in acid medium, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with a benzene ring structure had good adsorption on steel surface. The experiments proved that polymerization of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds on the steel surface at a high temperature and in concentrated acid medium resulted in a good corrosion inhibiting effect, which was attributed to the structures of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.展开更多
The construction of a shale rock physics model and the selection of an appropriate brittleness index （B/） are two significant steps that can influence the accuracy of brittleness prediction. On one hand, the existin...The construction of a shale rock physics model and the selection of an appropriate brittleness index （B/） are two significant steps that can influence the accuracy of brittleness prediction. On one hand, the existing models of kerogen-rich shale are controversial, so a reasonable rock physics model needs to be built. On the other hand, several types of equations already exist for predicting the BI whose feasibility needs to be carefully considered. This study constructed a kerogen-rich rock physics model by performing the self- consistent approximation and the differential effective medium theory to model intercoupled clay and kerogen mixtures. The feasibility of our model was confirmed by comparison with classical models, showing better accuracy. Templates were constructed based on our model to link physical properties and the BL Different equations for the BI had different sensitivities, making them suitable for different types of formations. Equations based on Young＇s Modulus were sensitive to variations in lithology, while those using Lame＇s Coefficients were sensitive to porosity and pore fluids. Physical information must be considered to improve brittleness prediction.展开更多
Basic characteristics of Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds in the Lungudong region of northeastern part of the Tarim Basin are described in detail and the reservoir-forming conditions of oil and gas are preliminaril...Basic characteristics of Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds in the Lungudong region of northeastern part of the Tarim Basin are described in detail and the reservoir-forming conditions of oil and gas are preliminarily discussed in this paper by collecting and sorting out a large amount of data. The carbonate reservoir beds are mainly developed in open-platform and platform marginal facies; the reservoir beds have large changes in and low average values of physical property; the main type is fractured reservoir beds with the fracture-porous type second. The reservoir bed development is chiefly controlled by the distribution of sedimentary facies, tectonic activity and karstification. Whereas the accumulation and distribution of hydrocarbons in the region are controlled by an advantageous structural location, a good reservoir-caprock combination and a favorable transporting system, with the distribution characterized by zones horizontally and belts vertically, the oil and gas are mainly concentrated in areas with structural uplift, densely developed fractures, and surface karst, a vertical vadose zone, and a horizontal undercurrent belt of palaeokarst.展开更多
The seismoelectric effects induced from the coupling of the seismic wave field and the electromagnetic field depend on the physical properties of the reservoir rocks. We built an experimental apparatus to measure the ...The seismoelectric effects induced from the coupling of the seismic wave field and the electromagnetic field depend on the physical properties of the reservoir rocks. We built an experimental apparatus to measure the seismoelectric effects in saturated sandstone samples. We recorded the seismoelectric signals induced by P-waves and studied the attenuation of the seismoelectric signals induced at the sandstone interface. The analysis of the seismoelectric effects suggests that the minimization of the potential difference between the reference potential and the baseline potential of the seismoelectric disturbance area is critical to the accuracy of the seismoelectric measurements and greatly improves the detectability of the seismoelectric signals. The experimental results confirmed that the seismoelectric coupling of the seismic wave field and the electromagnetic field is induced when seismic wave propagating in a fluid-saturated porous medium. The amplitudes of the seismoelectric signals decrease linearly with increasing distance between the source and the interface, and decay exponentially with increasing distance between the receiver and the interface. The seismoelectric response of sandstone samples with different permeabilities suggests that the seismoelectric response is directly related to permeability, which should help obtaining the permeability of reservoirs in the future.展开更多
Catalytic pyrolysis of Chinese Daqing atmospheric residue on a commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC) catalyst was investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor.The results show that the commercial FCC catalyst h...Catalytic pyrolysis of Chinese Daqing atmospheric residue on a commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC) catalyst was investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor.The results show that the commercial FCC catalyst has good capability of cracking atmospheric residue to light olefins.The analysis of gas samples shows that the content of total light olefins in cracked gas is above 80%.The analysis of liquid samples shows that the content of aromatics in liquid samples ranges from 60% to 80%,and it increases with the enhancement of reaction temperature.The yield of total light olefins shows a maximum with the increase of reaction temperature,the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil,respectively.The optimal reaction temperature,the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil are about 650℃,15 and 0.75,respectively.展开更多
基金the National Key Fundamental Research Plan "973" Project(2006CB202308) for funds for this paper
文摘Many of the sedimentary basins in western China were formed through the superposition and compounding of at least two previously developed sedimentary basins and in general they can be termed as complex superimposed basins. The distinct differences between these basins and monotype basins are their discontinuous stratigraphic sedimentation, stratigraphic structure and stratigraphic stress-strain action over geological history. Based on the correlation of chronological age on structural sections, superimposed basins can be divided into five types in this study： （1） continuous sedimentation type superimposed basins, （2） middle and late stratigraphic superimposed basins, （3） early and late stratigraphic superimposed basins, （4） early and middle stratigraphic superimposed basins, and （5） long-term exposed superimposed basins. Multiple source-reservoir-caprock assemblages have developed in such basins. In addition, multi-stage hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, multiple sources, polycyclic hydrocarbon accumulation and multiple-type hydrocarbon reservoirs adjustment, reformation and destruction have occurred in these basins. The complex reservoirs that have been discovered widely in the superimposed basins to date have remarkably different geologic features from primary reservoirs, and the root causes of this are folding, denudation and the fracture effect caused by multiphase tectonic events in the superimposed basins as well as associated seepage, diffusion, spilling, oxidation, degradation and cracking. Based on their genesis characteristics, complex reservoirs are divided into five categories： （1） primary reservoirs, （2） trap adjustment type reservoirs, （3） component variant reservoirs, （4） phase conversion type reservoirs and （5） scale-reformed reservoirs.
基金supported by the State 973 Funds(No. 2006CB202308)
文摘So far there has been no common opinion on oil source of the Chepaizi swell in the Junggar Basin. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the pathway system and trend of hydrocarbon migration, and this resulted in difficulties in study of oil-gas accumulation patterns. In this paper, study of nitrogen compounds distribution in oils from Chepaizi was carried out in order to classify source rocks of oils stored in different reservoirs in the study area. Then, migration characteristics of oils from the same source were investigated by using nitrogen compounds parameters. The results of nitrogen compounds in a group of oil/oil sand samples from the same source indicate that the oils trapped in the Chepaizi swell experienced an obvious vertical migration. With increasing migration distance, amounts and indices of carbazoles have a regular changing pattern （in a fine linear relationship）. By using nitrogen compounds techniques, the analyzed oil/oil sand samples of Chepaizi can be classified into two groups. One is the samples stored in reservoir beds of the Cretaceous and Tertiary, and these oils came from mainly Jurassic source rock with a small amount of Cretaceous rock; the other is those stored in the Jurassic, Permian and Carboniferous beds, and they originated from the Permian source. In addition, a sample of oil from an upper Jurassic reservoir （Well Ka 6）, which was generated from Jurassic coal source rock, has a totally different nitrogen compound distribution from those of the above-mentioned two groups of samples, which were generated from mudstone sources. Because of influence from fractionation of oil migration, amounts and ratios of nitrogen compounds with different structures and polarities change regularly with increasing migrating distance, and as a result the samples with the same source follow a good linear relationship in content and ratio, while the oil samples of different sources have obviously different nitrogen compound distribution owing to different organic matter types of their source rocks. These conclusions of oil source study are identical with those obtained by other geochemical bio-markers. Therefore, nitrogen compounds are of great significance in oil type classification and oil/source correlation.
基金supported by National Key Basic Research Development Program (Grant No. 2007CB209600)National Major Science and Technology Program (Grant No. 2008ZX05010-002)
文摘On the assumption that the seismic wavelet amplitude spectrum is estimated accurately, a group of wavelets with different phase spectra, regarded as estimated wavelets, are used to implement linear least-squares inversion. During inversion, except for the wavelet phase, all other factors affecting inversion results are not taken into account. The inversion results of a sparse reflectivity model （or blocky impedance model） show that： （1） although the synthetic data using inversion results matches well with the original seismic data, the inverted reflectivity and acoustic impedance are different from that of the real model. （2） the inversion result reliability is dependent on the estimated wavelet Z transform root distribution. When the estimated wavelet Z transform roots only differ from that of the real wavelet near the unit circle, the inverted reflectivity and impedance are usually consistent with the real model; （3） although the synthetic data matches well with the original data and the Cauchy norm （or modified Cauchy norm） with a constant damping parameter has been optimized, the inverted results are still greatly different from the real model. Finally, we suggest using the L1 norm, Kurtosis, variation, Cauchy norm with adaptive damping parameter or/and modified Cauchy norm with adaptive damping parameter as evaluation criteria to reduce the bad influence of inaccurate wavelet phase estimation and obtain good results in theory.
基金supported by the Chinese Natural Science Foundation (No. 40472061)Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Institutions of Higher Learning of Beijing Municipality (No. PXM2007-014222-044654)Funding Project of Organization Department of Beijing Municipal Party Committee (No. 20071D0500500163)
文摘Resin and asphaltene were separated from Liaohe heavy oil. Catalytic aquathermolysis of asphaltene and resin was investigated by using water soluble catalysts （NiSO4 and FeSO4） and oil soluble catalysts （nickel naphthenate and iron naphthenate）. Before and after aquathermolysis, the properties of the resin and asphaltene was compared by means of ultimate analysis, vapor pressure osmometer （VPO） average molecular weight, X-ray diffraction （XRD）,^13C and ^1H nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）. The conversion sequence was as follows： No-catalyst〈NiSO4〈FeSO4〈nickel naphthenate〈iron naphthenate. In the presence of catalysts, the amount of H2 and CO increased significantly, while H2S in the gas product decreased. The molecular weight of asphaltene and resin increased after reaction without catalyst. But the catalysts restrained this trend. The H/C ratio of asphaltene and resin decreased after reaction. From the results of average structural parameters and molecular weight, it was found that asphaltene and resin were partly aggregated after aquathermolysis.
基金the State Key Basic Research Plan 973 Project(2006CB202308)
文摘Superimposed basins in West China have experienced multi-stage tectonic events and multicycle hydrocarbon reservoir formation, and complex hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered widely in basins of this kind. Most of the complex hydrocarbon reservoirs are characterized by relocation, scale re-construction, component variation and phase state transformation, and their distributions are very difficult to predict. Research shows that regional caprock （C）, high-quality sedimentary facies （Deposits, D）, paleohighs （Mountain, M） and source rock （S） are four geologic elements contributing to complex hydrocarbon reservoir formation and distribution of western superimposed basins. Longitudinal sequential combinations of the four elements control the strata of hydrocarbon reservoir formation, and planar superimpositions and combinations control the range of hydrocarbon reservoir and their simultaneous joint effects in geohistory determine the time of hydrocarbon reservoir formation. Multiple-element matching reservoir formation presents a basic mode of reservoir formation in superimposed basins, and we recommend it is expressed as T-CDMS. Based on the multiple-element matching reservoir formation mode, a comprehensive reservoir formation index （Tcdms） is developed in this paper to characterize reservoir formation conditions, and a method is presented to predict reservoir formation range and probability of occurrence in superimposed basins. Through application of new theory, methods and technology, the favorable reservoir formation range and probability of occurrence in the Ordovician target zone in Tarim Basin in four different reservoir formation periods are predicted. Results show that central Tarim, Yinmaili and Lunnan are the three most favorable regions where Ordovician oil and gas fields may have formed. The coincidence of prediction results with currently discovered hydrocarbon reservoirs reaches 97 %. This reflects the effectiveness and reliability of the new theory, methods and technology.
基金sponsored by the 973 Program(Grant No.2006CB202306)Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting(Grant No.PRPDX2008-07)
文摘Seismic sedimentology is the study of sedimentary rocks and facies using seismic data. However, often the sedimentary body features can＇t be described quantitatively due to the limit of seismic resolution. High resolution inversion offsets this limitation and is applied to seismic sedimentology to identify subtle traps under complex geologic conditions, thereby widening the applicable range of seismic sedimentology. In this paper, based on seismic sedimentology, seismic phase-controlled nonlinear random inversion is used to predict the sandy conglomerate reservoir of Es3 in the Chezhen depression in Shengli Oilfield. Thickness and sedimentary microfacies maps of sandy conglomerate bodies in several stages are presented and several subtle traps were predicted and verified by drilling.
基金supported by State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting (Grant No. 2009009)Basic Scientific Research Special Fund of Central Colleges (Grant No. 2010ZY28)National Major Projects (Grant No.2008ZX05023-005 and 2008ZX05035-002)
文摘Cave carbonate formations are characterized by heterogeneity, which makes electrical log prediction difficult. It is currently important to know how to use the dual laterolog to accurately identify and quantitatively evaluate caves. Using numerical simulation to calculate electrical log responses can provide a theoretical basis for cave identification and evaluation. In this paper, based on the dual laterolog principles, we first study different size spherical cave models using the finite element method （FEM）, determine a relation between resistivity and cave filling after comprehensively studying the log responses of cave models with different filling material, and finally study the dual laterolog responses on caves filled with shale, limestone, conglomerate, and thin laminated formation of sand and shale. The numerical results provide a theoretical basis for identification and evaluation of carbonate cave reservoirs.
基金supported by the National 973 Basic Research Program(Grant No.2006CB202308)the Major National Science and Technology Program (2008ZX05008-004-012)
文摘The Kuqa foreland basin is an important petroliferous basin where gas predominates. The Kela-2 large natural gas reservoir and the Yinan-2, Dabei-1, Tuzi and Dina-11 gas reservoirs have been discovered in the basin up to the present. Natural gases in the Kelasu district and the Yinan district are generated from different source rocks indicated by methane and ethane carbon isotopes. The former is derived from both Jurassic and Triassic source rocks, while the latter is mainly from the Jurassic. Based on its multistage evolution and superposition and the intense tectonic transformation in the basin, the hydrocarbon charging history can be divided into the early and middle Himalayan hydrocarbon accumulation and the late Himalayan redistribution and re-enrichment. The heavier carbon isotope composition and the high natural gas ratio of C1/C1-4 indicate that the accumulated natural gas in the early Himalayan stage is destroyed and the present trapped natural gas was charged mainly in the middle and late Himalayan stages. Comparison and contrast of the oils produced in the Kelasu and Yinan regions indicate the hydrocarbon charging histories in the above two regions are complex and should be characterized by multistage hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.
基金funded by the China 973 Key Foundation Research Development Project(Grant No. 2001CB209108)China National Natural Science Foundation Program(Grant No.40802029)
文摘Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential, however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated, and it is difficult to predict hydrocarbon-bearing properties. The research indicates that the oil and gas is controlled by structure facies belt and sedimentary system distribution macroscopically, and hydrocarbon-bearing properties of sand bodies are controlled by lithofacies and petrophysical facies microscopically. Controlled by ancient and current tectonic frameworks, most of the discovered oil and gas are distributed in the delta front sedimentary system of a palaeo-tectonic belt and an ancient slope belt. Subaqueous branch channels and estuary dams mainly with medium and fine sandstone are the main reservoirs and oil production layers, and sand bodies of high porosity and high permeability have good hydrocarbon-bearing properties; the facies controlling effect shows a reservoir controlling geologic model of relatively high porosity and permeability. The hydrocarbon distribution is also controlled by relatively low potential energy at the high points of local structure macroscopically, while most of the successful wells are distributed at the high points of local structure, and the hydrocarbon-bearing property is good at the place of relatively low potential energy; the hydrocarbon distribution is in close connection with faults, and the reservoirs near the fault in the region of relatively low pressure have good oil and gas shows; the distribution of lithologic reservoirs at the depression slope is controlled by the distribution of sand bodies at positions of relatively high porosity and permeability. The formation of the reservoir of the Jurassic in the Junggar Basin shows characteristics of favorable facies and low-potential coupling control, and among the currenffy discovered reservoirs and industrial hydrocarbon production wells, more than 90% are developed within the scope of facies- potential index FPI〉0.5, while the FPI and oil saturation of the discovered reservoir and unascertained traps have relatively good linear correlation. By establishing the relation model between hydrocarbon- bearing properties of traps and FPI, totally 43 favorable targets are predicted in four main target series of strata and mainly distributed in the Badaowan Formation and the Sangonghe Formation, and the most favorable targets include the north and east of the Shinan Sag, the middle and south of the Mobei Uplift, Cai-35 well area of the Cainan Oilfield, and North-74 well area of the Zhangbei fault-fold zone.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （50904073） and CNPC Innovation Foundation （2008D-5006-02-06）.
文摘In this paper, we build up a three-dimensional model for CO2 storage in the deep reservoir. And this paper gives the mathematical formalism of combined geochemical and multi-phase flow. The results give us the information about geochemical changing caused by CO2 injection into aqueous, the dissolution or precipitation of reservoir minerals caused by aqueous components change, the change of water density, also the differences between this model and the simulation model without considering geochemical. The basic data for simulation is from York Reservoir.
基金supported by the National 863 Program (Grant No. 2006AA09A102-09)the National 973 Program (GrantNo. 2007CB209606)
文摘The filter operator used in normal multichannel matching filter is physically realizable. This filter operator only delays seismic data in the filtering process. A non- causal multichannel matching filter based on a least squares criterion is proposed to resolve the problem in which predicted multiple model data is later than real data. The differences between causal and non-causal multichannel matching filters are compared using a synthetic shot gather, which demonstrates the validity of the non-causal matching filter. In addition, a variable length sliding window which changes with offset and layer velocity is proposed to solve the count of events increasing with increasing offset in a fixed length sliding window. This variable length sliding window is also introduced into the modified and expanded multichannel matching filter. This method is applied to the Pluto1.5 synthetic data set. The benefits of the non-causal filter operator and variable length sliding window are demonstrated by the good multiple attenuation result.
基金supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China(Grant No.2006CB202308)
文摘In recent years, great progress has been made constantly in oil and gas exploration in the Lungudong region of the Tarim Basin. However, progress has been slow in the evaluation of its main oil-producing horizons -- the Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds. Based on previous researches and on the various data such as drilling, geology and oil test, in combination with the interpretation of each single-well imaging and conventional logging data, and through analysis and comparison, the identification methods in imaging and conventional logging for four types of carbonate reservoir beds in this region are summarized in this paper. Calculation formulas for four reservoir bed parameters, i. e. shale content, porosity, permeability and oil saturation in this region are proposed; and reservoir beds in this region are divided into three levels （Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ） by combining oil test data and logging data, The lower limits of the effective porosity of reservoir beds and the fracture porosity of effective reservoir beds are determined as 1.8% and 0.04%, respectively. The physical property parameters are calculated by conventional logging curves, and the most advantageous areas for reservoir development are predicted comprehensively. On the plane, the high-value zones of reservoir bed parameters are mainly concentrated in the N-S-trending strike-slip fault, the Sangtamu fault horst zone and near the LG38 well area; vertically, the reservoir bed parameters of the Yijianfang Formation are better than those of the Yingshan and Lianglitage formations.
基金supported by the National 973 Key Development Program for Basic Research of China(S/N: 2006CB202308)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40972088)
文摘The Tazhong paleouplift is divided into the upper and the lower structural layers, bounded by the unconformity surface at the top of the Ordovician carbonate rock. The reservoirs in the two layers from different parts vary in number, type and reserves, but the mechanism was rarely researched before. Therefore, an explanation of the mechanism will promote petroleum exploration in Tazhong paleouplift. After studying the evolution and reservoir distribution of the Tazhong paleouplift, it is concluded that the evolution in late Caledonian, late Hercynian and Himalayan periods resulted in the upper and the lower structural layers. It is also defined that in the upper structural layer, structural and stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are developed at the top and the upper part of the paleouplift, which are dominated by oil reservoirs, while for the lower structural layer, lithological reservoirs are developed in the lower part of the paleouplift, which are dominated by gas reservoirs, and more reserves are discovered in the lower structural layer than the upper. Through a comparative analysis of accumulation conditions of the upper and the lower structural layers, the mechanism of enrichment differences is clearly explained. The reservoir and seal conditions of the lower structural layer are better than those of the upper layer, which is the reason why more reservoirs have been found in the former. The differences in the carrier system types, trap types and charging periods between the upper and the lower structural layers lead to differences in the reservoir types and distribution. An accumulation model is established for the Tazhong paleouplift. For the upper structural layer, the structural reservoirs and the stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are formed at the upper part of the paleouplift, while for the lower structural layer, the weathering crust reservoirs are formed at the top, the reef-flat reservoirs are formed on the lateral margin, the karst and inside reservoirs are formed in the lower part of the paleouplift.
基金supported by the State Key Basic Research Program 973(No.2006CB202308)
文摘The oil, gas and water volumes revealed by the productivity of exploratory wells do not reflect the actual underground situations. Under the geologic conditions, a certain amount of dissolved natural gas is stored in oil or water. Based on the production test data of exploratory wells in the Tazhong uplift of the Tarim basin, this paper discusses in detail the differences in occurrence and distribution featrues between the surface and underground natural gases; presents a restoration of the surface gas occurrence to actual underground geologic conditions according to the dissolubility of natural gas under different temperature, pressure and medium conditions; and classifies the natural gas into three states, i.e. the oversaturated, saturated and undersaturated, according to its relative content underground. Through a comparative analysis of the differences in surface and underground occurrences of natural gas, it discusses the hydrocarbon reservoir formation mechanism and distribution rules, thereby providing guidances as new methods and technologies for the prediction of potential natural gas reservoir distribution in the study area.
基金the State Key Basic Research Plan "973" Project(2006CB202308)
文摘Complex hydrocarbon reservoirs developed widely in the superimposed basins of China formed from multiple structural alterations, reformation and destruction of hydrocarbon reservoirs formed at early stages. They are characterized currently by trap adjustment, component variation, phase conversion, and scale reformation. This is significant for guiding current hydrocarbon exploration by revealing evolution mechanisms after hydrocarbon reservoir formation and for predicting remaining potential resources. Based on the analysis of a number of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs, there are four geologic features controlling the degree of destruction of hydrocarbon reservoirs formed at early stages： tectonic event intensity, frequency, time and caprock sealing for oil and gas during tectonic evolution. Research shows that the larger the tectonic event intensity, the more frequent the tectonic event, the later the last tectonic event, the weaker the caprock sealing for oil and gas, and the greater the volume of destroyed hydrocarbons in the early stages. Based on research on the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon reservoir destruction mechanisms, a geological model of tectonic superimposition and a mathematical model evaluating potential remaining complex hydrocarbon reservoirs have been established. The predication method and technical procedures were applied in the Tazhong area of Tarim Basin, where four stages of hydrocarbon accumulation and three stages of hydrocarbon alteration occurred. Geohistorical hydrocarbon accumulation reached 3.184 billion tons, of which 1.271 billion tons were destroyed. The total volume of remaining resources available for exploration is -1.9 billion tons.
文摘Corrosion inhibition of three α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds on N80 steel at high temperature and in concentrated acid medium was evaluated, and the inhibition mechanism was investigated. The results proved that both cinnamaldehyde and benzalacetone had an evident anticorrosion effect and could reduce the corrosion of steel effectively in acid medium, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with a benzene ring structure had good adsorption on steel surface. The experiments proved that polymerization of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds on the steel surface at a high temperature and in concentrated acid medium resulted in a good corrosion inhibiting effect, which was attributed to the structures of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
基金supported by the NSFC and Sinopec Joint Key Project(No.U1663207)National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017ZX05049-002)National 973 Program(No.2014CB239104)
文摘The construction of a shale rock physics model and the selection of an appropriate brittleness index （B/） are two significant steps that can influence the accuracy of brittleness prediction. On one hand, the existing models of kerogen-rich shale are controversial, so a reasonable rock physics model needs to be built. On the other hand, several types of equations already exist for predicting the BI whose feasibility needs to be carefully considered. This study constructed a kerogen-rich rock physics model by performing the self- consistent approximation and the differential effective medium theory to model intercoupled clay and kerogen mixtures. The feasibility of our model was confirmed by comparison with classical models, showing better accuracy. Templates were constructed based on our model to link physical properties and the BL Different equations for the BI had different sensitivities, making them suitable for different types of formations. Equations based on Young＇s Modulus were sensitive to variations in lithology, while those using Lame＇s Coefficients were sensitive to porosity and pore fluids. Physical information must be considered to improve brittleness prediction.
基金supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China(Grant No.2006CB202308)
文摘Basic characteristics of Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds in the Lungudong region of northeastern part of the Tarim Basin are described in detail and the reservoir-forming conditions of oil and gas are preliminarily discussed in this paper by collecting and sorting out a large amount of data. The carbonate reservoir beds are mainly developed in open-platform and platform marginal facies; the reservoir beds have large changes in and low average values of physical property; the main type is fractured reservoir beds with the fracture-porous type second. The reservoir bed development is chiefly controlled by the distribution of sedimentary facies, tectonic activity and karstification. Whereas the accumulation and distribution of hydrocarbons in the region are controlled by an advantageous structural location, a good reservoir-caprock combination and a favorable transporting system, with the distribution characterized by zones horizontally and belts vertically, the oil and gas are mainly concentrated in areas with structural uplift, densely developed fractures, and surface karst, a vertical vadose zone, and a horizontal undercurrent belt of palaeokarst.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2016ZX05018-005)the New Methods,New Technology Research of Geophysical Prospecting(No.2014A-3612)
文摘The seismoelectric effects induced from the coupling of the seismic wave field and the electromagnetic field depend on the physical properties of the reservoir rocks. We built an experimental apparatus to measure the seismoelectric effects in saturated sandstone samples. We recorded the seismoelectric signals induced by P-waves and studied the attenuation of the seismoelectric signals induced at the sandstone interface. The analysis of the seismoelectric effects suggests that the minimization of the potential difference between the reference potential and the baseline potential of the seismoelectric disturbance area is critical to the accuracy of the seismoelectric measurements and greatly improves the detectability of the seismoelectric signals. The experimental results confirmed that the seismoelectric coupling of the seismic wave field and the electromagnetic field is induced when seismic wave propagating in a fluid-saturated porous medium. The amplitudes of the seismoelectric signals decrease linearly with increasing distance between the source and the interface, and decay exponentially with increasing distance between the receiver and the interface. The seismoelectric response of sandstone samples with different permeabilities suggests that the seismoelectric response is directly related to permeability, which should help obtaining the permeability of reservoirs in the future.
基金National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(20525621)Major Research Plan of the Ministry of Education of China(307008).
文摘Catalytic pyrolysis of Chinese Daqing atmospheric residue on a commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC) catalyst was investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor.The results show that the commercial FCC catalyst has good capability of cracking atmospheric residue to light olefins.The analysis of gas samples shows that the content of total light olefins in cracked gas is above 80%.The analysis of liquid samples shows that the content of aromatics in liquid samples ranges from 60% to 80%,and it increases with the enhancement of reaction temperature.The yield of total light olefins shows a maximum with the increase of reaction temperature,the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil,respectively.The optimal reaction temperature,the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil are about 650℃,15 and 0.75,respectively.
